EP0097968B1 - Feuille cohérente à fumer et procédé pour sa production - Google Patents

Feuille cohérente à fumer et procédé pour sa production Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0097968B1
EP0097968B1 EP83106345A EP83106345A EP0097968B1 EP 0097968 B1 EP0097968 B1 EP 0097968B1 EP 83106345 A EP83106345 A EP 83106345A EP 83106345 A EP83106345 A EP 83106345A EP 0097968 B1 EP0097968 B1 EP 0097968B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pectin
coating
low
esterified
smokable
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP83106345A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0097968A1 (fr
Inventor
Laszlo Dr. Egri
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tamag Basel AG
Original Assignee
Tamag Basel AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tamag Basel AG filed Critical Tamag Basel AG
Priority to AT83106345T priority Critical patent/ATE22780T1/de
Publication of EP0097968A1 publication Critical patent/EP0097968A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0097968B1 publication Critical patent/EP0097968B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
    • A24B15/30—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
    • A24B3/14—Forming reconstituted tobacco products, e.g. wrapper materials, sheets, imitation leaves, rods, cakes; Forms of such products
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/12—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of reconstituted tobacco
    • A24B15/14—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of reconstituted tobacco made of tobacco and a binding agent not derived from tobacco
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
    • A24B15/42—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic and inorganic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES OF CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D1/00—Cigars; Cigarettes
    • A24D1/18—Selection of materials, other than tobacco, suitable for smoking

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a smokable. coherent film made of comminuted plant materials and / or tobacco waste, which contains conventional binders and other additives and which has on at least one of its surfaces a water-insoluble surface coating based on a pectin, hardened by customary crosslinking by means of divalent and / or trivalent metal ions.
  • the invention is also directed to a method for producing such a film by adding a dough-like mass from the vegetable materials and / or tobacco waste, conventional binders, other additives, optionally water-soluble salts of divalent and / or trivalent metals, and water, in which the proportion of water is less than the proportion of the existing dry substances, formed under pressure between the deformation elements, the still moist film obtained with a moisture content of 30 to 50% is coated on at least one of its surfaces with a solution or suspension of a water-soluble pectin, which if necessary contains water-soluble salts of divalent and / or trivalent metals, and the coated film for crosslinking and curing the water-soluble pectin to form a surface coating of water-insoluble. Pectin dries.
  • the shredded tobacco is washed out with a relatively large amount of water and the washing liquid is partially recirculated.
  • the matted tobacco fibers with a relatively high proportion of cellulose fibers are poured onto a sieve belt. Due to the high moisture content, considerable amounts of energy are required for drying to the desired final moisture.
  • the ground tobacco is mixed with an approx. 10-fold amount of water and an appropriate proportion of binder to a paste and poured onto a steel belt. With this method too, the large excess of moisture requires a relatively high amount of energy for drying.
  • Binders water and / or solvents, generally in a smaller amount than the dry matter content, are added to the shredded tobacco, and the paste-like mass obtained after the mixing is applied using pressure by extrusion and / or shaping by means of rollers and / or belts formed into foils and then dried to the desired final moisture with a relatively low energy requirement.
  • the film produced with the extruder process and / or roller system namely with little water and using pressure, generally has a lower filling capacity, which reduces the energy advantages that are present in its production compared to the aforementioned systems. It is believed that this is due to the compact nature or the less porous structure compared to the film produced with the paper process or slurry system.
  • tobacco dust is sprinkled onto a film consisting of binder and tobacco.
  • the binder used to prevent dust abrasion can consist of methyl cellulose, dextrins, pectins, alginates, starches, guar gum, locust bean gum, karoya gum, tragacanth gum, amylose, carboxymethyl cellulose, honey, corn syrup, molasses or apple syrup.
  • guar gum and locust bean gum are used in the examples. No further details about the exact type and composition of these binders are given in this US-A-3 016 907, so that it does not contain any information about the use of certain structured pectins.
  • the moist film is dried before application, preferably spraying, of the coating material and, after coating, dried again to the desired final moisture.
  • a tobacco film with a thin, hydrophobic coating on at least one surface is produced by forming a tobacco film from finely divided tobacco and a water-soluble binder in aqueous solution, the film dries, the dried film is then coated with an alcoholic solution of ethyl cellulose and the coating finally dries. So this requires a double drying and also a long conveyor belt, which is uneconomical and space-consuming.
  • the film surface was coated with various binders, both water-soluble and water-insoluble, for which purpose, for example, solutions or suspensions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, guar gum, pectin, alginate or locust bean gum were used, if appropriate also contained crosslinking agents such as glyoxal or other dialdehydes.
  • binders both water-soluble and water-insoluble, for which purpose, for example, solutions or suspensions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, guar gum, pectin, alginate or locust bean gum were used, if appropriate also contained crosslinking agents such as glyoxal or other dialdehydes.
  • the smokable films produced from comminuted, vegetable materials and / or tobacco waste are not fully satisfactory with regard to their various properties, and the object of the invention is therefore to create a coherent, smokable film with good smoke quality which is known from those known from the prior art Overcomes disadvantages, and which is characterized above all by an increased filling capacity and high moisture resistance. Furthermore, an economical and simple method for producing such a film is to be provided.
  • the surface coating is preferably based on a low-esterified pectin with a degree of esterification of less than 10% in the form of alkali metal pectinate and / or ammonium pectinate.
  • a surface coating is preferred which is based on a low-esterified and amidated pectin with a degree of esterification of 35 to 20% and an degree of amidation of 15 to 30%.
  • the surface coating on the respective smokable, coherent film should preferably be at least 0.5% by weight, and in particular 1.2 to 1.5% by weight, based on the dry weight of the finished film.
  • the smokable, coherent film according to the invention is expediently produced using the process already mentioned at the outset, in that, according to the invention, an aqueous solution or suspension of a water-soluble modified pectin from the group of low-esterification pectin with a degree of esterification of less than 40% and / or amidated is used for surface coating low ester pectin with a degree of amidation of over 15% was used.
  • a low-esterified pectin with a degree of esterification of less than 10% in the form of alkali metal pectinate and / or ammonium pectinate is preferably used or preferably also a low-esterified and amidated pectin with a degree of esterification of 35 to 20% and an amidation degree of 15 to 30% is used.
  • the coating solution or coating suspension used preferably has a pectin concentration of 2 to 8% by weight.
  • the coating solution or coating suspension should preferably have a viscosity at the application temperature of 5,000 mPA xs to 60,000 mPa xs, preferably using a coating solution or coating suspension which contains 0.5 to 20% by weight of divalent and / or trivalent metal ions contains the amount of the modified pectin, and to form the necessary divalent and / or trivalent metal ions, water-soluble calcium salts and / or magnesium salts and / or aluminum salts are preferably used.
  • a tobacco film with high filling capacity and high moisture resistance is then produced using extruder processes and / or roller processes.
  • the energy requirement for the production of such films is far below that of the slurry process or of the paper process, and the films which can be obtained hereafter also have a significantly better smoke quality.
  • the degree of esterification of the low-esterified pectins suitable according to the invention can generally range from 0.5 to 40%, but pectins with a degree of esterification of 10 to 400/0 are preferred due to their better water solubility.
  • amidated, low-esterified pectins can also be used according to the invention, namely pectins in which some of the ester groups (methyl ester groups) have been replaced by amide groups or in which some of the free carboxyl groups have been converted to amide groups, as is the case with this is the case with the low-esterified and amidated pectins already mentioned above with the stated degrees of amidation.
  • a combination of one or more low-esterified pectins and one or more amidated, low-esterified pectins can of course also be used.
  • low-esterified pectins whose degree of esterification is below 10% can also be used, especially since such pectins already produce water-insoluble films of good stability with relatively small amounts of divalent and / or trivalent metal ions. Because of the low water solubility of such pectins, their alkali metal salts, such as sodium pectinate, or else their ammonium salts are advantageously used for the preparation of the coating solution or coating suspension.
  • the degree of esterification of such pectinates is preferably between 0.5 and 10% and in particular between 1 and 5%.
  • the film according to the invention produced by means of printing systems shows, using the above relatively simple and inexpensive measures, an equally good or even better fillability than a film which was produced by the much more complex paper process or slurry process, the improved properties of such films in particular also according to their machine processing to cigarettes are preserved.
  • the filling capacity of the cut products comprising the water-insoluble film according to the invention is on average about 20 to about 60% higher than the filling capacity of the products produced in the same way and having the same composition but uncoated, even if the latter has a higher binder content.
  • the calcium ions and / or magnesium ions and / or aluminum ions necessary to form a water-insoluble film can either be mixed into the coating solution or coating suspension or the comminuted, vegetable materials and / or tobacco waste.
  • the ions are advantageously added to the coating solution or coating suspension in the form of water-insoluble salts, such as in the form of CaC0 3 , Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , AIP0 4 or MgC0 3 . If they are added to the shredded, vegetable materials and / or tobacco waste, then soluble salts, such as lactate or sulfates, can also be used.
  • the water-insoluble film is formed by exchanging the divalent or trivalent metal ions with cations of the soluble, modified pectins during the drying of the coated structure.
  • concentrations of the above ions are, depending on the type of application and coating material, preferably between 0.5 and 20 percent by weight, based on the amount of modified pectins when added to the coating solution or suspension, and preferably between 0.5 and 10 percent by weight based on the dry weight of the finished product when added to the shredded vegetable materials and / or tobacco waste. These limits are guide values, so that, depending on the type of modified pectin, the necessary amounts of ions are below or above.
  • Strips 1 mm wide were cut from the film samples A to F in the direction of the Walsen and transverse to the direction of the roll, their moisture content was adjusted to 14% water content, and their filling capacity was then measured using a Borgwaldt densimeter.
  • Table 2 shows that the films coated with low-esterified pectin (B) and amidated, low-esterified pectin (F), despite their reduced total proportion of binders, retain their increased filling capacity compared to the uncoated film (A) even after processing into cigarettes. With films (C), (D) and (E), the initially improved filling capacity is lost again after processing into cigarettes.
  • Tobacco foils were produced in the same way as in Example 1 and coated on a surface with different amounts of low-esterified (degree of esterification of about 20 to 22%) pectin.
  • the coating solution contained calcium ions in an amount of 2%. based on the low-esterified pectin.
  • films which are produced from so-called tobacco substitute materials namely ground plant parts, for example husks of cocoa beans, husks of coffee beans or wood cellulose.
  • Film B was produced from the same material and additives as film A, but with the difference that it was not coated but instead contained 1.5% by weight of the same sodium pectinate in the base material.
  • the film C was produced from the same material and additives as the films A and B, but with the difference that the production was carried out by the paper process.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)

Claims (12)

1. Une feuille cohérente à fumer, en matières végétales et/ou déchets de tabac fractionnés, laquelle contient des agents liants usuels et d'autres adjuvants et présente sur l'une au moins de ses surfaces une enduction de surface à base d'une pectine, insoluble dans l'eau et durcie par une réticulation habituelle à l'aide d'ions métalliques diva lents et/ou trivalents, caractérisée en ce que l'enduction de surface est à base d'une pectine modifiée hydrosoluble avant le durcissement puis insoluble dans l'eau, appartenant au groupe d'une pectine faiblement estérifiée ayant un taux d'estérification inférieur à 40 % et/ou d'une pectine faiblement estérifiée et amidée ayant un taux d'amidation supérieur à 15 %.
2. Une feuille à fumer selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'enduction de la surface est à base d'une pectine faiblement estérifiée ayant un taux d'estérification inférieur à 10% sous la forme d'un pectinate de métal alcalin et/ou de pectinate d'ammonium.
3. Une feuille à fumer selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'enduction de la surface est à base d'une pectine faiblement estérifiée et amidée ayant un taux d'estérification de 35 à 20 % et un taux d'amidation de 15 à 30 %.
4. Une feuille à fumer selon la revendication 1,2 ou 3, caractérisée en ce que l'enduction de la surface s'élève à au moins 0,5 % en poids par rapport au poids sec de la feuille finie.
5. Une feuille à fumer selon la revendication 4, caractérisée en ce que l'enduction de la surface est de 1,2 à 1,5 % en poids par rapport au poids sec de la feuille finie.
6. Un procédé pour la fabrication d'une feuille cohérente à fumer, en matières végétales et/ou déchets de tabac fractionnés selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, selon lequel on façonne entre des éléments de formage sous pression une masse pâteuse de matières végétales et/ou de déchets de tabac, agents liants habituels et autres adjuvants, éventuellement de sels hydrosolubles de métaux divalents et/ou trivalents et d'eau, la quantité étant inférieure à celle des matières sèches présentes, on enduit la feuille résultante encore humide d'une teneur en humidité comprise entre 30 et 50%, sur l'une au moins de ses surfaces avec une solution ou une suspension d'une pectine soluble dans l'eau, et contenant éventuellement des sels de métaux divalents et/ou trivalents solubles dans l'eau puis on sèche la feuille enduite pour réticuler et durcir la pectine soluble dans l'eau avec formation sur la surface d'une couche de pectine insoluble dans l'eau, procédé caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise pour l'enduction de la surface une solution ou suspension aqueuse d'une pectine modifiée hydrosoluble du groupe d'une pectine faiblement estérifiée ayant un taux d'estérification inférieur à 40 % et/ou d'une pectine faiblement estérifiée et amidée ayant un taux d'amidation supérieur à 15%.
7. Un procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise une pectine faiblement estérifiée ayant un taux d'estérification inférieur à 10 % sous la forme d'un pectinate de métal alcalin et/ou de pectinate d'ammonium.
8. Un procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise une pectine faiblement estérifiée et amidée ayant un taux d'estérification de 35 à 20 % et un taux d'amidation de 15 à 30 %.
9. Un procédé selon l'une des revendications 6 à 8, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise une solution d'enduction ou une suspension d'enduction ayant une concentration de pectine comprise entre 2 et 8 % en poids.
10. Un procédé selon l'une des revendications 6 à 9, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise une solution d'enduction ou une suspension d'enduction ayant une viscosité à la température d'application comprise entre 5000 mPa x s et 60 000 mPa x s.
11. Un procédé selon l'une des revendications 6 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise une solution d'enduction ou une suspension d'enduction contenant de 0,5 à 20 % en poids d'ions métalliques divalents et/ou trivalents par rapport à la quantité de pectine modifiée.
12. Un procédé selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce qu on utilise und solution d'enduction ou une suspension d'enduction contenant des sels de calcium et/ou des sels de magnésium et/ou des sels d'aluminium solubles dans l'eau pour former les ions métalliques divalents et/ou trivalents nécessaires.
EP83106345A 1982-06-30 1983-06-29 Feuille cohérente à fumer et procédé pour sa production Expired EP0097968B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83106345T ATE22780T1 (de) 1982-06-30 1983-06-29 Rauchbare, zusammenhaengende folie und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3224416A DE3224416C1 (de) 1982-06-30 1982-06-30 Rauchbare,zusammenhaengende Folie sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
DE3224416 1982-06-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0097968A1 EP0097968A1 (fr) 1984-01-11
EP0097968B1 true EP0097968B1 (fr) 1986-10-15

Family

ID=6167231

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83106345A Expired EP0097968B1 (fr) 1982-06-30 1983-06-29 Feuille cohérente à fumer et procédé pour sa production

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (1) US4564031A (fr)
EP (1) EP0097968B1 (fr)
KR (1) KR900000645B1 (fr)
AR (1) AR230928A1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE22780T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU564994B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR8303484A (fr)
CA (1) CA1196774A (fr)
DE (2) DE3224416C1 (fr)
ES (1) ES8405097A1 (fr)
HU (1) HU192149B (fr)
IL (1) IL68984A0 (fr)
SU (1) SU1405690A3 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA834369B (fr)

Families Citing this family (14)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3819534C1 (fr) * 1988-06-08 1989-12-07 B.A.T. Cigarettenfabriken Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg, De
US5377698A (en) * 1993-04-30 1995-01-03 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation Reconstituted tobacco product
US5540242A (en) * 1993-07-07 1996-07-30 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation Cigarette paper having reduced sidestream properties
US5584306A (en) * 1994-11-09 1996-12-17 Beauman; Emory Reconstituted tobacco material and method of its production
JP2990166B1 (ja) 1998-07-30 1999-12-13 日本たばこ産業株式会社 向上した耐水性を有する圧延シートたばこの製造方法および製造装置
JP5193311B2 (ja) * 2007-12-21 2013-05-08 スウィーディッシュ・マッチ・ノース・ヨーロップ・アーベー 炭酸マグネシウムを含むタバコまたは非タバコ製品
JP5228061B2 (ja) * 2008-11-12 2013-07-03 日本たばこ産業株式会社 低延焼性のシガレット用巻紙
US8710682B2 (en) * 2009-09-03 2014-04-29 Designer Molecules Inc, Inc. Materials and methods for stress reduction in semiconductor wafer passivation layers
CN104253275B (zh) * 2013-06-25 2016-08-10 中国科学院物理研究所 用于锂电池或锂硫电池的粘结剂、极片及制造方法和电池
JP7173987B2 (ja) 2017-12-05 2022-11-17 日本たばこ産業株式会社 喫煙物品用充填物
AU2020223088B2 (en) * 2019-02-11 2025-11-20 SWM Holdco Luxembourg S.A.R.L. Reconstituted cocoa material for generating aerosols
CN112120274B (zh) * 2020-08-20 2023-05-09 四川工商职业技术学院 一种复合烟草薄片及其制备方法
KR102628986B1 (ko) * 2020-08-25 2024-01-24 주식회사 케이티앤지 Lm-펙틴을 포함하는 흡연 물품용 향료 함유 시트 및 이를 포함하는 흡연 물품
CN121001584A (zh) * 2023-05-30 2025-11-21 日本烟草产业株式会社 辊压片材、烟草填料、吸烟产品、以及用于制造辊压片材的方法

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3016907A (en) * 1959-10-19 1962-01-16 Int Cigar Mach Co Manufacture of tobacco
US3185162A (en) * 1960-12-05 1965-05-25 American Mach & Foundry Process for making reconstituted sheet tobacco
US3121433A (en) * 1961-08-08 1964-02-18 American Mach & Foundry Manufacture of smoking products
US3386449A (en) * 1966-06-16 1968-06-04 Philip Morris Inc Method of making a reconstituted tobacco sheet
GB1495941A (en) * 1974-02-21 1977-12-21 Imp Group Ltd Smoking product
US4140135A (en) * 1975-12-29 1979-02-20 Gulf & Western Corporation Hydrophobic coating for tobacco sheet material
US4176668A (en) * 1977-05-02 1979-12-04 Amf Incorporated Novel reconstituted tobacco sheets and process
US4341228A (en) * 1981-01-07 1982-07-27 Philip Morris Incorporated Method for employing tobacco dust in a paper-making type preparation of reconstituted tobacco and the smoking material produced thereby

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4564031A (en) 1986-01-14
IL68984A0 (en) 1983-10-31
AR230928A1 (es) 1984-08-31
ES523699A0 (es) 1984-05-16
AU1615183A (en) 1984-01-05
ATE22780T1 (de) 1986-11-15
AU564994B2 (en) 1987-09-03
DE3224416C1 (de) 1984-03-15
KR900000645B1 (ko) 1990-02-02
DE3366819D1 (en) 1986-11-20
ZA834369B (en) 1984-03-28
KR840004864A (ko) 1984-10-31
HU192149B (en) 1987-05-28
ES8405097A1 (es) 1984-05-16
HUT37559A (en) 1986-01-23
SU1405690A3 (ru) 1988-06-23
CA1196774A (fr) 1985-11-19
BR8303484A (pt) 1984-02-07
EP0097968A1 (fr) 1984-01-11

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