EP0102246B1 - Emballage et densification d'un matériau particulaire - Google Patents

Emballage et densification d'un matériau particulaire Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0102246B1
EP0102246B1 EP19830304974 EP83304974A EP0102246B1 EP 0102246 B1 EP0102246 B1 EP 0102246B1 EP 19830304974 EP19830304974 EP 19830304974 EP 83304974 A EP83304974 A EP 83304974A EP 0102246 B1 EP0102246 B1 EP 0102246B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bellows
container
bellows container
canister
refractory
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP19830304974
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0102246A1 (fr
Inventor
Eric John Ramm
Alfred Edward Ringwood
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Australian Atomic Energy Commission
Australian National University
Original Assignee
Australian Atomic Energy Commission
Australian National University
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU18163/83A external-priority patent/AU552755B2/en
Application filed by Australian Atomic Energy Commission, Australian National University, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization filed Critical Australian Atomic Energy Commission
Priority to AT83304974T priority Critical patent/ATE30649T1/de
Publication of EP0102246A1 publication Critical patent/EP0102246A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0102246B1 publication Critical patent/EP0102246B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids
    • G21F9/34—Disposal of solid waste

Definitions

  • the nuclear reactor waste is incorporated into the crystal lattices of the synthetic rock in the form of a dilute solid solution and therefore should be safely immobilised.
  • a dense, compact, mechanically strong block of the synthetic rock incorporating the nuclear waste is produced by pressure and heat in a densification process and the block may then be safely disposed of in a suitable geological formation.
  • the high working temperatures for the densification step are best achieved by the use of induction heating and therefore typically it takes many hours for the contents of the bellows container to come to a uniform working temperature. Therefore preheating of the bellows container to bring the contents up to a uniform temperature suitable for the densification step is a major advantage. Not only can the production rate for given capital cost be maximized but furthermore a substantial further advantage is that bringing the contents of the bellows container to the uniform densification temperature aids reliable and uniform densification thereby ensuring reliable axial compression of the bellows container which facilitates its later handling and storage.
  • the bellows container is typically of a heat resistant steel and preferably a stainless steel. Inevitably the mechanical strength of the steel is reduced at the high densification temperatures in the region of 1100 to 1200°C.
  • Such a method may be defined as consisting in a method for the containment of particulate waste material, the method comprising pouring the waste material into bellows containers of generally cylindrical form with a side wall including a bellows-like formation and of heat and decay resistant material, closing each bellows container with a lid, preheating in series the bellows containers to bring the contents thereof to a substantially uniform elevated temperature, placing each bellows container in turn on an upwardly displaceable ram and displacing the ram upwardly to insert the bellows container into a cylindrical canister and applying pressure and maintaining a sufficiently elevated temperature for sufficient time to cause densification of the contents of the bellows container with axial compression of the bellows container and relatively slight outward expansion thereof to cause the bellows container to grip the interior wall of the cylindrical canister, and when the canister has been filled with a series of such bellows containers, sealing the canister and removing the canister for storage.
  • the invention is particularly useful in relation to the incorporation of high level radioactive waste in synthetic rock of the type described by A. E. Ringwood (and referred to above), the invention can also be applied to other synthetic rock arrangements and furthermore can also be applicable to other materials which require storage and are capable of compaction under heat and pressure.
  • One example of such other material would be shredded waste zirconium alloy nuclear fuel rod tubes and similar waste components.
  • the invention consists in a combination of steps which cooperate together in an advantageous relationship which permits efficient, economic, and convenient operations in a hot cell.
  • the apparatus used can be relatively simple, and this can contribute greatly to the reliability and acceptability of the system due to simplicity of servicing and intrinsic reliability.
  • the material is preferably provided in the form of well graded fine particles up to about 2 mm maximum dimension whereby a readily pourable material is provided which can be easily densified in the process.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention can also provide further means for safeguarding the cylindrical canister from outward deformation under the pressure of expanding bellows containers within the canister.
  • This is achievable by the use of a block of refractory material having a slightly tapered bore which at its narrowest diameter just fits over the canister, the refractory block being adapted to be moved downwardly in a series of steps corresponding to bellows container locations, the slightly tapered bores permitting release of the block even if some outward deformation of the canister has taken place in a step of densification and compression of the bellows container.
  • the refractory block is formed so as to embrace the induction heating coil for surrounding the canister.
  • the refractory block comprises a series of interlocking refractory segments arranged to be mounted inside a cylindrical containment shroud which absorbs any expansion forces applied from the canister.
  • apparatus for encapsulating particulate supply material in bellows containers within a cylindrical canister comprising means for pouring the particulate material into a bellows container, means for sealing the bellows container with a lid, means for moving bellows containers in sequence to a pressing station at which the container is heated and axial pressure is applied to the container causing the axial compression of the container, characterized in that said pressing station comprising an upwardly displaceable ram for receiving a bellows container, means for mounting a cylindrical canister with an open end directed downwardly towards said ram, means for upwardly pressing a bellows container supported on the ram into the canister, upper refractory support means to act as a fixed abutment for the canister and the bellows container pressed upwardly therein by said ram, heating means for maintaining an elevated temperature in said bellows container whilst said pressure is applied to cause densification of said supply material in the bellows container and to expand slightly the bell
  • the process has a preliminary mixing stage 21 in which synthetic rock precursor from supply 20 is formed into a slurry with high level radioactive waste from waste supply 19 which is in the form of a nitrate solution, and the slurry is passed along line 22 to be sprayed into the elevated temperature end of a rotary kiln, at which a maximum temperature in the range 700-800 0 is maintained.
  • the spraying step immediately vaporises the water content of the slurry sprayed into the rotary kiln and causes chemical decomposition of the radioactive nitrates and will cause the mineral components of the synthetic rock to start to form with the radioactive elements starting to go into mineral phases.
  • the particulate material produced by the rotary kiln is fed into a titanium mixing stage 24 which receives metallic titanium powder from a hopper 25 whereby the mixture poured into a bellows container 20 has about 2% titanium metal powder by weight.
  • the precursor material is a product which possesses a very high surface area and functions as an effective ion exchange medium, which is mixed with additives containing Ca, Ba, and AI in solution and mixed in a hot cell with high level nuclear waste (HLW) in the form of nitrate solution to form a thick homogeneous slurry at mixing stage 21.
  • HMW high level nuclear waste
  • up to about 20% by weight of the solid content of the slurry may comprise the high level wastes.
  • the bellows container 20 is of a heat resisting steel such as an austenitic stainless steel, for example Sandvik grade 253MA which retains reasonable mechanical strength even at the elevated temperatures used in the process, although at these temperatures the container is relatively ductile.
  • a thin perforated metal liner 26 is located within the bellows container and the space between the liner and bellows wall is filled with zirconium oxide powder 27.
  • a stainless steel cap 29 is used to seal the bellows container which is then placed between a pair of pistons 30 for a cold pressing operation which can increase the density of particulate material from about 25% of the theoretical maximum density to about 36%.
  • each bellows container 20 is fed in sequence into a vertical induction furnace 31, each bellows container being supported on a refractory disk 32, the lowermost refractory disk being supported by a retractable latch 33. Over a period of several hours the temperature gradually increases up to about 1200°C.
  • a first water cooled ram 34 having a top spigot on which a refractory plate 35 is located is adapted to support and lower one at a time the bellows containers from the furnace for horizontal movement across a support table 36 to a pressing station having a second water cooled ram 37 of similar form.
  • Figure 2 shows the ram 37 both in the lower receiving position and also in the upwardly displaced pressing position inside a metal canister 38 mounted on a support 39 and having its top sealed and in abutment against a fixed refractory block 40, vertically displaceable induction heating coils 41 being provided outside the canister 38.
  • the left hand side of the section of a bellows container 20a is shown in its configuration before hot pressing and the right hand side of the section shows a bellows container 20b as it would be after pressing.
  • the bellows container slightly expands to become an interference fit within the canister 38 as shown by bellows 20c at the top of the canister 38.
  • the refractory plate 32 upon which each of the bellows containers is supported is removed after the pressing stage, the plate 32 being lowered on the water cooled ram 37 and then pushed onto a receiving table from which the plate can be recycled for further use.
  • Refractory plates will wear in use and must be replaced and an important advantage of the design illustrated in Figure 2 is a very simple and easily serviced arrangement made possible by the use of an upward pressing technique; this permits the replaceable refractory top plate 35 simply to sit on the head of each water cooled ram. Just a simple spigot and socket engagement is provided so that manipulators can readily remove a worn refractory plate and insert a new one.
  • the apparatus further includes a base plate 42 with a set of upstanding tubular guides 43 on which sliding mounts for the support 39 and the induction furnace unit 41 are slidably mounted but adapted to be clamped at any selected position.
  • the canister 38 is urged upwardly against the refractory block 40 which is supported by a top cap 44 adapted to be bolted to a top plate 45.
  • Figure 3 shows the parts in slightly exploded view for clarity.
  • the induction heating coil 41 is shown embedded within a refractory block 46 having a tapered bore, the drawing showing a greatly exaggerated taper and clearance between the bore and the container 38.
  • the object of the tapered bore of the refractory block 46 is that any small expansion of the canister 38 causes the canister to be supported against further outward deformation by the refractory block but by virtue of the taper the refractory block can be released by downward motion to the next location for the succeeding bellows container.
  • the refractory block is assembled from refractory segments comprising outer refractory segments 46a of cylindrical profile and inner refractory elements 46b having an inner profile adapted to cooperate to form a tapered bore with circumferentially extending grooves for accommodating the turns of the induction coil 41.
  • the refractory elements are contained within a steel outer support cylinder 47 which absorbs the forces of any outward expansion applied by the canister 38.
  • Figure 5 shows in isometric view the refractory blocks 46a and 46b each having a semi-circular rib 46c on one side thereof and a corresponding cavity 46d on the other side for interengagement purposes.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Claims (20)

1. Procédé de confinement et de densification d'un matériau particulaire contenant des déchets radioactifs et d'un matériau précurseur d'une roche synthétique, le procédé comprenant le déversement du matériau particulaire (28) dans un récipient (20) en forme de soufflet ayant une forme générale cylindrique et une paroi latérale (27) comprenant une partie en forme de sourfflet et constituée d'un matériau résistant à la chaleur et à la radioactivité, la fermeture du récipient en forme de soufflet par un couvercle (29), la disposition du récipient en forme de soufflet sur un poston (37) mobile vers le haut et ayant une partie réfractaire de surface (35), le maintien d'une pression sensiblement axiale sur le récipient en forme de soufflet, l'application de chaleur et le maintien d'une température suffisamment élevée dans le récipient en forme de soufflet pendant un temps suffisant pour que le matériau particulaire soit densifié dans le récipient en forme de soufflet et que ce récipient subisse une compression axiale, l'arrangement étant tel que la déformation du récipient en forme de soufflet s'effectue en direction axiale, et l'enlèvement du récipient en forme de soufflet après la fin de l'étape de densification, caractérisé en ce que la pression est appliquée en direction sensiblement axiale au récipient (20) uniquement par l'action d'un piston ascendent (37) qui repousse le récipient contre une butée fixe (40), la partie en forme de soufflet n'ayant pas de support qui l'entoure.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, après la fermeture du récipient en forme de soufflet (20) par le couvercle (29), un préchauffage préliminaire du récipient est réalisé pratiquement sans application d'une pression axiale au récipient en forme de soufflet.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le récipient en forme de soufflet est constitué d'un métal et le préchauffage est réalisé par chauffage par induction (41) pendant une période de quelques heures afin que le récipient en forme de soufflet (20) et son contenu soient pratiquement à une température uniforme qui est assez élevée mais suffisamment inférieure à la température qui doit être obtenue pendant l'étape ultérieure de compression à chaud pour que le récipient en forme de soufflet ait, à la température de préchauffage, une résistance mécanique nettement supérieure à celle qu'il a à la température de compression à chaud.
4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'étape de compression à chaud est réalisée alors que la température du récipient en forme de soufflet et de son contenu a été portée à 1200°C environ.
5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel, juste après disposition du couvercle (29) sur le récipient en forme de soufflet (20), une compression axiale est appliquée au récipient en forme de soufflet, la température ne dépassant pas 800°C.
6. Procédé selon la revendication 5, dans lequel la compression axiale exercée pendant l'étape de compression de la revendication 5 est d'au moins 20,68.106 Pa.
7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le matériau particulaire a une dimension particulaire qui ne dépasse pas 2 mm et peut être facilement versé, le matériau particulaire étant préparé par pulvérisation d'une suspension dans un four rotatif (23).
8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la compression axiale du récipient en forme de soufflet à température élevée est réalisée par introduction du récipient en forme de soufflet (20) sur le piston mobile (37) dans un boîtier cylindrique (38) ayant une extrémité ouverte dépassant vers le bas, et dans lequel le récipient en forme de soufflet est introduit avec du jeu avant l'étape de compression à chaud, le récipient en forme de soufflet subissant une petite dilatation radiale pendant la compression si bien qu'il est comprimé contre le paroi interne du boîtier dans laquelle il est emmanché à force.
9. Procédé selon la revendication 8, dans lequel le boîtier cylindrique (38) est allongé, et une série de récipients en forme de soufflet (20) est comprimée vers le haut à raison d'un récipient à la fois dans le boîtier cylindrique, et, lorsque le boîtier a été pratiquement rempli, il est fermé de manière étanche et retiré avant stockage.
10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 8 et 9, comprenant la disposition d'un block d'un matériau réfractaire (46) ayant un trou légèrement évasé au-dessus du boîtier (38) pendant la compression à chaud d'un récipient en forme de soufflet (20) placé à l'intérieur, le trou évasé, dans sa partie de plus petit diamètre, permettant au plus un ajustement avec coulissement sur le boîtier si bien que toute tendance du boîtier à se déformer vers l'extérieur est empêchée par le bloc réfractaire, le bloc réfractaire (46) étant déplacé vers le bas par rapport au boîtier (38) après la compression à chaud d'un récipient en forme de soufflet.
11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, dans lequel le bloc réfractaire (46) a un enroulement (41) de chauffage par induction qui le traverse.
12. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant l'utilisation d'une cloison cylindrique (26) à l'intérieur du récipient en forme de soufflet (20), et le confinement du matériau particulaire dans la zone se trouvant à l'intérieur par rapport à la séparation cylindrique, une autre quantité du matériau particulaire étant placée entre la séparation et la paroi interne du récipient en forme de soufflet si bien que ce matériau est exclu des ondulations de la paroi du récipient en forme de soufflet (20).
13. Appareil d'enrobage d'un matériau particulaire contenant des déchets radioactifs et un matériau précurseur d'une roche synthétique, dans des récipients en forme de soufflet (20) placés à l'intérieur d'un boîtier cylindrique (38), l'appareil comprenant un dispositif (24) de déversement du matériau particulaire dans un récipient en forme de soufflet (20), un dispositif de fermeture étanche du récipient en forme de soufflet avec un couvercle (29), un dispositif (36) destiné à déplacer les récipients en forme de soufflet successivement vers un poste de compression auquel le récipient est chauffé et une pression axiale est appliquée au récipient afin que celui-ci subisse une compression axiale, caractérisé en ce que le poste de compression comporte un piston (37) mobile vers le haut et destiné à supporter un récipient en forme de soufflet (20), un dispositif de montage d'un boîtier cylindrique (38) avec une extrémité ouverte dirigée vers le bas, vers le piston, un dispositif (37) destiné à comprimer vers le haut un récipient en forme de soufflet supporté sur le piston, à l'intérieur du boîtier, un support réfractaire supérieur (40) destiné à jouer le rôle d'une butée fixe, un dispositif (41) de chauffage destiné à maintenir une température élevée dans le récipient en forme de soufflet (20) alors qu'une pression est appliquée afin qu'elle provoque une densification de la matière particulaire dans le récipient en forme de soufflet et une dilatation légère du récipient en forme de soufflet afin que celui-ci se coince dans le boîtier, le dispositif de chauffage (41) étant destiné à assurer le chauffage dans une série de zones placées à l'intérieur du récipient et correspondant à une série de récipients en forme de soufflet introduite en série à raison d'un récipient au-dessous de l'autre, le boîtier étant destiné à être retiré et fermé de manière étanche lorsqu'une série de récipients en forme de soufflet a été densifiée et fixée à l'intérieur.
14. Appareil selon la revendication 13, dans lequel l'appareil comporte un poste de préchauffage (31) destiné à mettre le contenu des récipients en forme de soufflet (20) à une température élevée sensiblement uniforme, et un dispositif (36) de transfert d'un récipient préchauffé en forme soufflet vers le poste de compression (37).
15. Appareil selon la revendication 14, dans lequel le poste de préchauffage (31) comporte une zone chauffée par induction, cylindrique et tournée vers le haut, ayant un support réfractaire (32, 33) destiné à porter une pile de récipients en forme de soufflet dans ladite zone, et un dispositif de manutention des récipients en forme de soufflet de manière que ces récipients (20) soient introduits à froid à partie supérieure de la zone cylindrique et soient retirés après préchauffage à la partie inférieure de la zone, le dispositif de transfert travaillant en direction horizontale et assurant le transfert du récipient préchauffé en forme de soufflet vers le piston mobile.
16. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 13 à 15, dans lequel le piston mobile (37) a un revêtement réfractaire (35) positionné sur la tête du piston par une saillie.
17. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 13 à 16, comprenant en outre un dispositif (30) de compression axiale pratiquement à température ambiante de chaque récipient en forme de soufflet (20) après que celui-ci a été fermé de manière étanche par le couvercle (29).
18. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 13 à 17, comprenant en outre un block (46) mobile verticalement, formé d'un matériau réfractaire et disposé afin qu'il entoure le boîtier (38), le bloc réfractaire ayant un trou légèrement évasé dont la partie la plus étroite ne permet pas plus qu'un emmanchement coulissant sur le boîtier, le bloc réfractaire étant destiné à supporter le boîtier en l'empêchant de se dilater radialement vers l'extérieur à l'emplacement auquel un récipient en forme de soufflet est en cours de compression, le bloc réfractaire étant ensuite déplaçable vers le bas.
19. Appareil selon la revendication 18, dans lequel le bloc réfractaire contient des spires d'un enroulement de chauffage par induction (41).
20. Appareil selon la revendication 19, dans lequel le bloc réfractaire est formé d'une série de segments réfractaires emboîtés (46a, 46b) disposés dans une enveloppe cylindrique externe (47).
EP19830304974 1982-08-30 1983-08-30 Emballage et densification d'un matériau particulaire Expired EP0102246B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83304974T ATE30649T1 (de) 1982-08-30 1983-08-30 Verpackung und verdichtung eines teilchenfoermigen materials.

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU18163/83A AU552755B2 (en) 1982-08-30 1982-08-30 Containment of waste material
AU5670/82 1982-08-30
AUPF567082 1982-08-30

Publications (2)

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EP0102246A1 EP0102246A1 (fr) 1984-03-07
EP0102246B1 true EP0102246B1 (fr) 1987-11-04

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Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1176516B (it) * 1984-07-31 1987-08-18 Agip Spa Procedimento per la immobilizzazione di elementi di prodotti di fissione e/o elementi transuranici contenuti in scorie liquide radioattive ed apparecchiatura atta allo scopo
EP0209339A3 (fr) * 1985-07-16 1988-06-08 AUSTRALIAN NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION Appareil de chauffage par induction et procédé
EP0211533A1 (fr) * 1985-07-16 1987-02-25 AUSTRALIAN NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION Bloc de pression pour soufflets à chaude pression
EP0228816B1 (fr) * 1985-11-29 1991-04-10 Australian Nuclear Science And Technology Organisation Dispositifs de traitement par vibrations
EP0230732B1 (fr) * 1985-11-29 1991-05-02 Australian Nuclear Science And Technology Organisation Formation de céramiques
CN120426780B (zh) * 2025-07-04 2025-09-02 江苏皓越真空设备有限公司 一种sps烧结设备用水冷压头

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3169647D1 (en) * 1980-05-19 1985-05-09 Asea Ab Method for treating radioactive material and container for enclosing such material
EP0044692B1 (fr) * 1980-07-15 1986-10-08 AUSTRALIAN NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION Dispositifs pour l'encapsulation de déchets
DE3129852C2 (de) * 1981-07-29 1985-05-23 GNS Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service mbH, 4300 Essen Verfahren zur Paketierung von radioaktiven Abfallstoffen

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