EP0109282A2 - Papier und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung - Google Patents

Papier und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0109282A2
EP0109282A2 EP83306905A EP83306905A EP0109282A2 EP 0109282 A2 EP0109282 A2 EP 0109282A2 EP 83306905 A EP83306905 A EP 83306905A EP 83306905 A EP83306905 A EP 83306905A EP 0109282 A2 EP0109282 A2 EP 0109282A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fibres
layer
layers
paper
slurry
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP83306905A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0109282B1 (de
EP0109282A3 (en
Inventor
Michael John Barnden
Nigel John Seager
Ian Terry Elliott
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Whatman Ltd
Original Assignee
Whatman Reeve Angel Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB838319384A external-priority patent/GB8319384D0/en
Application filed by Whatman Reeve Angel Ltd filed Critical Whatman Reeve Angel Ltd
Priority to AT83306905T priority Critical patent/ATE37401T1/de
Publication of EP0109282A2 publication Critical patent/EP0109282A2/de
Publication of EP0109282A3 publication Critical patent/EP0109282A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0109282B1 publication Critical patent/EP0109282B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F11/00—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
    • D21F11/02—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines of the Fourdrinier type
    • D21F11/04—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines of the Fourdrinier type paper or board consisting on two or more layers

Definitions

  • paper we .include all hydraulically deposited webs of fibres of all kinds including for example fibres made from cellulose, glass, asbestos, carbon fibre and mineral wool or other synthetic materials.
  • Binders or other materials may be added.
  • the inter-action between the fibres is partly due to such friction as is caused by mechanical intermeshing but is primarily by hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups existing on the fibres and on fibrils formed by the treatment to which the fibres have been subjected.
  • Binders if present will act to adhere the surfaces of the fibres together, or to form a self bonding matrix in and around the fibrous web.
  • cellulosic fibres on the one hand can be interengaged with adequate strength and, on the other hand, inorganic fibres such as glass fibres can, by special treatments, form a paper of some strength, it has been impossible in the past to make a material where layers made from certain sorts of fibres form a strong interface except by using large amounts of binder or, of course, by adhesive lamination of pre-prepared webs.
  • papers have generally been made of a single slurry and any special surfaces were achieved by surface treatment of the web as for example in the application of coatings or sizes.
  • U.S. 2098733 discloses a practical method of forming a thick paper board by depositing a second slurry on a first slurry while the first is still wet so as to allow interlaminar mixing of the fibres.
  • the fibres in the first may be longer than those in the second slurry. Again the process is controlled so as to minimize the number of fibres oriented generally across the paper so that the paper appears homogeneous.
  • a size binder is included in both slurries to achieve adequate bond strength, and it appears that a silicate adhesive is also employed.
  • a process in which a second slurry is deposited on a partially dehydrated first slurry has also been employed to produce papers which are at least primarily of asbestos fibre.
  • the fibres throughout the width of the paper are of the same chemical and physical characteristics, but those in one layer are more densely packed than those in the other.
  • the degree of flocculation of the fibres was controlled so as to provide some fibres lying generally in the Z-direction in an attempt to improve bonding (U.S. 3353682).
  • Paper made by the abovementioned known processes is weakest at the interface between adjacent layers.
  • a battery separator or HEPA filter For a battery separator or HEPA filter, it is known to be desirable to have one layer of relatively coarse fibres and another of finer ones. To date, because it was believed that too mcuh binder would be required to form a unitary structure, the two layers were separately preformed and then laminated either with an adhesive or mechanically (see, for example, U.S. 4262068). It would be particularly advantageous to be able to provide a battery separator or HEPA filter comprising a single unitary sheet which was of varying density throughout its thickness, which contained no binder, and which could be made by a single process.
  • the present invention permits the manufacture in a single process of a paper having at least two material layers which are inherently bonded together during the papermaking operation from distinct slurries which will usually be of different fibres (i.e. different chemically, physically or both), and which layers are joined at an interface which comprises a region where the fibres of the two distinct slurries are intermingled. If the first slurry has fibres A and the second has fibres B then the structure of the finished paper is layer A followed by interface A+B followed by layer B and then optionally B+C, C and so on. This is achieved in the present invention without the necessary use of a binder.
  • the present invention provides a papermaking process in which a plurality of layers of distinct slurries are laid down one upon the other in the paper- making machine such that a composite is built up in the wet state, a second layer being applied to the first in a determinate relationship of the composition of the two slurries at the time of application and of the physical relationship between the slurries at that time, whereby disturbance is caused only in a surface region of the two layers to cause penetration of the fibres of the second slurry among the fibres of the first in that region but to leave substantially undisturbed the fibres in the majority of the thickness of each of the respective layers.
  • a binderless unitary structure having characteristics which vary through its width, including variations in the chemical nature of the fibres, variation in their physical characteristics (especially fineness) and variations in the loading of other additives which paperfor certain uses,desirably includes, e.g. silica gel or particles of ion exchange resin in laboratory filter paper, or perlite in battery separators, may be obtained.
  • the physical relationships which are of primary importance in a process of the invention are the relative velocities of the two slurries at the time of application, the height of the flow box nozzle of the second above the first layer and the angle of that nozzle to the first layer.
  • the second slurry is introduced to the first at a speed greater than that at which the first slurry is moving.
  • binder material In certain fields the use of a binder material is highly undesirable. This is so in the field of scientific laboratory papers such as filter papers, etc. where the object of using fibres such as glass fibres is to provide a paper which is chemically highly inert and pure. The presence of binders in such papers may be deleterious to the results obtained, since they may introduce chemical impurity and do reduce filtration efficiency. Binders are also highly undesirable in battery separators; the binder would not be chemically compatible with the electrolytic cell and would also restrict absorption of electrolyte into the separator.
  • the fibres may be different either chemically or physically or both.
  • one or other or each of the layers may have incorporated into it in the slurry stage or deposited onto it non-fibrous materials appropriate to the use of the paper and this in the laboratory context may include particles of ion exchange resin or in the ordinary context incorporating in a surface layer (which may be of lesser thickness than the other layer or layers), furnishes for achieving a desired surface characteristic. It is also possible to affect the properties of the paper as a whole by controlling the properties of the interface.
  • desirable properties of, for example, a filter paper, battery separator or gas-cleansing filter, such as an air filter, especially a so-called "HEPA" filter, can be affected or even determined by control of the amount of disturbance and hence of disorientation and intermingling which is induced at the time of application of the second or other subsequent slurries.
  • the preferred parameters for the relative consistencies and relationships of adjacent layers at the time that a subsequent layer is applied to an earlier layer are determined by the respective properties of the two fibres involved.
  • each of the relative velocities, angle and height may be chosen independently of one another. Suitable angles of incidence may be between 1.5° and. 20°, preferably between 2.5° and 12°. For many papers a particularly suitable angle is about 4°-6°.
  • the height may lie between 1 and 50mm, preferably between 1 and 20mm, more preferably between 1 and 10mm.
  • the velocity difference between the two slurries may be 2 to 15%, preferably between 2 and 12%, and, for many papers, more preferably about 5-7, (the second travelling , further than the first).
  • a glass layer e.g. Johns Manville 106 glass microfibres having an average diameter of 0.49 - 0.58 micrometers
  • a cellulosic layer e.g. cotton
  • the glass slurry is most effectively applied from a height of 8mm at an angle of incidence of 7.0° to the cellulosic layer: if the lower layer were a glass layer (e.g. Johns Manville 104 glass microfibres having an average diameter of 0.34 - 0.48 micrometers) it would require 6.0mm and 4.0° respectively.
  • a second layer should be applied to a first when the first slurry is still highly liquid and, in dependence upon the nature of the paper to be made, preferably contains between 80-95%, more preferably between 86.5 and 93.5%, more particularly 87.5 - 92.5%, especially 89-91% by weight water, and when the second contains between 98 and 99.9% water, more particularly 99.0 to 99.8%, especially 99.5-99.7% by weight water (the rest in each case being solid content).
  • a third slurry if used may be applied at a consistency of 85 to 95% water, more particularly 90%, at which time the consistency of these first two layers, taken together overall, may be between 89 and 91% of water: in this case, where the first two layers have already consolidated to a certain extent, the formation of an interface may be aided by mechanical disruption of the face of the third layer by subjecting this layer to a change of direction by passing it over a roll immediately prior to its being deposited upon the first two (or more) layers.
  • an interface is formed of mixed fibres which is about 5 to 15% of the total thickness of the two layers, more usually about 10%.
  • the extent of thickness of the interface layer depends primarily, though not solely, on the nature of the first layer rather than on the consistencies and the variables mentioned above.
  • Processes embodying the invention may be carried out so as to produce novel materials for two fields of use which present particular difficulty, battery separators and gas-cleansing filters such as air filters, especially HEPA filters.
  • gas-cleansing filters such as air filters, especially HEPA filters.
  • a multilayer structure can be produced for use as a gas-cleansing filter or battery separator which structure will consist of two or more layers of cellulose, synthetic organic or inorganic fibres.
  • Such processes allow the preparation of a paper suitable for use, inter alia, as a battery separator or gas-cleansing filter comprising a paper having a density gradient across it, the fibres at the interface between adjacent respective layers being sufficiently intermingled and interlinked to provide sufficient bond strength between the layers without the necessity for binder to be present.
  • a paper suitable for use inter alia, as a battery separator or gas-cleansing filter comprising a paper having a density gradient across it, the fibres at the interface between adjacent respective layers being sufficiently intermingled and interlinked to provide sufficient bond strength between the layers without the necessity for binder to be present.
  • binderless graded density paper does not appear to have been previously disclosed in the literature.
  • a battery separator embodying the invention is particularly suitable for use in gas recombination batteries which require separator integrity.
  • the separator in a single unitary structure, provides sufficient bulk to absorb and hold the electrolyte and efficiently prevents passage therethrough of bodies such as small crystals harmful to the battery, while allowing the gases to pass through it.
  • the process of the invention allows particularly efficient use of the fibres when producing such battery separators.
  • the fibres in respective slurries may be different from one another in either their physical or chemical characteristics, or both.
  • each respective slurry may contain in that slurry a mixture of fibres different from each other in their physical and/or chemical characteristics.
  • the fibre may be natural or synthetic, inorganic or organic, for example, cellulosic (either natural or regenerated) fibres such as wood pulp, cotton and cellulose acetate, inorganic fibres such as glass, asbestos and alumina, natural organic fibres such as mineral wool and synthetic organic fibres such as polyesters (e.g. polyethylene terephthalate), polyolefins (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene), acrylics (e.g. polyacrylonitrile), carbon fibre and polyamides (e.g. nylon), especially aromatic polyamides (e.g. Kevlar R - Kevlar is commercially available from Du Pont). Kevlar is particularly suitable for HEPA filters for use in the nuclear industry because it is not attacked by the hydrofluoric acid emitted by reactors.
  • cellulosic (either natural or regenerated) fibres such as wood pulp, cotton and cellulose acetate
  • inorganic fibres such as glass, asbestos and alumina
  • natural organic fibres such
  • Preferred papers made by processes embodying the invention are those in which at least one of the fibres is non-cellulosic and these may be selected from inorganic and synthetic organic fibres, e.g. glass, polyester, polyamide or polyolefin.
  • Other preferred papers have one layer comprising cellulosic fibres and another comprising non-cellulosic fibres, e.g. cellulose on glass, especially fine cellulosic fibres on relatively coarse glass fibres.
  • the process is particularly applicable to forming papers having two adjacent layers each of which comprises non-cellulosic fibres.
  • filters having respective layers of polyester and glass are useful in gas masks.
  • the fibres in the respective layers may be the same as one another chemically but differ in their respective thicknesses.
  • Such papers when made entirely out of glass, provide especially suitable battery separators or HEPA filters.
  • glass fibres may be of a thickness within a range wider than for many other fibres.
  • the glass in the fine layer may be as fine as a Johns Manville 100 microfibre (having an average diameter of from 0.2 to 0.29 micrometers), while the glass in the coarse layer may be as coarse as Johns Manville "Chop Pak” fibres, which are either about 12.7 or 6.3mm in length and 15 micrometers in thickness.
  • a battery separator may have an average weight/unit area of from 60-240g/m 2 and comprise two layers, viz a coarse layer of e.g. a mixture of Johns Manville 112 and 110 microfibres (average diameters 2.6-3.8 and 2.17-3.10 micrometers respectively) and a fine layer of either Johns Manville 108 or 106 microfibres (average diameter 0.59-0.88 or 0.49-0.58 respectively).
  • the glass may be a borosilicate glass with or without zinc oxide (e.g. Johns Manville type 475 or 753 respectively).
  • a two-layer battery separator embodying the invention may have:-
  • layer (1) In the case of a three ply structure layer (1) would form the centre ply with layers (2) and (3) forming the outer surfaces of the structure.
  • a typical HEPA filter may have an average weight/ unit area of from 60-110 g/m 2 and comprise two layers, viz. a coarse layer of e.g. Johns Manville 112 microfibres (average diameter 2.6-3.8 ⁇ m), and a fine layer of Johns Manville 110 microfibres (average diameter 0.2-0.29 micrometres).
  • the glass may be a borosilicate glass containing a small amount of zinc oxide (e.g. Johns Manville type 475).
  • a two-layer HEPA filter embodying the invention may have:-.
  • a multi-density HEPA filter embodying the invention thus produced has the following advantages over a conventional filter, which is a homogeneous mixture of glass fibres.
  • a Fourdrinier machine 1 has the conventional flow-box nozzle 3 to deposit a slurry onto a moving web (or "wires") 4 to form a layer 5 of wet fibre. Water drains conventionally from this into a sump 6 for recycling/treatment.
  • a second flow box 7 At a selected position along the wire is provided a second flow box 7, fed with a different slurry from a second header.
  • the second head box nozzle 8 issues a stream 9 of the second slurry directly onto the upper surface of the layer 5 which at that time is of a known consistency dependent on the constitution of the first slurry, the speed of the wires, the speed of drainage and the distance of the second box 8 from the first.
  • the nozzle is set at a height h above the surface of the layer 5 and has a flow angle a to that layer.
  • the velocity of the layer 5 is V1 and the velocity of the stream 9 as it leaves the nozzle is V 2 .
  • the effect of this and of making the consistency of this layer 5 be about 90% water while the slurry stream 9 is about 99.5% water, is to cause a disturbance of the upper surface only of the layer 5 and an intermingling of the fibres of the two layers in the interface between them, indicated at 10.
  • Fibres of the second slurry if finer than those of the first may be drawn down between them by gravity, drainage or suction so as to enhance the effect of the disturbance in the interface region; if the fibres of the second layer are coarser than those of the first they may be thought of as stakes penetrating into the first layer and anchoring the layers together.
  • the composite layer then passes to a suction belt 11 and to drying rollers 12 in the conventional way.
  • a third layer may be applied from a third flow box 13 via an auxiliary wire 14 to be pressed onto the composite layer at a time when that, as a whole, has a water content of 89 to 91 ⁇ and when the third slurry has a water content of approximately 90t.
  • a first slurry was made of cotton fibres and a second of wood pulp.
  • the first slurry was run onto the wire and at a position where its water content was 90%.
  • the second slurry was projected onto it with the second nozzle being at a height h 3mm from the surface of the layer formed by the first slurry at an angle of about 3°, and at a velocity V 2 5% or 6% greater than that, V 1 , of the layer formed by the first slurry.
  • the consistency of the second slurry was at the time of contact 99.5% water.
  • a coherent two-layer paper was formed after the conventional drying and pressing stages the two layers of which were separated only with difficulty and which showed under the microscope an interface layer, extending to about 10% of the thickness of the paper, where there was great intermingling and disorientation of the wood and cotton fibres.
  • a first slurry was made of cotton fibres and a second of Johns Manville 104 glass microfibres.
  • the first slurry was run onto the wire and at a position where its water content was 90% the second slurry was projected onto it with the second nozzle being at a height h, 10mm from the surface of the layer formeo by the first slurry at an angle of about 6°, and at a velocity V 2 about 5% greater than that, V 1 , of the first slurry.
  • the consistency of the second slurry was at the time of contact 99.6% water.
  • a coherent two-layer paper was formed after the conventional drying and pressing stages the two layers of which were not separable, in the sense that the bond strength between the layers was greater than the fibre- fibre bonding in the glass layer.
  • Example 2 was repeated except that the glass fibres were Johns Manville 106 microfibres, the nozzle was spaced at 13mm from the surface of the layer and at an angle of 9 0 .
  • a photomicrograph at x550 of the paper thus prepared is Figure 6.
  • a first slurry was made of Johns Manville 108B glass microfibre and a second of Johns Manville 104 glass microfibre. 108B is coarser than 104.
  • the first slurry was run onto the wire and at a position where its water content was 91.5%.
  • the second slurry was projected onto it with the second nozzle being at a height h 4mm from the surface of the layer formed by the first slurry at an angle of about 3°, and at a velocity V 2 5 or 6% greater than that V 1 , of the layer formed by the first slurry.
  • the consistency of the second slurry was at the time of contact 99.7%. water.
  • a coherent two-layer paper was formed after the conventional drying and pressing stages, the two layers of which were not separable, in the sense that the bond strength between the layers was greater than the fibre- fibre bonding in the glass layer.
  • This structure provides a particularly efficient pre-filter (or depth) filter,, especially a HEPA filter, or battery separator.
  • Example 4 was repeated except that a first slurry was made of 90% Johns Manville 108B glass microfibre and 10% Solvay Pulpex polyethylene fibres, and a second of Johns Manville 104 glass microfibre.
  • a coherent two-layer paper was formed after the conventional drying and pressing stages the two layers of which were not separable, in the sense that the bond strength between the layers was greater than the fibre- fibre bonding in the glass layer.
  • a quantity of granules of ion-exchange material or other non-fibrous material may be incorporated in one of the slurries.
  • Papers particularly suitable for HEPA filters and battery separators were made as follows.
  • Each furnish was dispersed in the Hydrapulper at 3.0 pH for designated periods of time. The furnish was then pumped to either the 7,000-gal. Secondary stock chest or the two 3,500-gal. Primary Stock Chests and adjusted to the required consistency and pH.
  • the Fourdrinier wet-end was used for the primary layer.
  • Each furnish was pumped from the machine chests and metered with a Foxboro Flow Controller to the suction of the fan pump where white water from the wire was added to give the required papermaking consistency.
  • the diluted furnish was metered with a Foxboro Flow Controller (total flow) through a five- pipe manifold into the headbox.
  • the Black Clawson Secondary Flow Box was installed over the fourth foil box and used to form the secondary layer.
  • the furnish was pumped from a 7,000-gal. stock chest and metered with a Foxboro Flow Controller into the flow box.
  • the edges of the first press were taped to prevent any pressure being applied to the sheet.
  • the secondary slurry was deposited on the primary slurry at an angle of 4° 15' from a height of 10mm.
  • the second slurry issued at a speed of around 8% faster than the primary.
  • Delamination tests were conducted on papers embodying the invention by adhering double sided tape to both faces of the paper and a pulling member to the other face of the two sided tape. The pulling members were then pulled apart from one another and the paper examined to determine where tearing occurred.

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EP19830306905 1982-11-16 1983-11-11 Papier und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung Expired EP0109282B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83306905T ATE37401T1 (de) 1982-11-16 1983-11-11 Papier und verfahren zu dessen herstellung.

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8232639 1982-11-16
GB838319384A GB8319384D0 (en) 1982-11-16 1983-07-18 Papermaking
GB8232639 1983-07-18
GB8319384 1983-07-18

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0109282A2 true EP0109282A2 (de) 1984-05-23
EP0109282A3 EP0109282A3 (en) 1984-09-12
EP0109282B1 EP0109282B1 (de) 1988-09-21

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EP19830306905 Expired EP0109282B1 (de) 1982-11-16 1983-11-11 Papier und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung

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EP (1) EP0109282B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH081036B2 (de)
DE (1) DE3378064D1 (de)

Cited By (17)

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EP0233058A3 (en) * 1986-02-11 1989-01-18 A. Ahlstrom Corporation Method of manufacturing multilayer board
WO1998036128A1 (en) * 1997-02-12 1998-08-20 J.R. Crompton Limited Porous web material
US6423183B1 (en) 1997-12-24 2002-07-23 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Paper products and a method for applying a dye to cellulosic fibers
US6582560B2 (en) 2001-03-07 2003-06-24 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Method for using water insoluble chemical additives with pulp and products made by said method
US6749721B2 (en) 2000-12-22 2004-06-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Process for incorporating poorly substantive paper modifying agents into a paper sheet via wet end addition
EP1674684A1 (de) * 1997-02-06 2006-06-28 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Intumeszierende mehrschichtige Matte
EP1746209A3 (de) * 2005-07-12 2009-11-04 Johns Manville International, Inc. Mehrschichtige Vliesstoffe, Laminate und Verfahren
US7749356B2 (en) 2001-03-07 2010-07-06 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Method for using water insoluble chemical additives with pulp and products made by said method
US8679218B2 (en) 2010-04-27 2014-03-25 Hollingsworth & Vose Company Filter media with a multi-layer structure
US9121118B2 (en) 2011-01-28 2015-09-01 Donaldson Company, Inc. Method and apparatus for forming a fibrous media
US9303339B2 (en) 2011-01-28 2016-04-05 Donaldson Company, Inc. Method and apparatus for forming a fibrous media
US9885154B2 (en) 2009-01-28 2018-02-06 Donaldson Company, Inc. Fibrous media
US9950284B2 (en) 2009-04-03 2018-04-24 Hollingsworth & Vose Company Filter media suitable for hydraulic applications
US10022657B2 (en) 2009-04-03 2018-07-17 Hollingsworth & Vose Company Filter media suitable for hydraulic applications
US10343095B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2019-07-09 Hollingsworth & Vose Company Filter media comprising a pre-filter layer
US10431796B2 (en) 2014-09-15 2019-10-01 Hollingsworth & Vose Company Multi-region battery separators
US12420221B2 (en) 2016-07-01 2025-09-23 Hollingsworth & Vose Company Multi-layered electret-containing filtration media

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GB8906275D0 (en) * 1989-03-18 1989-05-04 Beloit Corp Web former
US6916402B2 (en) 2002-12-23 2005-07-12 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Process for bonding chemical additives on to substrates containing cellulosic materials and products thereof
US7670459B2 (en) 2004-12-29 2010-03-02 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Soft and durable tissue products containing a softening agent
US8357220B2 (en) 2008-11-07 2013-01-22 Hollingsworth & Vose Company Multi-phase filter medium
US9694306B2 (en) 2013-05-24 2017-07-04 Hollingsworth & Vose Company Filter media including polymer compositions and blends
US9786885B2 (en) 2015-04-10 2017-10-10 Hollingsworth & Vose Company Battery separators comprising inorganic particles

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Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0233058A3 (en) * 1986-02-11 1989-01-18 A. Ahlstrom Corporation Method of manufacturing multilayer board
EP1674684A1 (de) * 1997-02-06 2006-06-28 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Intumeszierende mehrschichtige Matte
WO1998036128A1 (en) * 1997-02-12 1998-08-20 J.R. Crompton Limited Porous web material
US6548433B1 (en) 1997-02-12 2003-04-15 J. R. Compton Limited Porous web material
US6423183B1 (en) 1997-12-24 2002-07-23 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Paper products and a method for applying a dye to cellulosic fibers
US7678232B2 (en) 2000-12-22 2010-03-16 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Process for incorporating poorly substantive paper modifying agents into a paper sheet via wet end addition
US6749721B2 (en) 2000-12-22 2004-06-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Process for incorporating poorly substantive paper modifying agents into a paper sheet via wet end addition
US6984290B2 (en) 2001-03-07 2006-01-10 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Method for applying water insoluble chemical additives with to pulp fiber
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3378064D1 (en) 1988-10-27
EP0109282B1 (de) 1988-09-21
JPS59112092A (ja) 1984-06-28
EP0109282A3 (en) 1984-09-12
JPH081036B2 (ja) 1996-01-10

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