EP0124480A1 - Système de commande électropneumatique d'un dispositif pour concasser la croûte et procédé pour cette commande - Google Patents

Système de commande électropneumatique d'un dispositif pour concasser la croûte et procédé pour cette commande Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0124480A1
EP0124480A1 EP84810176A EP84810176A EP0124480A1 EP 0124480 A1 EP0124480 A1 EP 0124480A1 EP 84810176 A EP84810176 A EP 84810176A EP 84810176 A EP84810176 A EP 84810176A EP 0124480 A1 EP0124480 A1 EP 0124480A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
way valve
compressed air
working cylinder
drive system
piston
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP84810176A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0124480B1 (fr
Inventor
Hans Pfister
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rio Tinto Switzerland AG
Original Assignee
Alusuisse Holdings AG
Schweizerische Aluminium AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alusuisse Holdings AG, Schweizerische Aluminium AG filed Critical Alusuisse Holdings AG
Publication of EP0124480A1 publication Critical patent/EP0124480A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0124480B1 publication Critical patent/EP0124480B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/14—Devices for feeding or crust breaking
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/06—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor involving features specific to the use of a compressible medium, e.g. air, steam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/08—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with only one servomotor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
    • F15B2211/3056—Assemblies of multiple valves
    • F15B2211/30565—Assemblies of multiple valves having multiple valves for a single output member, e.g. for creating higher valve function by use of multiple valves like two 2/2-valves replacing a 5/3-valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/32—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation
    • F15B2211/327—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation electrically or electronically
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/505—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50554—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure downstream of the pressure control means, e.g. pressure reducing valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/52—Pressure control characterised by the type of actuation
    • F15B2211/528—Pressure control characterised by the type of actuation actuated by fluid pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/665—Methods of control using electronic components
    • F15B2211/6656—Closed loop control, i.e. control using feedback
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/705—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
    • F15B2211/7051—Linear output members
    • F15B2211/7053—Double-acting output members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/765—Control of position or angle of the output member
    • F15B2211/7653—Control of position or angle of the output member at distinct positions, e.g. at the end position

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electropneumatic drive system for crust breaking devices of aluminum melt flow electrolysis cells, which is fed from a compressed air network with a compressor and compressed air storage and which consists of at least one working cylinder with piston and piston rod, a slide valve, valves, compressed air lines installed after the network branch and a microprocessor.
  • the invention further relates to a method for operating the electropneumatic drive system.
  • the crusher of the crust breaking device is pneumatically driven practically throughout.
  • the lowering movement of the chisel is stopped by a mechanically or pneumatically actuated limit switch and its return to the rest position is triggered.
  • the end position of the crushing tool can also be displayed via a potential measurement by short-circuiting a circuit when the tool is immersed in the electrolyte.
  • the inventor has set himself the task of creating a pneumatic drive system for crust breaking devices of aluminum melt flow electrolysis cells and a method for its operation which provides the same performance with considerably less compressed air or energy.
  • the pneumatic drive system is to be fed by a compressed air network with compressed air storage and consist of at least one working cylinder with piston and piston rod, a slide valve, valves, compressed air lines installed after the network branch and a microprocessor for controlling the valves.
  • the compressed air emerging from the working cylinder during the pushing movement can be reused. It is fed into the working cylinder on the negative side.
  • the piston movement occurs because on the positive side the piston area exposed to the reduced pressure is smaller by the cross-section of the piston rod than on the negative side.
  • the air blown out during the return movement of the piston can still be used to advantage if it is blown into the area of the metering device, into the conical part of the day silo.
  • the alumina exposed to the greatest static pressure in the lowest part of the silo is made more flowable without the need for special energy.
  • piston rods with an outside diameter that is 25-85%, preferably 40-70%, of the inside diameter of the working cylinder.
  • piston rods in accordance with the above statements, generally have to have a relatively large outside diameter, they are expediently tubular.
  • the crust breaking device for electrolysis cells which has been brought into the rest position, must have removed the chisel from the area of the carbon anodes, so that none when changing the anode or performing other operations on the electrolysis cell Damage occurs.
  • a stroke range of the working cylinder of 400-600 mm has proven to be advantageous.
  • the compressed air circuit which is operated with reduced pressure in normal operation for economic reasons (compressed air consumption, material wear), is fed by a pressure reducing valve which reduces the network pressure by 35-75%, preferably 45-55%.
  • the network pressure is generally 6 - 8 bar.
  • this pressure reducing valve and the other valves are arranged on a common base plate, expediently on the cylinder head of the working cylinder. This is outside the hot area of the cell and is easily accessible from the outside.
  • the piston of the working cylinder is preferably subjected to reduced network pressure on the positive side, while the negative side of the working cylinder is vented.
  • the piston is z. B. pressed against a stop of the cylinder head.
  • the piston can be locked with a lock.
  • a mechanically or pneumatically actuated limit switch is arranged in the interior of the working cylinder.
  • the moment of thawing can also be determined by means of an electrical circuit chisel in the electrically conductive, molten electrolyte as the end position.
  • the microprocessor reverses the 5/2-way valve with a control pulse. This switches off the pressure reducing valve and the inside of the working cylinder, which is penetrated by the piston rod, the positive end, is vented via a compressed air line and the 5/2-way valve.
  • the microprocessor triggers the repetition of the striking movement in succession until the crust is broken through.
  • control can be set by the microprocessor so that the full force is exerted only in the lowest range of the pushing movement, for example in the lowest 100 mm of the stroke, by switching over the 5/2-way valve. If the movement is repeated at full power for a short time, the chisel is only moved in this lowest stroke range and accordingly less compressed air is used.
  • the return movement to the negative side of the cylinder always takes place with reduced pressure.
  • the pressure taken from the feed network is usually 6-8 bar, the reduced pressure 3-4 bar.
  • the first adjustable time interval for normal operation of the device is expediently in the range of 1-5 minutes.
  • the second adjustable time interval for triggering the increased pressure is 0-3 times the first time interval. If the chisel does not reach the end position (completely penetrated crust), it is preferable to switch to full force immediately or after a few seconds.
  • the lowering movement of the crushing chisel can be repeated with reduced pressure at shorter intervals than the first adjustable time interval and only then can it be switched to full force.
  • a pipe branch 12 leads from a compressed air supply network 10 which is common in industrial companies to a slide 14 which is expediently operable manually.
  • the compressed air supply network 10 is operated by a compressor and is stabilized by a compressed air store.
  • a compressed air line 18 leads from the slide 14 to the 5/2-way valve 20.
  • the compressed air line 22 emerging from the 5/2-way valve leads to the 3/2-way valve 24.
  • a compressed air line 26 branches off from the compressed air line 18 and leads to the pressure reducing valve 28.
  • the reduced pressure is fed into the compressed air line 22 via the compressed air line 30.
  • the compressed air lines 26 and 30 and the pressure reducing valve 28 thus form a by-pass to the 5/2-way valve.
  • a compressed air line 32 leads from the 3/2-way valve 24 to the negative side of the working cylinder 34, in other words to the cavity 40 formed between the cylinder head 36 and the piston 38.
  • the working cylinder 34 has an inner diameter D1, which has a stroke H axially therein movable piston rod 42 has an outer diameter D 2 .
  • the interior space 46 delimited by the inside of the working cylinder 34, the piston rod 42, the piston 38 and the cylinder base 44 is referred to as the positive side of the working cylinder.
  • This interior space 46 is connected to the 5/2-way valve 20 via a compressed air line 48.
  • the interior 40 is vented via the compressed air line 32 and the 3/2-way valve 24 via a connector 50, while the interior 46 is kept under reduced pressure.
  • Fig. 2 shows the upper area of the working cylinder 34, in which the piston 38 is axially displaceable.
  • the cylinder head 36 is placed sealingly on a tube with the inner diameter D 1 .
  • the vent 32 is recessed in the cylinder head 36.
  • the cylindrical piston attachment 56 provided with a sealing ring 54 fits into a corresponding one Shaped recess 58 in the cylinder head 36. From this recess 58, a ventilation duct 60 leads to the outside, the outlet opening of which can be adjusted with a control valve 62.
  • the piston 38 is provided with three sealing rings 64. Because of the material and weight savings, the piston rod 42 is of tubular design with the outside diameter D 2 .
  • the following numerical exemplary embodiments show the different compressed air consumption of a conventional and an inventive working cylinder for the pneumatic drive of crust breakers in electrolysis cells. When considering these examples, it must be taken into account that the savings are repeated at short intervals and that several hundred working cylinders are in operation in an electrolysis hall for the production of aluminum.
  • the working cylinder has a diameter D 1 of 200 mm, the piston rod has a diameter D 2 of 50 mm, the stroke H is 500 mm and the network pressure p is 7 bar.
  • This working cylinder is operated according to conventional methods, ie without a closed circuit. All air emerging from the working cylinder is blown off.
  • a working cylinder with an inner diameter D 1 of 200 mm has a piston with a tubular piston rod with an outer diameter D 2 of 100 mm.
  • the stroke H is 500 mm, the reduced working pressure p red is 3.5 bar.
  • This working cylinder is installed in an electropneumatic drive system according to the invention. The cylinder is normally pushed by means of a closed circuit.
  • the previously calculated compressed air consumption relates to the cylinder dimensions and pressure ranges commonly used today in the compressed air network.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Percussive Tools And Related Accessories (AREA)
  • Actuator (AREA)
  • Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
  • Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
  • Crushing And Grinding (AREA)
EP84810176A 1983-05-03 1984-04-10 Système de commande électropneumatique d'un dispositif pour concasser la croûte et procédé pour cette commande Expired EP0124480B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH238683 1983-05-03
CH2386/83 1983-05-03

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0124480A1 true EP0124480A1 (fr) 1984-11-07
EP0124480B1 EP0124480B1 (fr) 1987-10-28

Family

ID=4232568

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84810176A Expired EP0124480B1 (fr) 1983-05-03 1984-04-10 Système de commande électropneumatique d'un dispositif pour concasser la croûte et procédé pour cette commande

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US4606257A (fr)
EP (1) EP0124480B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS59229492A (fr)
AU (1) AU2712884A (fr)
CA (1) CA1228515A (fr)
DE (1) DE3467025D1 (fr)
IS (1) IS1315B6 (fr)
NO (1) NO841719L (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0215764A3 (en) * 1985-09-19 1988-11-17 Mats Hugdahl A method and a device for regulating pressure fluid cylinders
EP0546694A1 (fr) * 1991-12-12 1993-06-16 Ross Operating Valve Company Dispositif économiseur d'énergie et de surveillance pour valves pneumatiques
US6649035B2 (en) 2001-05-04 2003-11-18 Ross Operating Valve Company Low energy and non-heat transferring crust breaking system
WO2008095510A1 (fr) * 2007-02-07 2008-08-14 Festo Ag & Co. Kg Briseur de croûte pour traverser la croûte formée sur un bain de métal en fusion
CN102828202A (zh) * 2012-09-17 2012-12-19 北京爱社时代科技发展有限公司 一种新型的智能打壳缸

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3508277A1 (de) * 1985-03-08 1986-09-11 Hans E. Winkelmann GmbH, 6074 Rödermark Geraet zur steuerung der bewegung eines kolbens in einem doppeltwirkenden pneumatikzylinder, insbesondere fuer pneumatisch betaetigbare schweisszangen
JPH07267592A (ja) * 1994-03-28 1995-10-17 Smc Corp オートエアバランサ装置
WO1996002764A1 (fr) * 1994-07-15 1996-02-01 Terry Fluid Controls Pty. Ltd. Actionneur
US6436270B1 (en) * 1999-07-19 2002-08-20 Ab Rexroth Mecman Method and device for controlling the movement of a feeding and breaking chisel in an aluminum production cell
AU2001242962A1 (en) * 2000-03-24 2001-10-08 Pos-Line Aktiebolag Cylinder means of single acting type with a return function and method of operating the same
CN100362139C (zh) * 2004-12-22 2008-01-16 沈阳铝镁设计研究院 一种铝电解槽打壳加料控制系统及其控制方法
FR2948426B1 (fr) 2009-07-21 2011-09-02 Asco Joucomatic Sa Dispositif de commande d'un verin pneumatique
US8753564B2 (en) * 2011-06-13 2014-06-17 Mac Valves, Inc. Piston rod and cylinder seal device for aluminum bath crust breaker
CN103014771A (zh) * 2013-01-18 2013-04-03 洛阳曦光气动液压元件有限公司 一种节能减排电解铝打壳系统
DE102013006220B4 (de) * 2013-04-11 2022-08-18 Bürkert Werke GmbH Pneumatischer Antrieb und Verfahren zur Erfassung der Leistung eines pneumatischen Antriebs
CN103452934A (zh) * 2013-08-18 2013-12-18 杭州哲达科技股份有限公司 打壳气缸专用智慧节气仪及供气方法
US9976575B2 (en) * 2014-05-23 2018-05-22 Butler Engineering And Marketing S.P.A. Device for feeding a fluid to a container, such as an actuator, assembly for activating or moving an object, as well as lifting device for a tyred wheel or a tyre
CN106319571A (zh) * 2015-06-24 2017-01-11 沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 铝电解槽打壳下料用压缩空气系统
CN105543897B (zh) * 2015-09-23 2018-02-02 洛阳曦光气动液压元件有限公司 一种电解铝打壳控制方法
JP6673550B2 (ja) * 2016-09-21 2020-03-25 Smc株式会社 流体圧シリンダの駆動方法及び駆動装置
CN107385476B (zh) * 2017-08-07 2019-04-19 中冶赛迪电气技术有限公司 一种铝槽自适应打壳装置
CN109023428A (zh) * 2018-09-26 2018-12-18 王彦俐 一种铝电解电解槽打壳气缸
DE102019113640B3 (de) * 2019-05-22 2020-09-17 Heraeus Medical Gmbh Differenzdruckmotor und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Differenzdruckmotors

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3608431A (en) * 1969-07-14 1971-09-28 Lummus Industries Control system for the ram of vertically disposed fluid pressure cylinders
GB1542402A (en) * 1975-07-07 1979-03-21 Smiths Industries Ltd Fluid pressure supply apparatus

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3000361A (en) * 1959-11-06 1961-09-19 Nat Pneumatic Co Inc Push door mechanism
US3858485A (en) * 1971-01-27 1975-01-07 Borje O Rosaen Fluid cylinder
US3943972A (en) * 1975-04-29 1976-03-16 Ross Operating Valve Company System for conserving compressed air supply
JPS6014201B2 (ja) * 1975-12-01 1985-04-12 黒田精工株式会社 空圧デイジタルシリンダー装置
SE430532B (sv) * 1981-01-16 1983-11-21 Blidsberg Verktygsind System for tillforsel av ett kompressibelt drivmedium

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3608431A (en) * 1969-07-14 1971-09-28 Lummus Industries Control system for the ram of vertically disposed fluid pressure cylinders
GB1542402A (en) * 1975-07-07 1979-03-21 Smiths Industries Ltd Fluid pressure supply apparatus

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0215764A3 (en) * 1985-09-19 1988-11-17 Mats Hugdahl A method and a device for regulating pressure fluid cylinders
EP0546694A1 (fr) * 1991-12-12 1993-06-16 Ross Operating Valve Company Dispositif économiseur d'énergie et de surveillance pour valves pneumatiques
US6649035B2 (en) 2001-05-04 2003-11-18 Ross Operating Valve Company Low energy and non-heat transferring crust breaking system
WO2008095510A1 (fr) * 2007-02-07 2008-08-14 Festo Ag & Co. Kg Briseur de croûte pour traverser la croûte formée sur un bain de métal en fusion
CN102828202A (zh) * 2012-09-17 2012-12-19 北京爱社时代科技发展有限公司 一种新型的智能打壳缸
CN102828202B (zh) * 2012-09-17 2015-04-22 北京爱社时代科技发展有限公司 一种新型的智能打壳缸

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0124480B1 (fr) 1987-10-28
CA1228515A (fr) 1987-10-27
IS1315B6 (is) 1988-03-22
NO841719L (no) 1984-11-05
AU2712884A (en) 1984-11-08
US4606257A (en) 1986-08-19
DE3467025D1 (en) 1987-12-03
JPS59229492A (ja) 1984-12-22
IS2907A7 (is) 1984-11-04

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