EP0138561B1 - Ventilation pour l'espace de toit - Google Patents

Ventilation pour l'espace de toit Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0138561B1
EP0138561B1 EP19840306884 EP84306884A EP0138561B1 EP 0138561 B1 EP0138561 B1 EP 0138561B1 EP 19840306884 EP19840306884 EP 19840306884 EP 84306884 A EP84306884 A EP 84306884A EP 0138561 B1 EP0138561 B1 EP 0138561B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ventilation
ventilation member
wall
upper wall
baffle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP19840306884
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0138561A3 (en
EP0138561A2 (fr
Inventor
Leslie Gerald Hammond
John Alfred Fifield
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Anchor Building Products Ltd
Original Assignee
Anchor Building Products Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Anchor Building Products Ltd filed Critical Anchor Building Products Ltd
Publication of EP0138561A2 publication Critical patent/EP0138561A2/fr
Publication of EP0138561A3 publication Critical patent/EP0138561A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0138561B1 publication Critical patent/EP0138561B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/17—Ventilation of roof coverings not otherwise provided for
    • E04D13/174—Ventilation of roof coverings not otherwise provided for on the ridge of the roof

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the ventilation of pitched roof spaces and more particularly to high-level roof ventilation.
  • Roof ventilation is essential in pitched roof spaces in order to control condensation which, if permitted to occur can result in mould growth, rot and distortion of roof timbers, metal corrosion, ceiling damage and reduced thermal insulation.
  • eaves to ridge ventilation which involves a flow of air into the roof space from the low level of the eaves to the high level of the ridge.
  • the object of eaves to ridge ventilation is to achieve adequate ventilation whatever the wind direction, convectional ventilation in windless conditions, satisfactory mixing of air throughout the roof space and uniform outflow of air from the roof space.
  • the present invention consists in a ventilation member for use in the ventilation of a pitched roof space, said ventilation member being adapted to rest on and extend transversely of the upper surface of a roof covering, and having an upper wall for supporting at least a portion of a longitudinal side edge of a ridge covering, an open-bottom, a front wall depending from the upper wall and defining an elongate ventilation area which is disposed to extend transversely of the roof covering and which comprises a plurality of ventilation apertures having a size to prevent the entry of large insects into the ventilation member and thus into a roof space and yet permit a sufficient volume of air to pass therethrough, a baffle depending from the upper wall and spaced from said front wall and said open bottom, for creating a reduction in pressure of any wind blowing into the ventilation member through the ventilation apertures and for precipitating wind driven water through said open bottom and onto said roof covering, and a ventilation opening located above said open bottom and behind said baffle for permitting a flow of air from the roof space into the ventilation member, around said baffle and out
  • a substantially continuous area of ventilation along the length of a roof ridge is achieved, ensuring sufficient volume of air flow through and out of the roof space whatever the wind direction and in windless conditions, the apertures of the elongate ventilation area are of such a size as to prevent the entry of large insects into the roof space yet ensure adequate air flow and the baffle reduces any wind pressure.
  • the ventilation member constructed according to the present invention can be made in one-piece e.g. a one-piece plastics moulding, and is simple to fit in that it can accommodate variations in the laying of the tiles.
  • the ventilation area preferably has the configuration of a grille, with the apertures being elongate in form and extending transversely of the direction of the grille.
  • the front wall has a lower edge having the general shape of the nib of the particular roofing tile with which the ventilation member is to be used in the case of contoured roofing tiles or is flat or straight in the case of plain tiles.
  • the rear wall depending from the upper wall behind the baffle and defining therewith an open-bottomed rear chamber portion with which the ventilation opening is in communication.
  • the rear wall extends downwardly for a greater distance than the front wall so as to engage against the top edge of a roofing tile of the upper-most tile course to hold the ventilation member thereon.
  • the rear wall could be extended still further to permit the tiling member to be nailed to the top tiling batten through the further extension to prevent it being blown inwards by strong winds and/or stop a flow of air into the tiling member from between the roof felt and roofing tiles.
  • the lower edge of the rear wall has a shape which is generally the same as the lower edge of the front wall.
  • the rear chamber portion has a greater size than that of an open-bottomed front chamber portion defined by the upper wall, the front wall and the baffle which extends downwardly for a lesser distance than the front wall to permit a flow of air around the baffle and out of the ventilation apertures.
  • the ventilation opening opens into the rear chamber portion from the upper wall and has a hood or cowl to prevent the membrane closing the ventilation opening.
  • the ventilation opening could be in the rear wall behind the baffle.
  • the upper wall may have a plurality of spaced apart stops or projections extending along its front edge to guard against the possibility of the ventilation member being blown inwards by strong winds.
  • the ventilation member has support elements extending transversely thereof and in the direction of a roofing tile when laid thereon and which engage with, and further support, the ventilation member on the upper surface of a roofing tile and ensure that the ventilation members adequately support the ridge tiles, particularly in the case of contoured roofing tiles having shallow pans and with plain tiles.
  • the apertured ventilation area preferably lies substantially in the pan when the ventilation member is laid thereon but, in the case of shallow panned contoured roofing tiles and plain roofing tiles the ventilation area preferably lies above the pan and the top surface of the roofing tile.
  • the present invention consists in a pitched roof structure comprising a plurality of roofing tiles laid in courses on roof battens, and a plurality of any of the ventilation members as defined hereinabove resting on roofing tiles of the or each uppermost course with the apertured ventilation area facing outwards.
  • the roof structure includes a plurality of ridge tiles arranged in end to end relationship along the roof ridge with the longitudinal side edges of the ridge tiles resting on the upper portions of the ventilation members on opposite sides of the roof apex with dual pitch roofs, and with mono-pitch roofs the ridge tiles are half ridge tiles and one of their longitudinal side edges rests on the upper walls of the ventilation members.
  • ridge tiles are not used and the ventilation members will be at the top of the roof and can easily be held in position by a clip and/or flashing and/or by nailing the further extension of the rear wall, if provided.
  • a tiling member which is generally indicated at 1 may be made of any suitable material such as plastics, metal or a cementitious material but is preferably a one-piece plastics moulding, conveniently of polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, and comprises an upper wall 2 forming a platform. Depending generally perpendicularly from the platform 2 are parallely extending front and rear walls 3 and 4 which, with the platform define an open-bottomed chamber 5.
  • the front wall is formed with an elongate apertured ventilation area 6 which can extend up to the entire length of the front wall 3 and comprising a plurality of vertically arranged transversely extending ventilation apertures 7 to form a ventilation grill.
  • the chamber 5 is divided into front and rear portions 5a and 5b respectively by a baffle 8 depending from the platform 2 and extending parallel to the walls 3 and 4 behind the apertured ventilation area 6.
  • This embodiment is for use with contoured roofing tiles of double channelled configuration with shallow pans.
  • the bottom edge 9 of the front wall 3 is contoured to match generally the shape, of the tile nib (not shown) so that the tiling member can fit loosely into the tile pan areas and thus accommodate variations in the laying of the roofing tiles.
  • the bottom edge of the rear wall 4 is also contoured to be of similar shape and projects downwardly for a greater distance than the front wall 3 to provide a holding portion 10 which engages with the upper edge of the roofing tile when laid thereon and prevents the tiling. member from slipping down the roof.
  • the front and rear wall 3 and 4 are joined by transversely extending support members in the form of strips 11 having straight bottom edges which engage with the top surface of the contoured roofing tile to ensure that the tiling member takes the weight of the ridge tiles.
  • the transversely extending support members could be in the form of rows of projections or pegs.
  • the support members 11 are of particular importance with plan or flat tiles for preventing collapse of the tiling member.
  • the opening 12 is provided with a cowl or hood 13 for a purpose to be described.
  • a row of ridge tile stops 14 constituted by projections or pegs project upwardly from the platform 2 along its front edge for guarding against the possibility of the tiling member being blown inwards for a sufficient distance to prevent it being weatherproof.
  • the ridge portion of a tiled dual pitch roof structure comprises spaced apart pairs of wooden rafters 15 to which are secured roof battens 16 with roofing felt 16a laid therebetween.
  • Figures 4 and 5 show the upper courses of concrete roof tiles 17 laid on the battens 16 with the nibs at their upper edges fitted over the battens.
  • At the apex of the rafters 15 are secured, at spaced apart intervals, supporting brackets such as 18 for a ridge batten 19 to which the ridge tiles such as 20 are nailed by nails (not shown).
  • the opposed ends of the ridge tiles 20 may be joined by concrete, or, preferably, (not shown) opposed ends of the ridge tiles are secured together by fixing or jointing members such as are described in the specification of our co-pending British Patent Application No. 8414440 to form a "dry" ridge system.
  • the roofing tiles 17 are of double-channelled .configuration with shallow pans and interlock along their side edges.
  • the tiling members 1 are laid in position on the upper surfaces of the upper portions of the roofing tiles 17, one for each roofing tile, with the contoured lower edges of the front wall 3 engaging with the pan and top surfaces of the roofing tiles with their holding portions 10 engaging with the upper edges of the top courses of the roofing tiles to hold the tiling members in position.
  • the ridge tiles 20 are then laid over the ridge so that their longitudinal side edges engage with the platform 2 of the tiling members 1 on opposite sides respectively of the ridge between the hoods 13 and the ridge tile stops 14.
  • the support members 11 rest on the flat top surface of the roofing tiles 17.
  • the fixing members can be fitted onto the adjacent ridge tile ends and the ridge tiles 20 are nailed onto the ridge batten 19.
  • the tiling members 1 provide for high-level ventilation of the roof space 21 such that there is a flow of air as indicated by the dashed line 22 in the direction of the indicated arrows out through the gaps between apex of the rafters 15 and upper edges of the roofing tiles 17, through the entry openings 12 of the chamber 5 around the baffle 8 and out through the apertured ventilation area 6.
  • the wind pressure on the right hand side of the tiled structure as illustrated in Figure 5 will produce a low pressure area on the left hand side of the roof which induces a flow of air out through the tiling members 1 on the left hand side of the roof structure as indicated by the dashed line 22.
  • Wind tests have been carried out by the Applicants with simulated wind speeds of up to 60 mph (96.54 kmh) and it has been found that when air flows through the ventilation apertures 7 in the direction indicated by the arrowed dashed line 23 (see Fig. 2), the baffle 8 acts to reduce the pressure due to wind in the rear chamber portion 5b as evidenced by pressure readings taken therein. Moreover, when water was entrained in the air flow in such tests, the baffle 8 prevented the entry of such wind driven water, not only into the chamber portion 5b but also into the roof space 21.
  • the hood 13 serves to prevent closing of the opening 12 in the event of using a secondary water check, as indicated by the dashed lines 23a in Figure 5.
  • This water check 23a consists of a waterproof membrane and passes over the ridge batten 19 and underneath the longitudinal side edges of the ridge tiles 20 where they rest between the tile stops 14 and the hood 13.
  • the hood 13 also serves to deflect the air flow from the roof space into the tiling member.
  • Figs. 6 to 8 differs from that of Figs. 1 to 3 in that the tiling member 1a is specially adapted for a deep pan bold roll contoured roofing tile and has front and rear wall walls 3 and 4 of greater depth (compare Figs. 2 and 7) to accommodate the deeper pan with the apertured ventilation area 6 being disposed in the pan between the roofing tile rolls when positioned thereon, whereas in Figs. 1 to 3 the ventilation area 6 is disposed above the pans and top surface of the roofing tiles as will be apparent from Fig. 4.
  • the requisite volume of air flow from the roof space is provided by increasing the length of ventilation, apertures 7.
  • two support members 11 only are provided which rest against the tile pan and which are cut away as indicated at 11a to provide a facility for accommodating a transverse raised barrier on the upper end portion of a roofing tile.
  • the support members 11 in this embodiment could, however, be dispensed with.
  • a substantial part of the upper wall 2a is of arcuate, outwardly curved, configuration as viewed in cross-section and extends upwardly and rearwardly at an angle of greater than 90° from the front wall 3 (unlike the upper wall 2 which is at an angle of about 90° to the front wall 3) and stops short of the rear wall 4 so that the ventilation opening is defined between the rear edge of the upper wall 2a and front edge of the remaining flat portion 2b of the upper wall 2 which extends at an angle of about 90° to the rear wall 4.
  • the upper wall 2a is flat.
  • Such modifications are particularly suitable for tapered ridge tiles.
  • the upper wall 2a also serves the function of the cowl or hood 13.
  • an additional baffle 8a depends from the upper wall 2a for facilitating the flow of air into the tiling member and for preventing blow through from the exterior.
  • tiling members constructed in accordance with the invention also provide for a flow of ventilating air from between the roofing felt 16a and the roofing tiles 17 and into the tiling members 1, (1a) as shown in arrowed dashed lines 30.
  • the rear wall 4 may be extended still further so that its bottom edge engages with the roofing felt 16a to stop this flow of air.
  • the further extension of the rear wall also or instead permits nailing of the tiling member to the top tiling batten 16.
  • the tiling members such as previously described instead of being in one piece may be made in two or more elongate elements which are positioned in correct relationship to one another in situ on the roof or are fitted together either in situ or before laying e.g. by means of inter-engaging members such as projections and apertures or recesses, to form the complete tiling member.
  • the elongate elements may extend over one or preferably several roofing tiles, and be as long, for example, as 3 metres.
  • these elements could comprise the upper wall, the rear wall and the front wall.
  • the elongate apertured ventilation area could be continuous.
  • tiling, member is used herein in a generic sense to cover a ventilation member which can be used with all types of pitched roof coverings which need not necessarily be ridge and roofing tiles.
  • the ridge covering could be say a plastics elongate ridge covering extending over several normal tile widths and the roof covering instead of being of roofing tiles could be of shingles, slates or of panels e.g. of a suitable metal such as aluminium which may be coated, or of asbestos, and which may be flat, corrugated, or contoured to give an appearance of contoured roofing tiles.
  • Such panels may be 3 x 6 metres, for example.
  • "ridge tiles” and “roofing tiles” are used herein in a generic sense to cover all kinds of ridge and roof coverings used for pitched roofs.
  • the elongate ventilation apertured area can extend for any suitable distance up to the full width of a roofing tile.
  • the ventilation apertures may be in the form of elongated narrow slots or slits arranged one above the other and extending lengthwise of the ventilation area 6.
  • the tiling members may extend over at least two roofing tile widths.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Claims (21)

1. Elément de ventilation à utiliser dans un volume de comble en pente, ledit élément de ventilation étant conçu pour reposer sur et s'étendre sur le travers de la surface supérieure d'une toiture du toit, et comportant une paroi supérieure (2) pour supporter au moins une partie d'un bord latéral longitudinal d'une couverture de faîtage (20), une partie intérieure ouverte, une paroi avant (3) solidaire de la paroi supérieure (2) et délimitant une surface allongée de ventilation (6) qui est placée de manière à être orientée transversalement par rapport à la couverture du toit et qui comporte un ensemble d'ouvertures (7) de ventilation ayant une dimension qui empêche l'entrée des gros insectes dans l'élément de ventilation (1 ou 1a) et donc dans le volume des combles (21) mais qui permet cependant à un volume d'air suffisant de les traverser, un déflecteur (8) solidaire de la paroi supérieure (2) et écarté de ladite paroi avant (3) et de ladite paroi inférieure ouverte, pour créer une diminution de la pression exercée par un vent quelconque soufflant dans l'élément de ventilation (1 ou 1a) à travers les ouvertures de ventilation (7) et pour précipiter l'eau entrainée par le vent à travers ladite paroi inférieure ouverte et sur ladite couverture du toit, et une ouverture de ventilation (12) située au-dessus de ladite partie inférieure ouverte et derrière ledit déflecteur (8) pour permettre à l'air du volume des combles (21) de circuler dans l'élément de ventilation (1 ou 1 a), de contourner ledit déflecteur (8) et de sortir par lesdites ouvertures de ventilation (7).
2. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la surface de ventilation allongée a la configuration d'un grille (6) avec des ouvertures de ventilation (7) de forme allongée et orientées transversalement par rapport à la direction de la grille.
3. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel la paroi avant (3) comporte une arête inférieure ayant la forme générale du mentonnet d'une tuile de toiture profilée avec laquelle l'élément de ventilation (1 ou 1 a) doit être utilisé ou bien l'arête inférieure (24) de l'élément de ventilation est plate ou rectiligne si elle doit être utilisée avec des tuiles plates ou planes.
4. Elément de ventilation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, et comportant une paroi arrière (4) solidaire de la paroi supérieure (2) derrière ledit déflecteur (8) et délimitant par rapport à ce dernier une partie de chambre arrière à base ouverte (5b) avec laquelle ladite ouverture de ventilation (12) est en communication.
5. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 4, dans lequel la partie (5b) de chambre arrière a une dimension supérieure à celle de la partie (5a) de chambre avant à base ouverte définie par ladite paroi supérieure (2), ladite paroi avant (3) et ledit déflecteur (8).
6. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 4 ou 5, dans lequel ladite ouverture de ventilation (12) est située dans ladite paroi arrière (4).
7. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 4 ou 5, dans lequel ladite ouverture de ventilation (12) est située dans ladite paroi supérieure (2).
8. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 7, dans lequel ladite ouverture de ventilation (12) est équipée d'un auvent ou capot (13).
9. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 8, dans lequel l'auvent ou capot (13) fait partie intégrante de la paroi supérieure (2) et s'étend vers le haut et par dessus ladite ouverture de ventilation (12).
10. Elément de ventilation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 ou 9, dans lequel la paroi arrière (4) s'étend vers le bas sur une distance supérieure à la longueur de la paroi avant (3) de façon à venir s'emboîter contre l'arête supérieure d'une tuile de toiture de la rangée la plus haute des tuiles pour maintenir l'élément de ventilation (1 ou 1a) dessus.
11. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 10, dans lequel la paroi arrière (4) s'étend encore plus loin pour permettre de clouer l'élément de ventilation (1 ou 1a) sur le liteau supérieur à travers le prolongement plus long (10) et/ ou pour permettre à une circulation d'air vers l'élément de ventilation provenant de l'espace entre le feutre de toiture (16a) et les tuiles de la toiture (17) d'être interrompue.
12. Elément de ventilation selon les revendications 3 ou 4, ou toute revendication qui dépend de ces dernières, dans lequel l'arête inférieure de la paroi arrière (4) a un profil qui est généralement le même que celui de l'arête inférieure de la paroi avant (3).
13. Elément de ventilation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12, dans lequel la paroi supérieure (2) fait un angle d'environ (90°) par rapport à la paroi avant (3).
14. Elément de ventilation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 13, dans lequel la paroi supérieure (2) comporte un ensemble de crochets ou parties en saillie (14) espacés les uns des autres s'étendant le long de son arête avant pour empêcher l'élément de ventilation (1 ou 1 a) d'être poussé vers l'intérieur par des vents puissants.
15. Elément de ventilation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 14, et comportant des éléments de support (11) orientés sur le sens du travers et dans la direction d'une tuile de toiture (17) lorsqu'il est posé dessus et emboîté avec, et qui supportent en outre, l'élément de ventilation (1 ou 1a) sur la surface supérieure de la tuile de toiture (17).
16. Elément de ventilation selon l'une des revendications 3 ou 4 ou toute autre revendication qui dépend de ces dernières, dans lequel une partie importante de la paroi supérieure (2) est inclinée sous un angle de plus de 90° par rapport à la paroi avant (3) et s'étend vers le haut et vers l'arrière à partir de la paroi avant vers la paroi arrière (4).
17. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 16, dans lequel une partie importante de la paroi supérieure (2) a une forme courbée vers l'extérieur.
18. Elément deventilation selon la revendication 16 ou 17, dans lequel un déflecteur supplémentaire (8a) est solidaire de la paroi supérieure (2) en un endroit qui est derrière, et écarté, dudit déflecteur (8).
19. Elément de ventilation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 18, et construit à partir d'au moins deux éléments allongés qui peuvent être mis en place ou assemblés entre eux.
20. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 19, et qui sétend sur plusieurs largeurs de tuile.
21. Elément de ventilation selon la revendication 19 ou 20, dans lequel les éléments allongés sont assemblés au moyen de parties en saillie et d'ouvertures ou d'évidements qui s'emboîtent.
EP19840306884 1983-10-10 1984-10-09 Ventilation pour l'espace de toit Expired EP0138561B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8327067 1983-10-10
GB838327067A GB8327067D0 (en) 1983-10-10 1983-10-10 Roof space ventilation

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0138561A2 EP0138561A2 (fr) 1985-04-24
EP0138561A3 EP0138561A3 (en) 1987-10-14
EP0138561B1 true EP0138561B1 (fr) 1990-04-04

Family

ID=10549943

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19840306884 Expired EP0138561B1 (fr) 1983-10-10 1984-10-09 Ventilation pour l'espace de toit

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0138561B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3481853D1 (fr)
GB (2) GB8327067D0 (fr)
IE (1) IE55710B1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8414626D0 (en) * 1984-06-08 1984-07-11 Redland Roof Tiles Ltd Ridge covering for tiled roof
DE3431319A1 (de) * 1984-08-25 1986-03-06 Fa.Hans Klöber, 5828 Ennepetal Dachbelueftungselement
GB2169324B (en) * 1985-01-04 1988-08-17 Anchor Building Products Ltd Roof space ventilation
DK68586D0 (da) * 1985-06-03 1986-02-12 System Feed Inc Fremgangsmaade og anlaeg til luftfornyelse eller luftventilation
IE940956L (en) * 1986-02-13 1987-08-13 Scott Toomebridge Ltd Ridge system
GB2270705B (en) * 1992-09-17 1996-03-13 Redland Eng Ltd Ventilated roof assembly

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1393977A (en) * 1972-12-14 1975-05-14 Wun Te Chang Ventilation blocks
CA1065670A (fr) * 1976-10-13 1979-11-06 J. Louis L. Vallee Ventilateur
GB2020724B (en) * 1977-12-21 1982-08-25 Turner M J Corrugated foof ventilation
GB1603095A (en) * 1978-05-24 1981-11-18 Marley Tile Co Ltd Roof-ridge capping
FR2469514A1 (fr) * 1979-11-13 1981-05-22 Verdun Pierre Dispositif de faitage permettant la ventilation de toitures
US4280399A (en) * 1980-05-29 1981-07-28 Bird & Son, Inc. Roof ridge ventilator
CA1188866A (fr) * 1983-03-11 1985-06-18 Buckley Products Inc. Aerateur sur bord de toit
GB2141463B (en) * 1983-06-17 1986-09-24 Anchor Building Products Ltd Jointing member for ridge tiles

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0138561A3 (en) 1987-10-14
GB2147992B (en) 1986-04-09
EP0138561A2 (fr) 1985-04-24
DE3481853D1 (de) 1990-05-10
IE842576L (en) 1985-04-10
GB8327067D0 (en) 1983-11-09
IE55710B1 (en) 1990-12-19
GB2147992A (en) 1985-05-22
GB8425493D0 (en) 1984-11-14

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