EP0155377A1 - Agencement de dynodes pour multiplicateur d'électrons - Google Patents

Agencement de dynodes pour multiplicateur d'électrons Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0155377A1
EP0155377A1 EP84115140A EP84115140A EP0155377A1 EP 0155377 A1 EP0155377 A1 EP 0155377A1 EP 84115140 A EP84115140 A EP 84115140A EP 84115140 A EP84115140 A EP 84115140A EP 0155377 A1 EP0155377 A1 EP 0155377A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dynodes
grid
voltage input
control
voltage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP84115140A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dennis E. Persyk
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP0155377A1 publication Critical patent/EP0155377A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/30—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a dynodes arrangement for an electron multiplier.
  • the invention is utilized in scintillation gamma cameras for nuclear diagnosis purposes.
  • the British Patent Application 2,067,281 describes a method and circuitry for retuning by means of an automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier.
  • AGC automatic gain control
  • the British Patent 977,827 illustrates a method and circuitry for retuning by modifying the potential of the anode and some of the dynodes, when the total gain of the photomultiplier exceeds a predetermined value, by directly connecting together the anode and a number of dynodes which are closest to the anode.
  • the copending application Serial No. 343,207 filed January 27, 1982, by Dennis E. Persyk, entitled "Radiation Detector Assembly for Generating a Two-Dimensional Image” shows a radiation detector having a photocathode, an electron multiplier such as a multichannel plate, and a grid positioned between the photocathode and the electron multiplier.
  • a first electrical field is provided between the photocathode and the grid and a second electrical field is provided between the grid and the electron multiplier; whereby the strength of the second electrical field is larger than the strength of the first electrical field. Due to this the impingement area of a packet of photo electrons on the electron multipier input is enlarged and thus, simultaneously, the electron density is reduced, which in certain applications is a favorable result.
  • a dynodes arrangement for an electron multiplier which comprises:
  • the control grid allows for tuning of the gain of a photomultiplier tube in a technically simple manner, whereby all aforementioned limitations of the prior art do not any longer influence the tuning process.
  • a scintillation gamma camera which comprises:
  • a photonultiplier tube 10 comprises a housing 12 having an optical input window 14. Behind the input window 14 is positioned a photocathode 16 with the high voltage HV.
  • the anode is generally designated-by 18.
  • dynodes DY1 to DYn and the screen grids Gl and G3 between dynodes DY i and DY i+1 are connected by means of an ohmic resistances voltage divider Rl to Rn with a voltage supply source V.
  • the control grid G2 is also connected with the voltage supply source V by means of variable ohmic resistance (potentiometer) R v .
  • the dynodes are so-called venetian-blind dynodes comprising each a transparent grid 22 across its top (electron-impinging surface) as is customary to reduce electric field penetration from the preceding dynode.
  • venetian-blind dynodes comprising each a transparent grid 22 across its top (electron-impinging surface) as is customary to reduce electric field penetration from the preceding dynode.
  • other dynode types such as box-and-grid, circular cage, mesh dynodes, etc., can be utilized in connection with the invention.
  • the grids Gl, G2 and G4 have-an optical transparency of about 98% and similar electron transparency. Photoetched grids would be satisfactory.
  • Grids Gl and G3, acting as screen grids, do not perturb the electron optics of the interdynode cavity because they are placed at the potential that would normally exist in their respective planes or curved surfaces.
  • gain control is obtained by varying the potential of G2, the control grid, from its "normal" potential of -250 volts to a value of -300 V, or even slightly more negative than VDY i .
  • An electron created on dynode DY i has a finite initial energy of 5 to 10 electron volts.
  • G2 must be 5 to 10 volts nore negative than DY i to account for initial energy effects.
  • the invention also decreases the device transit time shift as gain is modulated.
  • the -potential difference between two dynodes is decreased from 100 V to for example 50 V with an acccnpanying transit time increase fron about 3 ns to about 5 ns.
  • the drift space over which the gain is controlled is very narrow, so that the change in transit time is much smaller, e.g., less than 1 ns. This is for example important in fast coincidence circuits of the kind used in positron ECT.
  • Another advantage of a dynodes arrangement according to this invention is that it may be used to gate off a photomultiplier tube without changing gain in the period following gating-on. This is important in certain procedures using short half-life radioisotopes such as 95 Au. It may be desirable to protect the photomultiplier tube from initially-high anode currents until the dose decays to a lesser intensity. With prior art the dynamic range was too small (2:1) and a transistion period of varying gain would accompany a rapid transition from "tube-off" to "tube-on".
  • Photomultiplier tubes comprising a dynodes arrangement according to the invention are particularly implemented in scintillation gamma cameras cf the Anger type.
  • a scintillation gamma camera is for example illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • the camera 30 comprises a scintillation crystal 32 which is connected with a light conductor 34 having pads 36.
  • a photomultiplier tube 10 On each pad 36 is mounted a photomultiplier tube 10 according to Fig. 1.
  • the canera housing is generally designated by 38.
  • the element 40 is an aluminum cover for the scintillation crystal 32.
  • the dynodes arrangenent of this invention may also be implemented in single tube scintillation cameras.

Landscapes

  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
  • Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
EP84115140A 1984-03-09 1984-12-11 Agencement de dynodes pour multiplicateur d'électrons Withdrawn EP0155377A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US587800 1984-03-09
US06/587,800 US4649269A (en) 1984-03-09 1984-03-09 Dynodes arrangement for an electron multiplier

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0155377A1 true EP0155377A1 (fr) 1985-09-25

Family

ID=24351253

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84115140A Withdrawn EP0155377A1 (fr) 1984-03-09 1984-12-11 Agencement de dynodes pour multiplicateur d'électrons

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4649269A (fr)
EP (1) EP0155377A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS60160460U (fr)
DK (1) DK103385A (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5401951A (en) * 1993-05-28 1995-03-28 Loral Infrared & Imaging Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus for overload protection for a photomultiplier tube
DE4428672A1 (de) * 1994-08-12 1996-02-15 Siemens Ag Verfahren zum Bestimmen eines Verstärkungsfaktors eines Photomultipliers
US5512755A (en) * 1994-05-20 1996-04-30 Summit World Trade Corp. Gamma camera device
US5525794A (en) * 1994-05-20 1996-06-11 Summit World Trade Corp. Electronic gain control for photomultiplier used in gamma camera
US5689152A (en) * 1995-04-26 1997-11-18 U.S. Philips Corporation Electron multiplier for a multi-channel photomultiplier tube
WO1999049494A1 (fr) * 1998-03-25 1999-09-30 Elgems Ltd. Reglage du temps de propagation et du gain de tubes photomultiplicateurs

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4804891A (en) * 1987-10-16 1989-02-14 Gte Government Systems Corporation Photomultiplier tube with gain control
KR100684768B1 (ko) * 2005-07-29 2007-02-20 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 이차 전지 모듈
US9184034B2 (en) * 2012-03-19 2015-11-10 Kla-Tencor Corporation Photomultiplier tube with extended dynamic range
MX2012007257A (es) * 2012-06-21 2013-12-20 Cesar Oswaldo Nerio Alanis Dispositivo manipulador de electrones.
US9941103B2 (en) * 2013-10-19 2018-04-10 Kla-Tencor Corporation Bias-variant photomultiplier tube

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2234801A (en) * 1938-02-03 1941-03-11 Zeiss Ikon Ag Photoelectric tube
US2617948A (en) * 1948-11-18 1952-11-11 Heinz E Kallmann Electron multiplying device
EP0066763A1 (fr) * 1981-05-26 1982-12-15 General Electric Company Système d'amplification automatique pour caméra à rayons gamma

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2667599A (en) * 1951-03-22 1954-01-26 Rca Corp Electronic switching device
NL261009A (fr) * 1960-02-09
US3959680A (en) * 1975-01-24 1976-05-25 S.R.C. Laboratories, Inc. Photomultiplier tube having a plurality of sensing areas
US4327371A (en) * 1979-12-19 1982-04-27 The Singer Company Method and apparatus calibrating a plurality of preamplifiers
US4367404A (en) * 1980-07-03 1983-01-04 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Reduction of hysteresis in photomultiplier detectors

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2234801A (en) * 1938-02-03 1941-03-11 Zeiss Ikon Ag Photoelectric tube
US2617948A (en) * 1948-11-18 1952-11-11 Heinz E Kallmann Electron multiplying device
EP0066763A1 (fr) * 1981-05-26 1982-12-15 General Electric Company Système d'amplification automatique pour caméra à rayons gamma

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
INSTRUMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, no. 2, March/April 1968, pages 273-274, New York, US; M.P.LORIKYAN: "Detector for measuring the energy of ultrarelativistic particles" *

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5401951A (en) * 1993-05-28 1995-03-28 Loral Infrared & Imaging Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus for overload protection for a photomultiplier tube
US5512755A (en) * 1994-05-20 1996-04-30 Summit World Trade Corp. Gamma camera device
US5525794A (en) * 1994-05-20 1996-06-11 Summit World Trade Corp. Electronic gain control for photomultiplier used in gamma camera
DE4428672A1 (de) * 1994-08-12 1996-02-15 Siemens Ag Verfahren zum Bestimmen eines Verstärkungsfaktors eines Photomultipliers
US5610396A (en) * 1994-08-12 1997-03-11 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for determining the gain factor of a photomultiplier
US5689152A (en) * 1995-04-26 1997-11-18 U.S. Philips Corporation Electron multiplier for a multi-channel photomultiplier tube
WO1999049494A1 (fr) * 1998-03-25 1999-09-30 Elgems Ltd. Reglage du temps de propagation et du gain de tubes photomultiplicateurs

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK103385A (da) 1985-09-10
JPS60160460U (ja) 1985-10-25
US4649269A (en) 1987-03-10
DK103385D0 (da) 1985-03-07

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4649269A (en) Dynodes arrangement for an electron multiplier
US4568853A (en) Electron multiplier structure
US3408532A (en) Electron beam scanning device
EP0107217A1 (fr) Dispositif d'affichage et tube plat pour cet usage
US5525794A (en) Electronic gain control for photomultiplier used in gamma camera
US5880457A (en) Voltage division circuit for a photomultiplier tube
US4563613A (en) Gated grid structure for a vacuum fluorescent printing device
GB1126096A (en) Image intensification system
GB1170074A (en) Radiation imaging systems and methods of operation therefor
GB1272005A (en) Improvements in or relating to image intensifier tubes
US3666957A (en) Brightness limiter for image intensifiers
US3435233A (en) Gain control system for photomultiplier systems
US3082342A (en) Photo-electric tube
US2594703A (en) Photomultiplier tube circuit
GB1280417A (en) Proximity-focused image-storage tube
US4272678A (en) Gamma ray camera using a channel amplifier
US3872337A (en) Electron multiplier formed by twisting fingers in parallel plates
US3457451A (en) Light shutter system utilizing an image intensifier tube
US3030514A (en) Image intensifier
US3803443A (en) Charged particle beam scanning device with electrostatic control
US4184069A (en) Orthogonal array faceplate wafer tube display
US3990038A (en) Electron beam source of narrow energy distribution
US2994782A (en) Device for stabilizing the gain of photomultiplier tubes
US3506868A (en) Positive-type electron multiplier channels connected in series
Moody et al. A versatile gamma-ray camera for dynamic or static studies in medicine

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): DE FR GB NL

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 19860527

RIN1 Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected)

Inventor name: PERSYK, DENNIS E.