EP0162291A1 - Emballage pour marchandises en colis - Google Patents

Emballage pour marchandises en colis Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0162291A1
EP0162291A1 EP85104700A EP85104700A EP0162291A1 EP 0162291 A1 EP0162291 A1 EP 0162291A1 EP 85104700 A EP85104700 A EP 85104700A EP 85104700 A EP85104700 A EP 85104700A EP 0162291 A1 EP0162291 A1 EP 0162291A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
packaging material
area
layers
packaging
doubling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85104700A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0162291B1 (en
EP0162291B2 (fr
Inventor
Wilfried Dr. Jud
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Teich AG
Original Assignee
TEICH AG FOLIENWALZWERK
Folienwalzwerk Brueder Teich AG
Teich AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=3511628&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0162291(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by TEICH AG FOLIENWALZWERK, Folienwalzwerk Brueder Teich AG, Teich AG filed Critical TEICH AG FOLIENWALZWERK
Publication of EP0162291A1 publication Critical patent/EP0162291A1/fr
Publication of EP0162291B1 publication Critical patent/EP0162291B1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0162291B2 publication Critical patent/EP0162291B2/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D75/00—Packages comprising articles or materials partially or wholly enclosed in strips, sheets, blanks, tubes or webs of flexible sheet material, e.g. in folded wrappers
    • B65D75/52—Details
    • B65D75/58—Opening or contents-removing devices added or incorporated during package manufacture
    • B65D75/5827—Tear-lines provided in a wall portion
    • B65D75/585—Tear-lines provided in a wall portion the tear-lines being broken by deformation or bending
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D75/00—Packages comprising articles or materials partially or wholly enclosed in strips, sheets, blanks, tubes or webs of flexible sheet material, e.g. in folded wrappers
    • B65D75/04—Articles or materials wholly enclosed in single sheets or wrapper blanks
    • B65D75/06—Articles or materials wholly enclosed in single sheets or wrapper blanks in sheets or blanks initially folded to form tubes
    • B65D75/12—Articles or materials wholly enclosed in single sheets or wrapper blanks in sheets or blanks initially folded to form tubes with the ends of the tube closed by flattening and heat-sealing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an essentially gas-tight package for packaging lumpy packaging goods, optionally divided or subdivided into several parts, with a casing formed from a flat, foldable packaging material and having an opening aid, which has a strip-shaped doubling area of the packaging material, in which the two the packaging material layers forming the doubling area are connected to one another via a strip-shaped connecting area.
  • the packs according to the invention are preferably not to be designed exclusively as tubular bag packs.
  • Packs with a doubling area of the packaging material are e.g. Tubular bags or full-wrap packaging with envelope folding. Such packages are often used for packaging food, e.g. of long-life baked goods, but also of chocolate.
  • tubular bag packs in which such doubling areas occur in the form of the fins or fins of the pack produced by longitudinal or transverse sealing seams can be produced on relatively simple packaging machines with a high throughput and have compared to other types of packaging, such as e.g. Wrapping packaging, e.g.
  • Wrapping packaging e.g. Another advantage is that its casing can be produced essentially gas-tight by the simple design of the longitudinal or transverse sealing seams, which results in an improved durability of the packaged goods.
  • a gas-tight packing of this type is known from published PCT - known application WO 80/02927 (Note No. PCT / AT80 / 00,017th).
  • the packaging material has a doubling area in which it forms two layers which are connected to one another flatly with the aid of a binding agent and on which the start of a tear strip is located weakening lines arranged in a special way in the aforementioned doubling area, while maintaining the gas tightness of the packing envelope, enables the tear-open element to be actuated without problems.
  • the invention achieves the object of creating an essentially gas-tight package of the type mentioned at the beginning, in which two layers of packaging material forming a doubling area are connected to one another via a strip-shaped connecting area, but in which no particular one is now involved Scraper strips are required, in which the opening aid does not impair the gas tightness and the package can nevertheless be opened in a simple manner with little effort.
  • Figures 1 and 2 each schematically show a phase of the production of a preferred embodiment of the pack according to the invention or the finished pack in a perspective view.
  • the packaging machine is first in one of the Roll removed and on one side provided with a sealing layer attached in the profile packaging material web 1 continuously formed a fold 2, the two layers of packaging material forming the doubling area of the fold 2 being connected to one another over the entire width of the fold by sealing the profile sealing layers present at this point.
  • the packaging material web has a weakening line 3 running in its longitudinal direction (perpendicular to the plane of the drawing in FIG. 1), which comes to lie in the fold 2.
  • the fold 2 is then folded over onto the level of the packaging material web 1 in such a way that that packaging material layer, within which the weakening line 3 is located, lies against the surface 4 of the packaging material web 1. If necessary, these lines of weakness can also be attached directly to the packaging machine with a suitable device immediately before the fold is produced.
  • the packaging material web 1 thus provided with a longitudinal fold 2. is now (see Fig. 1) in the usual way to form a packaging material tube around the successively supplied packaging items, e.g. Chocolate bars 5, folded over in the direction of the arrows 6, the guidance of the packaging material web 1 running such that the fold 2 at a predetermined point, e.g. starts from the packaging material web 1 in the area of a chocolate bar division notch 7.
  • a packaging material tube around the successively supplied packaging items, e.g. Chocolate bars 5, folded over in the direction of the arrows 6, the guidance of the packaging material web 1 running such that the fold 2 at a predetermined point, e.g. starts from the packaging material web 1 in the area of a chocolate bar division notch 7.
  • the finished packaging material tube is finally formed by producing a longitudinal sealing seam and, after the longitudinal sealing seam has been folded over, it is provided between two successive chocolate bars with two transverse sealing seams running parallel to one another and by separating cuts between these two transverse sealing seams in individual tubular bags packs divided.
  • Eig.3 shows the package in a somewhat enlarged dimension - rod-in section along a plane perpendicular to the direction 10 (see Fig. 2) in the fold of a partial representation contained 2.
  • the fold 2 forms a doubling area of the packaging material with two layers 11 and 12, the layer 11 lying against the packaging surface containing the weakening line 3, which either consists of a plurality of line-shaped punchings arranged one after the other in the course of the weakening line, or one shortly before the ends of the transverse sealing seams ending continuous line-shaped slit exists.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 which - also in a partial illustration in section - show two different phases of the opening process.
  • a slit-shaped opening 14 (FIG. 5) has formed on the packaging material layer 11 torn along the line 3 in the packaging envelope, through which packaging material can be removed from the package.
  • the packaging described above uses, for example, a three-layer packaging material which - starting from the outside of the packaging - is made from a 0.012 to 0.020 mm thick film made of biaxially stretched polypropylene (OPP), a 0.007 to 0.009 mm thick aluminum film, and a paper with a grammage of 20 to 60 g / m 2 and a latex-based cold adhesive coating preferably applied in the profile (2 to 7 g / m 2 solid).
  • OPP biaxially stretched polypropylene
  • the packaging material layer 11 along the line 3 does not have punchings, but material weakenings that form a weakening line.
  • Suitable packaging materials in which such weakening lines' with reproducible weakening of the material can be provided, are advantageously constructed in multiple layers and consist of at least one carrier layer and a top layer, along the intended weakening line the carrier layer covered by the uninterrupted top layer with a punching or a series of separate layers line-shaped punchings is provided.
  • a suitable two-layer packaging material exists - from the outside of the package going - from a paper with a grammage of 20 to 50 g / m 2 as a base layer, a 0.007 to 0.009 thick aluminum foil as a cover layer and a subsequent cold adhesive coating based on latex (2 to 7 g / m 2 ).
  • a 0.020 to 0.040 mm thick OPP film can be used as the carrier layer.
  • This package is opened in the same way as described with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5. If the line of weakness arranged along the line 3 is reached when the cold seal connection between the layers 11, 12 of the fold 2 is separated by the kinking of the package, this tears open, as a result of which a slot-shaped opening 14 is formed in the package envelope, through which packaging can be removed.
  • a heat seal layer can also be used in the package according to FIG. 3.
  • the distance between the punched holes and / or material weakenings from the inner edge of the pack of the connection area which occupies the entire width of the fold should advantageously be at least 1 mm, i.e. it should be so large that even if there are inaccuracies in the manufacture of the package, these punched-throughs and / or material weakenings can safely lie within the connection area 15 (see FIGS. 1 and 3).
  • FIG. 6 shows schematically in section a further advantageous variant of the pack according to the invention designed as a tubular bag pack.
  • the longitudinal sealing seam 16 folded over onto the surface of the pack envelope forms a doubling area 17 for packaging material with two layers of packaging material 18, 19, which through a strip-shaped connecting area 20 through Cold seal binders are interconnected.
  • the pack according to FIG. 6 corresponds to the known tubular bag packs.
  • the pack according to FIG. 6 corresponds to the known tubular bag packs.
  • a number of separate, line-shaped punchings are provided along the line 21 within the connecting area 20.
  • the longitudinal sealing seam 16 forming the doubling area 17 is arranged in such a way that it extends from the packaging envelope at a chocolate bar dividing notch 22.
  • the package is opened - analogously to that described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5 - by bending the package in the direction of the arrows 23.
  • the pack according to FIG. 6 is characterized by a particular simplicity, but does not have as wide a range of variation as the pack described with reference to FIGS. It is namely expedient, for example, to apply the longitudinal sealing seam of a tubular bag package in a central region of the front face of the package, since arranging it near the edge of the package would result in manufacturing problems. Furthermore, the longitudinal sealing seam is usually produced with the aid of a sealing tool in the form of a driven pair of sealing rollers, which at the same time brings about the feeding of the packaging material tube. In order to be able to transmit the required feed force from the pair of sealing rolls to the packaging material tube, the longitudinal sealing seam usually has a greater width than would be necessary to produce a gas-tight sealing connection.
  • the fold 2 forming the doubling area of the packaging material in the case of the pack according to FIGS be arranged and their width in most cases smaller than that of the doubling area of a tubular bag longitudinal sealing seam.
  • Fig. 7 shows schematically in section a wrapping package for baked goods in which the packaging material 24 forms a doubling area 25, within which two layers of packaging material are connected to one another in a strip-shaped connection area 26 by a layer of a cold or heat seal binder.
  • the inner packaging material layer 27 of the doubling region 25 has a weakening line 28 (in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing).
  • a package that is not opened by kinking is described below with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 each show a partial representation in section of one end of a tubular bag pack for chocolate before or after opening.
  • a doubling area 31 which, as is customary with tubular bag packs, is formed by a transverse sealing seam in the form of a fin.
  • two layers of packaging material are connected to one another within a strip-shaped connecting area 32 by a layer of a sealing binder.
  • the upper packaging material layer 33 there is a weakening link near the inner edge 34 of the connection area 32 never arranged 35.
  • the fin is grasped and pulled in the direction of arrow 36, whereby the connection in the binder joint between the weakening line 35 and the edge 34 is peeled off and the packaging material layer 33 is torn open along the weakening line-35, and thereby - as shown in FIG. 9 - forms an opening 37 for removing the packaged goods.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Containers And Plastic Fillers For Packaging (AREA)
EP85104700A 1984-04-20 1985-04-18 Emballage pour marchandises en colis Expired - Lifetime EP0162291B2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT1333/84 1984-04-20
AT133384 1984-04-20

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0162291A1 true EP0162291A1 (fr) 1985-11-27
EP0162291B1 EP0162291B1 (en) 1988-02-10
EP0162291B2 EP0162291B2 (fr) 1990-10-10

Family

ID=3511628

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85104700A Expired - Lifetime EP0162291B2 (fr) 1984-04-20 1985-04-18 Emballage pour marchandises en colis

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4658963A (fr)
EP (1) EP0162291B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE32451T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3561591D1 (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1988000562A1 (fr) * 1986-07-22 1988-01-28 Folienwalzwerk Brüder Teich Aktiengesellschaft Emballage pour articles en pieces et son procede de fabrication
DE3927561A1 (de) * 1989-08-21 1991-02-28 Jacobs Suchard Gmbh Verpackung sowie zuschnitt und verfahren zur herstellung derselben
FR2838298A1 (fr) * 2002-04-12 2003-10-17 Lu France Produit alimentaire emballe susceptible d'etre fractionne
DE102009000331A1 (de) * 2009-01-20 2010-07-22 Robert Bosch Gmbh Schlauchbeutelverpackung für tafelförmiges Stückgut
WO2010121731A1 (fr) 2009-04-23 2010-10-28 Manfred Haiss Sachet d'emballage tubulaire et procédés correspondants d'ouverture et de fabrication
EP3202683A1 (fr) * 2013-02-15 2017-08-09 Intercontinental Great Brands LLC Emballages possédant des caractéristiques de scellage séparable et procédés de fabrication
EP2576204B1 (fr) * 2010-05-25 2018-02-28 Mondi AG Feuille et emballage fabriqué à partir d'une feuille de ce type, avec une aide à l'ouverture réagissant à une force de pression

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US4834245A (en) * 1988-08-05 1989-05-30 Kabushiki Kaisha Hosokawa Yoko Pouch having tearing zone for taking out content packed therein
US5067612A (en) * 1989-01-26 1991-11-26 Honshu Sangyou Kabushiki Kaisha Shrink film package having perforated folded strip
ATE104237T1 (de) * 1989-10-27 1994-04-15 Teich Ag Packung fuer stueckiges packungsgut.
US5129518A (en) * 1989-12-22 1992-07-14 Okura Industrial Co., Ltd. Plastic film package with perforated edge portions
JP3121082B2 (ja) * 1991-11-30 2000-12-25 ティーディーケイ株式会社 開封性を改善したフィルム包装体及びその製造方法
DE59609013D1 (de) * 1996-05-15 2002-05-08 Alcan Tech & Man Ag Beutel aus flexiblem Verpackungsmaterial
US20030188988A1 (en) * 1998-07-23 2003-10-09 De Caluwe Robert Corneel Julia Maria Package with child deterrent means
US20030001108A1 (en) * 1999-11-05 2003-01-02 Energy Sciences, Inc. Particle beam processing apparatus and materials treatable using the apparatus
US7026635B2 (en) * 1999-11-05 2006-04-11 Energy Sciences Particle beam processing apparatus and materials treatable using the apparatus
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US7279205B2 (en) * 2001-02-07 2007-10-09 Sonoco Development, Inc. Packaging material
EP1262425A1 (fr) * 2001-05-23 2002-12-04 Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. Emballage contenant des articles de confiserie disposés en rangées serrées et procédé d'emballage
US9150342B2 (en) 2003-04-16 2015-10-06 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Resealable tray container
US7938263B2 (en) * 2004-03-03 2011-05-10 Chauhan Vijay Package for wrapping at least one article or a pre-arranged group of articles
DE602005023007D1 (de) * 2004-05-11 2010-09-30 Cadbury Adams Usa Llc Verpackung für kaugummis mit halteklappe
US20070199849A1 (en) * 2004-05-11 2007-08-30 Cadbury Adams Usa Llc. Package for accommodating an array of consumable products
US7159717B2 (en) * 2004-05-11 2007-01-09 Cadbury Adams Usa, Llc Packaging design with separate compartments
MXPA06012848A (es) * 2004-05-11 2007-01-26 Cadbury Adams Usa Llc Empaque de tiras de goma que tiene un miembro de retencion de producto insertable.
US7971718B2 (en) * 2005-05-09 2011-07-05 Kraft Foods Global Brands Llc Package for dispensing and retaining gum slabs with adhesive securement
ES2671341T3 (es) * 2004-07-08 2018-06-06 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Unidad de envase de producto consumible de cierre reutilizable
US8308363B2 (en) 2006-05-23 2012-11-13 Kraft Foods Global Brands Llc Package integrity indicator for container closure
US7963413B2 (en) 2006-05-23 2011-06-21 Kraft Foods Global Brands Llc Tamper evident resealable closure
US9216850B2 (en) 2006-09-26 2015-12-22 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Rupturable substrate
PL2069215T3 (pl) * 2006-09-26 2012-10-31 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Opakowanie blistrowe podatne na przerwanie
DE202006015505U1 (de) * 2006-10-10 2008-02-21 Bischof + Klein Gmbh & Co. Kg Beutel zur Verpackung von stückigen Waren
US8114451B2 (en) 2006-12-27 2012-02-14 Kraft Foods Global Brands Llc Resealable closure with package integrity feature
US8408792B2 (en) 2007-03-30 2013-04-02 Kraft Foods Global Brands Llc Package integrity indicating closure
JP5123551B2 (ja) 2007-04-10 2013-01-23 ユニ・チャーム株式会社 個包装体
US20100018974A1 (en) 2008-07-24 2010-01-28 Deborah Lyzenga Package integrity indicating closure
GB0819200D0 (en) 2008-10-20 2008-11-26 Cadbury Holdings Ltd Packaging
PL2391556T3 (pl) 2009-02-02 2016-03-31 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Wielokrotnie otwierane i szczelnie zamykane opakowanie dla wyrobów cukierniczych
DE102009003653A1 (de) * 2009-03-23 2010-09-30 Krones Ag Schrumpfgebinde und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
ES2390202T3 (es) 2010-01-26 2012-11-07 Generale Biscuit Envase resellable para productos alimenticios y procedimiento de fabricación
US8814430B2 (en) * 2010-02-23 2014-08-26 Kraft Foods R&D, Inc. Food package having opening feature
DK2368811T3 (da) 2010-03-23 2012-09-24 Gen Biscuit Genlukkelig emballage til levnedsmiddelprodukter samt fremstillingsfremgangsmåde
AU2011255575A1 (en) 2010-05-18 2012-12-06 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Reclosable flexible packaging and methods for manufacturing same
US9656783B2 (en) 2010-05-18 2017-05-23 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Reclosable flexible packaging and methods for manufacturing same
CN104743257B (zh) 2010-07-09 2017-08-11 洲际大品牌有限责任公司 用于堆叠的产品块的具有可断开部位结构的包装
DK2426065T3 (da) * 2010-09-02 2013-08-05 Ritter Schoenbuch Vermoegensverwaltungs Gmbh & Co Kg Slangeformet poseemballage og fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af denne
EP3398862A1 (fr) 2011-03-17 2018-11-07 Intercontinental Great Brands LLC Produits d'emballage à film souple à ouverture et fermeture faciles et procédés de fabrication
GB2502325B (en) * 2012-05-21 2015-11-04 Kraft Foods R & D Inc Package and method for producing the package
US20140348445A1 (en) * 2013-05-22 2014-11-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Reclosable Package and Method of Making the Same
DK3666321T3 (da) 2014-01-09 2022-10-17 Hollister Inc Pakke med integreret flap med fingerhulsåbningsfunktion
WO2016210342A1 (fr) 2015-06-26 2016-12-29 C.R. Bard, Inc. Dispositif d'application de substance topique comprenant un applicateur
US10093470B2 (en) * 2015-12-09 2018-10-09 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Food package having opening feature and methods of opening thereof
JP2017137098A (ja) * 2016-02-04 2017-08-10 凸版印刷株式会社 易開封性包装袋
WO2018170274A1 (fr) * 2017-03-16 2018-09-20 Sealed Air Corporation (Us) Caractéristiques d'ouverture pour emballage thermorétracté
CA3162413A1 (fr) * 2019-12-19 2021-06-24 The Hershey Company Emballage de friandise entaille et son procede d'ouverture
GB2628778A (en) * 2023-04-03 2024-10-09 Matter Npd Ltd Packaging

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1988000562A1 (fr) * 1986-07-22 1988-01-28 Folienwalzwerk Brüder Teich Aktiengesellschaft Emballage pour articles en pieces et son procede de fabrication
DE3927561A1 (de) * 1989-08-21 1991-02-28 Jacobs Suchard Gmbh Verpackung sowie zuschnitt und verfahren zur herstellung derselben
FR2838298A1 (fr) * 2002-04-12 2003-10-17 Lu France Produit alimentaire emballe susceptible d'etre fractionne
WO2003086898A1 (fr) * 2002-04-12 2003-10-23 Lu France Produit alimentaire emballe susceptible d'etre fractionne.
DE102009000331A1 (de) * 2009-01-20 2010-07-22 Robert Bosch Gmbh Schlauchbeutelverpackung für tafelförmiges Stückgut
WO2010121731A1 (fr) 2009-04-23 2010-10-28 Manfred Haiss Sachet d'emballage tubulaire et procédés correspondants d'ouverture et de fabrication
DE102010004440B3 (de) * 2009-04-23 2010-12-16 Manfred Haiss Schlauchbeutelverpackung sowie Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
EP2576204B1 (fr) * 2010-05-25 2018-02-28 Mondi AG Feuille et emballage fabriqué à partir d'une feuille de ce type, avec une aide à l'ouverture réagissant à une force de pression
EP3202683A1 (fr) * 2013-02-15 2017-08-09 Intercontinental Great Brands LLC Emballages possédant des caractéristiques de scellage séparable et procédés de fabrication
US10124946B2 (en) 2013-02-15 2018-11-13 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Packages having separable sealing features and methods of manufacturing
US10611540B2 (en) 2013-02-15 2020-04-07 Intercontinental Great Brands Llc Packages having separable sealing features and methods of manufacturing

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3561591D1 (en) 1988-03-17
US4658963A (en) 1987-04-21
ATE32451T1 (de) 1988-02-15
EP0162291B1 (en) 1988-02-10
EP0162291B2 (fr) 1990-10-10

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