EP0182212A2 - Coffrage pour la réalisation de constructions en matériaux coulés, p.ex. béton - Google Patents

Coffrage pour la réalisation de constructions en matériaux coulés, p.ex. béton Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0182212A2
EP0182212A2 EP85114188A EP85114188A EP0182212A2 EP 0182212 A2 EP0182212 A2 EP 0182212A2 EP 85114188 A EP85114188 A EP 85114188A EP 85114188 A EP85114188 A EP 85114188A EP 0182212 A2 EP0182212 A2 EP 0182212A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
formwork
webs
panels
flange
formwork according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85114188A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0182212A3 (en
EP0182212B1 (fr
Inventor
Hugo Dipl.-Ing. Mathis
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rund Stahl Bau GmbH
Original Assignee
Rund Stahl Bau GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rund Stahl Bau GmbH filed Critical Rund Stahl Bau GmbH
Publication of EP0182212A2 publication Critical patent/EP0182212A2/fr
Publication of EP0182212A3 publication Critical patent/EP0182212A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0182212B1 publication Critical patent/EP0182212B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G9/00Forming or shuttering elements for general use
    • E04G9/02Forming boards or similar elements
    • E04G9/06Forming boards or similar elements the form surface being of metal
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G11/00Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
    • E04G11/06Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for walls, e.g. curved end panels for wall shutterings; filler elements for wall shutterings; shutterings for vertical ducts
    • E04G11/062Forms for curved walls
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G11/00Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
    • E04G11/06Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for walls, e.g. curved end panels for wall shutterings; filler elements for wall shutterings; shutterings for vertical ducts
    • E04G11/062Forms for curved walls
    • E04G11/065Forms for curved walls with mechanical means to modify the curvature
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G11/00Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
    • E04G11/06Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for walls, e.g. curved end panels for wall shutterings; filler elements for wall shutterings; shutterings for vertical ducts
    • E04G11/08Forms, which are completely dismantled after setting of the concrete and re-built for next pouring
    • E04G11/12Forms, which are completely dismantled after setting of the concrete and re-built for next pouring of elements and beams which are mounted during erection of the shuttering to brace or couple the elements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a formwork for the erection of structures made of castable materials, such as concrete, with possibly coated formwork panels made of elastically deformable material, for example steel plates, which can be bent in the elastic range for the production of curved structures and the formwork panels on the outside on opposite sides
  • formwork panels made of elastically deformable material, for example steel plates
  • Such formwork is known. So u. a. rotationally symmetrical structures are erected, but also structures with irregularly curved surfaces. In the case of the rotationally symmetrical structures or the formwork to be erected there are different systems that work with or without penetrations. In the formwork, which works without penetration, the forces that occur are absorbed by the concrete to be filled in by internal or external rings. This absorption of the forces in the outer formwork can be taken over by the formlining itself, in particular by means of suitable straps which are integrated in the formwork elements or by means of pulling devices in the form of a barrel post, which are applied later.
  • the inner formwork is usually formed by pressure rings, which can be polygonal or round or in the form of simple or spatial trusses. In the case of the non-rotationally symmetrically curved forms, carpentry-like formwork has conventionally been used conventionally with wood and double layers and with appropriate bindings.
  • the invention now aims to design the formwork so that it has a simple structure and can be used both for structures with straight or curved walls.
  • Successive formwork panels within the formwork which are connected to one another at their edges via the flange-like webs, should be able to be arranged in a horizontal or in a vertical row.
  • This object is achieved in that the flange-like webs have incisions or undercuts at their ends and the incisions or undercuts of the webs of adjacent formwork panels at least in the viewing direction at right angles to the level of the webs delimit groove-like cutouts in which the carrier lies.
  • FIG. 1 shows the view of a formwork panel and FIG. 2 shows its side view; 3, 4, 5 and 6 are top views of the formwork panels according to FIG. 1, different forms of curvature being shown here; 7 shows a section through erected formwork for a rotunda; 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 show the end views of differently designed carriers serving as an associated member; the fiq. 14 the view of a tension member in the configuration of the carrier according to FIG.
  • FIGS. 18 and 19 are a top view of locking elements for formwork panels which follow one another in the horizontal direction: FIGS. 20 and 21 show sections through joints of formwork panels which follow one another in the horizontal direction; 22 and 23 the attachment of the formwork panels or their arrangement in relation to a foundation plate; the fiq. 24 the connection point of horizontal beams serving as pressure elements in view; Fiq. 25 a detail from FIG. 24 and Fiq. 26 shows the top view of the illustration according to FIG.
  • FIG. 24 shows a curved carrier in plan view
  • 28 shows a curved carrier in plan view, which is formed in several parts
  • 29 shows a part of the curved carrier according to FIG. 28 in a top view
  • FIG. 30 shows a section along the line A - A in FIG. 28
  • FIG. 31 shows a section along the line B - B in FIG. 29
  • FIG. 40 shows a trapezoidal formwork element consisting of beams and formwork panels, the latter having a trapezoidal contour and the webs lying horizontally within the formwork element; 40 likewise a top view of a trapezoidal formwork element, but here the formwork panels have a rectangular shape, however the girders are equipped with trapezoidal flanges (view); 41 and 42 beams in oblique view with partially trapezoidal or wedge-shaped flanges for the production of a formwork element, as shown in FIG. 40.
  • Fig. 1 shows a view of the outside of a Schalunqstafel 1 of elongated shape.
  • This formwork panel is made of sheet steel that is flexible.
  • Crosspieces 2 in a vertical arrangement are fastened to the outside of this panel 1, the respective outer crosspieces 2 being flush with the vertical marginal edges 3 of the formwork panels 1.
  • This formwork panel 1 can be installed (Fig. 3 - top view). However, it can also be bent to different curvatures, as shown in FIGS. 3 to 6 in plan view.
  • recesses 4 are provided as evenly as possible over its height, and in which locking elements are used when the panels 1 are assembled to formwork.
  • wedge-shaped incisions 5 are provided at the upper and lower ends of these webs 2, one boundary surface of these wedge-shaped incisions 5 being formed by the outside of the formwork panel 1.
  • the front edges 6 of the webs 2 are set back somewhat from the horizontal edges 7 and 8.
  • the formwork panels preferably have a length of 3.14 m ( ⁇ ) or a multiple or an integer part z. B. 1.57 m, 52 cm and the like.
  • the metal sheets are about 50 cm to 100 cm high and are flexible in one direction.
  • the formwork to be discussed here is a beam that is subjected to tension or pressure and is designed as a ring in the case of circular formwork.
  • Fig. 7 now shows the cross section through a formwork erected with the formwork panels 1 described above for a rotunda.
  • a distance a which corresponds to the thickness of the wall to be erected
  • two rings made of U-shaped rails 10 and 11 are fastened with screws 12, the cheeks of the U-shaped rails 10 and 11 resting directly on the foundation plate 9 .
  • FIG. 22 in detail and on a larger scale than in FIG. 7.
  • a ring made of U-shaped profiles a ring made of an L-profile 13 can also be placed. This is illustrated in Fig. 23.
  • the formwork panels 1 are now individually plugged onto the mutually upright flange of the rings from the profile rails 10 and 11, the wedge-shaped incisions 5 mentioned taking up these flanges (see FIGS. 22 and 23).
  • These formwork panels 1, which are plugged on and follow one another in the horizontal direction, are connected to form a ring. This can be done with socket pins 14 and wedges 15, as shown in FIG. 18 in a top view.
  • the plug pin 14 has a conical free end shaft 17 and a widened head 16.
  • a slot 18 provided in the bolt shaft receives the clamping wedge 15 mentioned.
  • wedge shoes 19 can also be used, which are pushed and clamped onto appropriately designed wedge brackets 20 along the vertical edges 3 of the formwork panels 1. In the two embodiments shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, the edge edges 3 of the formwork panels 1 butt against one another.
  • FIG. 20 Another type of connection of the formwork panels 1 which follow one another in the horizontal direction is illustrated in FIG. 20.
  • the one vertical edge 3 of the formwork panel 1 is welded together over its length
  • Bolt 21 equipped, each bolt has an elongated hole recess for receiving a clamping wedge 22.
  • the other edge 3 'of the formwork panel 1' adjoining in the horizontal direction has a number of holes 23 which are designed so that they can accommodate the bolts 21 mentioned.
  • the joint produced in this way between two successive formwork panels 1 and 1 '- successively in the horizontal direction - is stepped here in steps.
  • FIG. 21 in which equivalent parts are provided with the same reference numbers in comparison with FIG. 20.
  • the holes 23 of one row of holes are arranged in a separate baffle plate 24, which is welded to the edge of one formwork panel 1 'and which covers the actual joint, formed by the two edges 3 and 3' of the formwork panels 1 and 1 '.
  • Ring-shaped supports 25 and 26, as can be seen in FIG. 7, are now used on the rings made from the formwork panels 1 and 1 ', the outer ring support 26 being designed as a tension member and the inner ring support 25 as a pressure member.
  • the incisions 5 of the webs 2 described above receive the flanges of the beams facing the formwork in a form-fitting manner.
  • Formwork panels 1 are in turn lined up on the structures thus produced and connected and aligned with one another in the circumferential direction in the manner described above, this process is repeated until the formwork has reached the necessary height. It can be seen from Fig. 7 and in particular from Figs. 8 to 13 and 15 that the mentioned cuts two Superimposed webs 2 form an undercut groove which form-fit the formwork panel 1 facing and abutting the flange of the circumferential annular beam.
  • the ring carrier 25 or 26 can be designed differently. However, they expediently consist of individual ring segments which are braced together. The cross sections of these beams can be very different.
  • Fig. 8 shows an I-shaped carrier, 27 sleeves on the end faces and near the outer flange. 28 are welded, the axes of which run parallel to the axis of the profile.
  • the carrier is made from a steel strip 29 with a box section 30 welded on the outside.
  • sleeves 28 are provided on the end face.
  • the flange 31 which bears directly against the formwork panel 1, has a shoulder-like projection 32 in the center, which, when properly installed, lies between the edges 7 and 8 of two panels which follow one another in the vertical direction.
  • two L-shaped rails 33 On the side of the flange 31 facing away from it, two L-shaped rails 33, spaced apart from one another, run with their free legs facing away from one another. These two L-shaped sections delimit a central space 34 into which spacers can be inserted, which are to be connected to the second formwork skin. This indicates the dashed line 35 here.
  • the carrier shown here in FIG. 10 and described above is designed as a rolled profile.
  • FIG. 11 A construction similar to the embodiment according to FIG. 8 is shown in FIG. 11, but here the incision 5 in the webs 2 is limited by parallel edges.
  • the desired and necessary tension between the beams and formwork panel is achieved here by the cross-sectionally wedge-shaped flange of the horizontal beam.
  • the carrier according to FIG. 13 which has an equivalent cross section to the carrier according to FIG. 10, is welded together from individual profile rails.
  • a carrier made of a T-shaped rail is illustrated in FIG. 12.
  • Beams of the type explained above serve mainly as tension elements, they are laid on the outside of an annular formwork.
  • FIGS. 14 and 15 For lower loads, normal simple band steels 36 can also be used as tension elements, this is shown in FIGS. 14 and 15.
  • 36 sleeves 28 are welded to the end face of the steel strip, for receiving connecting and tensioning screws. The view of such a connection point can be seen in FIG. 14.
  • Fig. 15 is a section along the line C - C in Fig. 14.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates a step-like incision in the webs 2 "of the formwork panels 1".
  • a box-like carrier 37 composed of individual longitudinal segments is inserted into this groove, for the fixing of which web-mounted eccentric brackets 38 are articulated on the webs 2". After inserting the carrier, the Bracket 38 pivots and hold the carrier under pretension.
  • brackets are provided which, when properly assembled, grasp the carrier 37 between them in the manner of pliers. This is illustrated on a smaller scale compared to FIG. 16 in FIG.
  • the carrier 25 serving as the pressure member is designed as a T-profile and is formed from individual arcuate segments 25 'and 25 " "a pressure plate 39 which is perpendicular to the axis of the carrier segment 25" and is firmly connected to it, for example welded.
  • the other segment 25 ' carries an eccentric 40 on the edge which can be pivoted about the stationary axis 41 by means of a hand lever 42 the undercut grooves formed by the paired arrangement of the incisions 5 of the webs 2 inserted and suspended support segments are braced against each other by the actuation of these eccentrics.
  • FIGS. 28 to 30 Another embodiment of a carrier is illustrated in FIGS. 28 to 30.
  • the carrier shown here in cross section in FIG. 30 is formed in two parts. One part consists of a curved T-beam 45, the central web 46 of which has a row of holes 47 on the edge.
  • the second part is designed as a steel band 48, which on one of its two broad sides carries webs 49 arranged at right angles thereto, which lie in the central plane of this band 48. On the edge side and parallel to the longitudinal extent of the band 48, 49 elongated holes 50 are incorporated into these webs.
  • This steel band 48 is easily bendable and can be used as a tension member. In connection with the T-profile 45 described above (Fig. 28) it can be used as a pressure member. For this purpose, the two parts are screwed together.
  • the formwork panels 1 lying above each other are each arranged in such a way that the webs 2 are aligned in the vertical direction. This is not absolutely necessary for the invention.
  • the webs 2 of the formwork panels 1 which follow one another in the vertical direction can also be laterally offset from one another. In such a case, too, the horizontal ring carriers, whether they actually run circularly or polygonally, are held in a form-fitting manner.
  • the inner formwork is constructed in the same way and continuously closed in accordance with the progress of the concreting.
  • the straps are designed as U-straps (FIGS. 10 and 13).
  • the inside or outside straps or belts must be adjusted to the required radius.
  • These carriers or belts can also be designed polygonal.
  • the carrier or belt can be designed in such a way that they have toggle eccentric or wedge or screw devices with which the desired pretensioning forces are to be applied.
  • This formwork can be used for concreting at any height during concreting. Depending on the construction progress, it is also possible to dismantle the formwork in the area in which the concrete has already set and to put the formwork elements thus obtained on the upper edge of the formwork.
  • either the inner formwork can be created first, then it is reinforced and then the outer formwork is continuously raised. This process can also be done in the opposite way by first installing the outer formwork. Due to the stabilizing effect of the straps or girders, only an inner or outer podium construction, as is already used in known formwork systems, is necessary for erecting the formwork. In this context, it should also be noted that such a work platform can also be supported against the inner belts.
  • the formwork constructed in this way has sufficient stability so that additional stiffening and stiffening is not necessary. Spacers can also be fitted into the formwork at any height.
  • the horizontal girders or belts are to be provided as tie girders or tie girdles in accordance with the intended curvature. Then, as with cylinder formwork, these are alternately built up with the flexible formwork elements. After the construction, the necessary bindings can be inserted.
  • the flexible formwork panels are preferably made from sheet steel.
  • Other materials such as glass fiber reinforced plastics or glass fiber reinforced profile beams can also be used here.
  • Plywood is also a useful material.
  • the fact that the horizontal belts and beams of the most varied cross-sections can be used has been shown above using exemplary embodiments. It has also been shown that different profiles can be used on the outside and inside for these belts or carriers.
  • the flexible formwork has the advantage that both the horizontal girders or belts and the formwork panels are flexible in both directions, and can therefore be used both for circularly symmetrical inner and for circularly symmetrical outer formwork.
  • the elements are simple, easy to keep clean and easy to clean.
  • the same also applies to the horizontal beams or belts, which are preferably connected to one another in such a way that they can be carried out continuously by a rounding or bending machine. The bending of these belts or beams can either be done on site or prepared in the workshop.
  • brackets can be hung on the rigid horizontal beams or belts, on which a podium can be built.
  • the formwork can also be used as self-climbing formwork. In this case, an approx. 2 m high section is formed, concreted and then moved from the lower level upwards, and then the next stage is formed again.
  • the formwork system described is in principle penetration-free.
  • wall sections of any height can be concreted without the drop height corresponding more than the height of the formwork panel.
  • FIGS. 32 and 33 A first exemplary embodiment of this is shown in FIGS. 32 and 33 in a side view and a top view.
  • the web 61 is welded onto the formwork panel 60.
  • This web has a blunt end edge 66 which is set back from the edge of the formwork panel 60.
  • this web 61 there is a rectangular recess 62, the longitudinal axis of which lies parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web and in which a wedge 63, which is designed like a fork and is longitudinally displaceable in this recess 62, is inserted.
  • the arrow 67 shows the direction of displacement for this wedge 63.
  • This wedge is displaceable over the length of the recess 62. Thanks to this construction, it is possible to string formwork panels 60 together, then insert the support 64 and then produce the positive connection by moving the wedge 63, which then engages over the flange 65 of the support 64 in a positive manner.
  • FIGS. 32 to 35 have the advantage that such formwork panels can be strung together, then the sculptureger 64 are first put on and then the necessary tensioning is produced by moving or driving in the wedges 63 and 63 '.
  • FIG. 36 shows the top view of a formwork panel 1, corresponding to Fig. 3, but here the webs 2, which are formed from L-shaped profiles, are releasably attached by means of screws. These screws are indicated here by a dash-dotted line 69.
  • FIGS. 37 and 38 Another construction for the releasable fastening of the webs 2 is shown in FIGS. 37 and 38.
  • rows of bow-shaped eyelets 70 are arranged on the formwork panel 60 '.
  • the L-shaped profile rails serving as webs 2 have a plurality of openings arranged in a row on their one flange for receiving these eyelets 70.
  • Wedges 71 which can be driven in are used to firmly connect the two parts, namely the formwork panel 60 'and the web 2.
  • FIG. 39 shows a formwork element which has been constructed from trapezoidal formwork panels.
  • the individual panels 1 - 1 IV have a trapezoidal shape, but the successive panels are of different sizes. In this way, trapezoidal or triangular formwork elements can be erected, which are also bendable in themselves, so that a partial surface of a cone shell can be formed with them.
  • FIG. 40 Another construction for the formation of trapezoidal or triangular formwork elements is shown in FIG. 40 in view.
  • formwork panels of the same size and rectangular shape are connected to one another, but the supports 25 'have wedge-shaped flanges 72.
  • Such a support is shown in an oblique view in FIG. 41. It is also possible to provide a flange 73 with parallel edges and a flange 74 with converging edges on a carrier 25 (FIG. 42).
  • the formwork panels can be arranged within the formwork elements in such a way that their webs 2 or 61 are upright or lie, as has been illustrated, for example, in connection with the formwork elements according to FIGS. 39 and 40.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
EP85114188A 1984-11-16 1985-11-07 Coffrage pour la réalisation de constructions en matériaux coulés, p.ex. béton Expired - Lifetime EP0182212B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT3642/84 1984-11-16
AT0364284A AT390111B (de) 1984-11-16 1984-11-16 Schalung zur errichtung von baukoerpern aus gussfaehigen materialien, wie beispielsweise beton

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0182212A2 true EP0182212A2 (fr) 1986-05-28
EP0182212A3 EP0182212A3 (en) 1987-06-24
EP0182212B1 EP0182212B1 (fr) 1990-01-10

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ID=3553339

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85114188A Expired - Lifetime EP0182212B1 (fr) 1984-11-16 1985-11-07 Coffrage pour la réalisation de constructions en matériaux coulés, p.ex. béton

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4742985A (fr)
EP (1) EP0182212B1 (fr)
AT (1) AT390111B (fr)
DE (1) DE3575324D1 (fr)

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FR2620155A1 (fr) * 1987-09-07 1989-03-10 Salas Pierre Banche de coffrage et profile pour sa realisation
FR2672921A1 (fr) * 1991-02-19 1992-08-21 Outinord St Amand Coffrage circulaire.
EP0683289A1 (fr) * 1994-05-16 1995-11-22 Otto Heinzle Raidisseurs et dispositif de remplissage de béton pour coffrage en acier à rayon de courbure variable, pour constructions en béton circulaires
WO1996024733A1 (fr) * 1995-02-08 1996-08-15 Otto Heinzle Coffrage avec echafaudages pour la construction d'un digesteur en forme d'×uf a paroi a deux courbes

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US11306492B2 (en) 2016-06-24 2022-04-19 Apache Industrial Services, Inc Load bearing components and safety deck of an integrated construction system
US11624196B2 (en) 2016-06-24 2023-04-11 Apache Industrial Services, Inc Connector end fitting for an integrated construction system
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US11542704B2 (en) 2020-11-10 2023-01-03 Forma Technologies Inc. Reconfigurable composite floor formwork and method of use

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AT394239B (de) * 1982-04-23 1992-02-25 Rund Stahl Bau Gmbh & Co Schalungstraeger

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2620155A1 (fr) * 1987-09-07 1989-03-10 Salas Pierre Banche de coffrage et profile pour sa realisation
WO1989002511A1 (fr) * 1987-09-07 1989-03-23 Pierre Salas Banche de coffrage et profile pour sa realisation
FR2672921A1 (fr) * 1991-02-19 1992-08-21 Outinord St Amand Coffrage circulaire.
EP0683289A1 (fr) * 1994-05-16 1995-11-22 Otto Heinzle Raidisseurs et dispositif de remplissage de béton pour coffrage en acier à rayon de courbure variable, pour constructions en béton circulaires
WO1996024733A1 (fr) * 1995-02-08 1996-08-15 Otto Heinzle Coffrage avec echafaudages pour la construction d'un digesteur en forme d'×uf a paroi a deux courbes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3575324D1 (de) 1990-02-15
AT390111B (de) 1990-03-26
EP0182212A3 (en) 1987-06-24
EP0182212B1 (fr) 1990-01-10
US4742985A (en) 1988-05-10
ATA364284A (de) 1989-08-15

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