EP0186519A2 - Einschreiben von Information in eine Anzeigevorrichtung - Google Patents

Einschreiben von Information in eine Anzeigevorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0186519A2
EP0186519A2 EP19850309512 EP85309512A EP0186519A2 EP 0186519 A2 EP0186519 A2 EP 0186519A2 EP 19850309512 EP19850309512 EP 19850309512 EP 85309512 A EP85309512 A EP 85309512A EP 0186519 A2 EP0186519 A2 EP 0186519A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
information
writing
written
brightness
time
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19850309512
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Lewis Thomas Lipton
Vlad Joseph Novotny
Dirk Adrian Zwemer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Epid Inc
Original Assignee
Epid Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Epid Inc filed Critical Epid Inc
Publication of EP0186519A2 publication Critical patent/EP0186519A2/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G09G3/344—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices
    • G09G3/3446—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices with more than two electrodes controlling the modulating element
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
    • G09G2300/06—Passive matrix structure, i.e. with direct application of both column and row voltages to the light emitting or modulating elements, other than LCD or OLED
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
    • G09G2310/04—Partial updating of the display screen
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
    • G09G3/2014—Display of intermediate tones by modulation of the duration of a single pulse during which the logic level remains constant
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
    • G09G3/2018—Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G5/00—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators
    • G09G5/34—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators for rolling or scrolling

Definitions

  • This invention relates in general to the addressing of image displays and in particular to the addressing of image displays that are capable of "remembering" the images written.
  • the first type has very short addressing times, typically of the order of microseconds.
  • a common display device of this type is the cathode ray tube (CRT).
  • CRT cathode ray tube
  • the CRT screen contains a fluorescent material, usually phosphor, which fluoresces when struck by an electron beam. Once the striking stops, however, the brightness of the image thus formed decays rapidly. Thus, to maintain an image on such a device the image has to be continuously refreshed.
  • a second type of frequently used image displays has long addressing times, typically of the order of milliseconds, but has memory capability. In this type of display, the image written remains indefinitely after addressing stops so that the image need not be refreshed.
  • An EPID device typically comprises charged particles suspended in an organic fluid such as xylene. The suspension is contained between a front, a back and side panels, the outside surface of the front panel serving as the display surface.
  • the EPID suspension fluid is normally dyed to become opaque for masking the particles which are away from the display surface.
  • the suspension is placed between two sets of electrodes, one set near the back panel and the other set near the front panel. By applying appropriate voltages across selected individual electrodes of the two sets of electrodes the charged particles are caused to move from the back panel towards the front panel. When the particles reach the front panel, they are not masked by the suspension fluid. They can then be seen at locations on the display surface determined by the locations of the particular electrodes selected for application of voltages. In such manner, the application of voltages to selected electrodes generates images on the display surface. The colors of the particles and of the dye in the suspension fluid are chosen so that the images created will have good brightness and contrast.
  • the EPID type device is disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,668,106; 3,892,563; 4,041,481; 4,093,534 and 4,203,106. The above six patents are incorporated herein by reference as background for the technology and display techniques for the EPID type device.
  • addressing is accomplished .by moving the electron beam so that it strikes a display surface at the location where the desired image is to be displayed.
  • EPID type device addressing is accomplished by applying the appropriate voltages across the electrodes that intersect at points corresponding to the desired address of the image on the display surface. Because of the limitations in two dimensional addressing (X-Y addressing) using electrodes, the addressing of images in EPID devices is performed sequentially. In other words, the images to be written on a section of the screen covered by a number of pixel lines are written one pixel line at a time.
  • each pixel line is written sequentially to the full brightness and contrast before the next pixel line is written so that 1 second is required to write a full screen of text or other images on an E P ID device.
  • the lengthy writing time becomes 'particularly troublesome when a viewer desires to only skim or scroll a text such as instances at which the viewer wishes to find a particular page of a long document. It is therefore desirable to provide a method for writing images which allows a viewer to scroll a long document. It is also desirable to provide a method which allows more flexibility than the conventional method of addressing and writing images.
  • a method for writing information in a display device wherein information written on the display surface of the device remains thereon for viewing after addressing stops, wherein the brightness of the information on the display surface increases with the length of time during which the information is written, wherein said length of time defines the writing time of the information add wherein the brightness reaches a maximum level after the writing time exceeds a predetermined time period defining a saturation time, said method comprising writing a first information on the display surface for a first writing time less than the saturation time.
  • the same information can be written repeatedly at the same address to increase the brightness of the informatin to the desired level.
  • information can be written once for a selected writing time to achieve any level of brightness desired. In such manner a grey scale of brightness for displaying images may be implemented.
  • EPID cell 10 comprises a front panel 12 and a back panel 14.
  • Substantially parallel strips of an electrically conductive material are deposited on the inside surface of the front panel 12 to serve as a set of anodes 16 (A1, A2, ..., Am), m being a positive integer.
  • Substantially parallel strips 18 (C1, C1, ..., Cn), n being a positive integer, of a conductive material are deposited on the inside surface of back panel 14 to serve as a set of cathodes.
  • Each strip anode is electrically isolated from adjacent strip anodes and each strip cathode is electrically isolated from adjacent strip cathodes.
  • On top of cathodes 18 is deposited a layer of electrically insulating material 20.
  • On top of layer 20 are deposited p substantially parallel strips 22 (Gl, G2, ..., Gp) of conductive material to serve as the grid electrodes, p being a positive integer. Adjacent grid electrodes are also electrically isolated from each other
  • EPID cell 10 When voltages of the appropriate waveforms are applied to the anodes, grids and cathodes, EPID cell 10 is made to display desirable images.
  • the number of m strips of anodes correspond to m lines for displaying m lines of characters of text or other images through the front panel 12.
  • the display screen To display a character such as a letter of the alphabet, the display screen must be addressed so that pigment particles will appear only in some parts and not in other parts of the area of the screen for displaying the character so that the contrast formed between the parts at which there are particles and the parts at which there are no particles will display the desired character.
  • each character line must be further divided into smaller units known as pixels for addressing in order to display characters.
  • the addressing of pixels is explained in more detail below.
  • the outside surface of front panel 12 is the display surface through which images are viewed.
  • Each anode thus, matches a number of cathodes and the same number of pixel lines.
  • the anode Al for example matches cathodes Cl-C9 and pixel lines Pl-P9 as shown in Fig. 1.
  • the area 32 on the display surface corresponding to a section of anode Al may correspond to the area suitable for displaying one image or character. As shown in Fig. 1 area 32 contains 81 smaller rectangular or square sections each corresponding to a pixel.
  • Pixel 34' for example may correspond to the overlap between cathode C7 and grid GG as shown in the Fig. 1.
  • the appropriate images may be displayed in each individual pixel such as pixels 34 across the entire display surface 12a.
  • the process of writing images on the display surface 12a can now be described. Typically such images are written from one side of the surface to the other, such as from top to bottom.
  • the appropriate voltages may be applied to anode Al, cathode Cl and grids Gl-Gp to write the top pixel line Pl.of display surface 12a.
  • the appropriate voltages are applied to cathode C2 and all the grids to write the next to the top line P2. This process is then repeated until we reach the bottom of the display surface at the bottom line Pn.
  • the process may instead begin with cathode Cn so that the images are written from the bottom line of the display surface Pn towards the top line Pl.
  • the conventional addressing method in EPID cells is to apply the appropriate voltages for a time period sufficient to bring enough particles in the suspension towards each pixel line, such as line Pl, so that the images written thereby appear in full brightness and contrast before the next line is written.
  • the appropriate voltages are then applied to cathode C2, the grids and anode Al for writing the second line of images again to the full brightness and contrast.
  • a time period on the order of 10 milliseconds is required. Thus, if 200 pixel lines are to be written, it will require 2 seconds to completely write all the pixel lines Pl to P200.
  • EPID cell 10 For many viewing purposes, however, full brightness and contrast may not be required. Thus, when EPID cell 10 is used to display textual material in word processing, the viewer may only wish to find the appropriate paragraph or page in a long document. Thus the viewer is interested not in reading each individual word on the display surface but only in the general content of images on a large number of pixel lines. For such purpose displaying images with less brightness and contrast than the maximum may be adequate. Fainter but adequate images are achieved by addressing each pixel line Pl-Pn for a time period less than the saturation time period. If the viewer wishes to read each individual word of the display so that greater brightness and contrast are desirable the images already written on the pixel lines can simply be written again at the same address to the desired brightness and contrast.
  • either a screen full of information or a single character line such as the character line corresponding to anode A1 can be written to the desired brightness and contrast.
  • Each individual pixel line in such character line can be multiply written. Assume for the purpose of discussion that 10 milliseconds is the time required to achieve full brightness and contrast, that is, the saturation time.
  • Each individual cathode among cathodes C1-C9 corresponding to the character line is first written or addressed for a time period less than 10 milliseconds to write the pixel lines Pl-P9. This will cause the 9 pixel lines to display a faint image.
  • pixel lines P1- P 9 are addressed a second time for a time period less than the saturation time to increase the brightness and contrast of the images already written.
  • the entire character line corresponding to anode Al will be brought to full brightness and contrast uniformly.
  • one side of the character line will be written first before the remaining part of the line. For example, pixel line P1 may be written to full brightness and contrast and then the next pixel line P2 and then lines P3-P9.
  • the entire screen may be written for a writing time period less than the saturation time and then overwritten to bring the entire screen uniformly to increased brightness and contrast. Bringing the image to be displayed to full brightness and contrast more uniformly by overwriting may cause less distraction to the viewer than the conventional method.
  • each individual character line is shifted towards the top of the display surface by one character line at a time. This means that each individual character line has to be erased and rewritten so that the entire display surface must simply be erased and rewritten. If each individual line is written to the full brightness before the next pixel line is written a full 1 or 2 seconds may be required to write the entire display surface. Thus, the viewer will have to wait 1 or 2 seconds for the character lines to be shifted by one character line. For scrolling purposes the viewer does not need to see each character line in its full brightness before deciding to continue scrolling.
  • each screenful of information will have been displayed in 0.2 or 0.4 seconds so that the viewer can decide whether to continue scrolling after only 0.2 or 0.4 seconds. It is found that addressing times on the order of one-fifth of the saturation time may be adequate for the purpose of scrolling.
  • the description above relates tn application to an EPID cell with a number of strip anodes, such as 27 strip anodes. It will be understood that the invention may be applied to an EPID cell which includes a different number of strip anodes, or even only one anode (that is, m in Am may be any positive integer, including 1).
  • each individual pixel addressed is written for substantially the same time period.
  • n passes of equal duration there can be n + 1 shades between light and dark, ranging from no pass to n passes.
  • all the pixels to be written are written only once in a single pass, but the writing time of each pixel may differ.
  • the unequal durations of the addressing passes may be chosen, for example, from a set of different writing times, so that the brightness of the information displayed is selectable from up to n+1 levels for n passes.
  • the set of different writing times may be selected from multiples of a base time period such as 1 millisecond.
  • the set of writing times may conveniently be a binary progression of addressing times (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ... 2 n microseconds).
  • the two schemes can be combined to achieve up to 2 n grey levels. In the combined scheme, selected pixels may be overwritten repeatedly and for unequal durations.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
EP19850309512 1984-12-27 1985-12-24 Einschreiben von Information in eine Anzeigevorrichtung Withdrawn EP0186519A2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US68697884A 1984-12-27 1984-12-27
US686978 1984-12-27

Publications (1)

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EP0186519A2 true EP0186519A2 (de) 1986-07-02

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0600885A4 (de) * 1989-07-03 1995-03-01 Copytele Inc Elektrophoretische anzeigtafel mit selektiver linienaustastlüche.
EP0601075A4 (de) * 1991-08-23 1995-05-24 Copytele Inc Elektrophonetische anzeigevorrichtung mit zeichenlöschung.
EP0929063A3 (de) * 1998-01-12 1999-10-13 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur selektiven Bilderzeugung in einem nicht-emitierenden Anzeigesystem
EP0971336A3 (de) * 1998-07-10 2000-04-05 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur selektiven Bilderzeugung in einem nicht-emitierenden Anzeigesystem
WO2005024767A1 (en) * 2003-09-08 2005-03-17 Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. Electrophoretic display activation with symmetric data frames
WO2005024770A1 (en) 2003-09-08 2005-03-17 Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. Driving method for an electrophoretic display with accurate greyscale and minimized average power consumption
WO2005101362A1 (en) 2004-04-13 2005-10-27 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Electrophoretic display with rapid drawing mode waveform
WO2006013502A1 (en) * 2004-07-27 2006-02-09 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Improved scrolling function in an electrophoretic display device
US7019889B2 (en) 2000-06-22 2006-03-28 Seiko Epson Corporation Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display and electronic device using same
EP1639574A4 (de) * 2003-06-30 2009-01-21 E Ink Corp Verfahren zum antreiben elektro-optischer anzeigen
US8279073B2 (en) 2009-09-18 2012-10-02 General Electric Company Systems, methods, and apparatus for monitoring and controlling a wind driven machine
CN102982746A (zh) * 2012-11-28 2013-03-20 福州瑞芯微电子有限公司 一种epd快速移动及显示图片的方法及装置
US9298929B2 (en) 2000-06-04 2016-03-29 Intertrust Technologies Corporation Systems and methods for governing content rendering, protection, and management applications
US9412314B2 (en) 2001-11-20 2016-08-09 E Ink Corporation Methods for driving electro-optic displays
US9530363B2 (en) 2001-11-20 2016-12-27 E Ink Corporation Methods and apparatus for driving electro-optic displays
US9620067B2 (en) 2003-03-31 2017-04-11 E Ink Corporation Methods for driving electro-optic displays
US10726798B2 (en) 2003-03-31 2020-07-28 E Ink Corporation Methods for operating electro-optic displays

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101859544B (zh) * 2004-08-13 2012-07-04 伊英克公司 驱动电光显示器的方法和装置
JP2008209893A (ja) * 2007-01-29 2008-09-11 Seiko Epson Corp 表示装置の駆動方法、駆動装置、表示装置、および電子機器
JP5527020B2 (ja) * 2010-05-31 2014-06-18 セイコーエプソン株式会社 電気泳動装置、電子機器、電気泳動装置の駆動方法および制御回路
JP5512409B2 (ja) * 2010-06-16 2014-06-04 三菱鉛筆株式会社 電気泳動表示装置及びその駆動方法

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0600885A4 (de) * 1989-07-03 1995-03-01 Copytele Inc Elektrophoretische anzeigtafel mit selektiver linienaustastlüche.
EP0601075A4 (de) * 1991-08-23 1995-05-24 Copytele Inc Elektrophonetische anzeigevorrichtung mit zeichenlöschung.
EP0929063A3 (de) * 1998-01-12 1999-10-13 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur selektiven Bilderzeugung in einem nicht-emitierenden Anzeigesystem
US6291925B1 (en) 1998-01-12 2001-09-18 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Apparatus and methods for reversible imaging of nonemissive display systems
EP0971336A3 (de) * 1998-07-10 2000-04-05 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur selektiven Bilderzeugung in einem nicht-emitierenden Anzeigesystem
US9569627B2 (en) 2000-06-04 2017-02-14 Intertrust Technologies Corporation Systems and methods for governing content rendering, protection, and management applications
US9298929B2 (en) 2000-06-04 2016-03-29 Intertrust Technologies Corporation Systems and methods for governing content rendering, protection, and management applications
US7019889B2 (en) 2000-06-22 2006-03-28 Seiko Epson Corporation Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display and electronic device using same
US7359110B2 (en) 2000-06-22 2008-04-15 Seiko Epson Corporation Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display and electronic device using same
USRE44484E1 (en) 2000-06-22 2013-09-10 Seiko Epson Corporation Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display and electronic device using same
US9886886B2 (en) 2001-11-20 2018-02-06 E Ink Corporation Methods for driving electro-optic displays
US9530363B2 (en) 2001-11-20 2016-12-27 E Ink Corporation Methods and apparatus for driving electro-optic displays
US9412314B2 (en) 2001-11-20 2016-08-09 E Ink Corporation Methods for driving electro-optic displays
US10726798B2 (en) 2003-03-31 2020-07-28 E Ink Corporation Methods for operating electro-optic displays
US9620067B2 (en) 2003-03-31 2017-04-11 E Ink Corporation Methods for driving electro-optic displays
EP1639574A4 (de) * 2003-06-30 2009-01-21 E Ink Corp Verfahren zum antreiben elektro-optischer anzeigen
WO2005024770A1 (en) 2003-09-08 2005-03-17 Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. Driving method for an electrophoretic display with accurate greyscale and minimized average power consumption
US7839381B2 (en) 2003-09-08 2010-11-23 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Driving method for an electrophoretic display with accurate greyscale and minimized average power consumption
WO2005024767A1 (en) * 2003-09-08 2005-03-17 Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. Electrophoretic display activation with symmetric data frames
US7804483B2 (en) 2004-04-13 2010-09-28 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Electrophoretic display with rapid drawing mode waveform
WO2005101362A1 (en) 2004-04-13 2005-10-27 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Electrophoretic display with rapid drawing mode waveform
US7796115B2 (en) 2004-07-27 2010-09-14 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Scrolling function in an electrophoretic display device
CN100489941C (zh) * 2004-07-27 2009-05-20 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 电泳显示装置中改进的滚动显示功能
WO2006013502A1 (en) * 2004-07-27 2006-02-09 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Improved scrolling function in an electrophoretic display device
US8279073B2 (en) 2009-09-18 2012-10-02 General Electric Company Systems, methods, and apparatus for monitoring and controlling a wind driven machine
CN102982746A (zh) * 2012-11-28 2013-03-20 福州瑞芯微电子有限公司 一种epd快速移动及显示图片的方法及装置

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Publication number Publication date
JPS61180292A (ja) 1986-08-12

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