EP0255013A2 - Couche primaire d'adhérence pour apprêts - Google Patents
Couche primaire d'adhérence pour apprêts Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0255013A2 EP0255013A2 EP87110470A EP87110470A EP0255013A2 EP 0255013 A2 EP0255013 A2 EP 0255013A2 EP 87110470 A EP87110470 A EP 87110470A EP 87110470 A EP87110470 A EP 87110470A EP 0255013 A2 EP0255013 A2 EP 0255013A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- greased
- ether phosphates
- parts
- primer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- -1 alkyl ether phosphates Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229920003009 polyurethane dispersion Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical group NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 4
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical group CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- PTBDIHRZYDMNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)C(O)=O PTBDIHRZYDMNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005056 polyisocyanate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001228 polyisocyanate Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940008841 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGLRLXLDMZCFBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,6-diisocyanato-2,4,4-trimethylhexane Chemical compound O=C=NCC(C)CC(C)(C)CCN=C=O QGLRLXLDMZCFBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HPQUMJNDQVOTAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dihydroxypropanoic acid Chemical compound CC(O)(O)C(O)=O HPQUMJNDQVOTAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WXTMDXOMEHJXQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1O WXTMDXOMEHJXQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005058 Isophorone diisocyanate Substances 0.000 description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric Acid Chemical compound [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001346 alkyl aryl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- DWYAEOBTYFRZIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-isocyanato-4-(isocyanatomethyl)-1,1,5-trimethylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CC(C)(C)CC(N=C=O)C1CN=C=O DWYAEOBTYFRZIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005442 diisocyanate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007730 finishing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010409 ironing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
- C14C—CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF HIDES, SKINS OR LEATHER, e.g. TANNING, IMPREGNATING, FINISHING; APPARATUS THEREFOR; COMPOSITIONS FOR TANNING
- C14C11/00—Surface finishing of leather
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for improving the adhesion of dressings to greased and / or hydrophobized leathers and to the use of aqueous dispersions as a primer for improving the adhesion of dressings to greased and / or hydrophobic leathers.
- Leather finishing is the protective layer that is applied to the leather that has been dried after tanning and greasing in order to protect it against moisture, dirt and damage.
- An optimal dressing is required, among other things, that it adheres well to the leather.
- most dressing systems do not meet this requirement satisfactorily: For example, very good fastness values and flexibility can be achieved with dressings based on polyurethane, so that breaking of the dressing film is almost impossible; liability problems often arise here (see "The Leather” 25 , 167-171 (1974)).
- Another problem with hydrophobized leathers is that in many cases an improvement in the adhesion is associated with a deterioration in the hydrophobization.
- the object of the invention was therefore to develop a primer for improving the adhesion of dressings.
- aqueous dispersions containing A) short- and / or medium-chain alkyl ether phosphates and B) finely divided, soft, urea group-terminated, aliphatic anionic polyurethane dispersions, on greased and / or hydrophobized leathers provide a very good primer for the form subsequent dressing processes. Furthermore, it was found that the improvement in the adhesion of the finish is not associated with a negative influence on the hydrophobization in the case of leathers which have been rendered hydrophobic.
- the alkyl ether phosphates contained in the aqueous dispersions preferably have 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the branched and / or unbranched alkyl chains and 2 to 6 alkylene oxide units in the ether chains. Alkyl ether phosphates with 2 to 6 ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide units in the ether chains are particularly preferred.
- alkyl ether phosphates are prepared in a manner known per se by phosphating alkoxylated, in particular ethoxylated and / or propoxylated, primary, secondary and / or tertiary, straight-chain and / or branched-chain, aliphatic alcohols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
- alkyl ether phosphates means - depending on the production conditions - mono-, di- and / or trialkyl ether phosphates.
- mono-, di- and / or trialkyl ether phosphates preferably mono- and / or dialkyl ether phosphates, are used.
- the fine-particle, soft, urea group-terminated, aliphatic, anionic polyurethane dispersions suitable for the process according to the invention are prepared in a manner known per se (see, for example, D. Dieterich in Angew. Makrom. Chem. 98 , 133 (1981) and the literature cited therein), for example, by reacting aliphatic polyisocyanates with substoichiometric amounts of polyols in a melt reaction under an inert gas atmosphere to give the corresponding prepolymers.
- the prepolymers are then mixed with a deficit of mono- and / or polybasic polyhydroxycarboxylic acids in the form of their alkali, amine and / or ammonium salts, dissolved in an inert solvent. After the reaction solution has been refluxed for about 1 to 3 hours, the solvent is removed in vacuo and the polyurethane composition is first dispersed in water and then in aqueous solutions containing amines and / or ammonia.
- Suitable aliphatic polyisocyanates are, in particular, cyclic and / or non-cyclic diisocyanates, for example 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, trimethyl-1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate and / or 2-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate (isophorone diisocyanate).
- the second component required to prepare the prepolymers, the polyols are preferably polyester and / or polyether diols known per se from polyurethane chemistry with at least 2 alcoholic hydroxyl groups and a molecular weight between about 400 and 3,000, preferably between about 800 and 2,000.
- Difunctional polypropylene glycols are preferably used.
- Suitable mono- and / or polybasic polyhydroxycarboxylic acids are, for example, dihydroxypropionic acid, dimethylolpropionic acid, dihydroxysuccinic acid and / or dihydroxybenzoic acid. 2,2-Dimethylolpropionic acid is preferably used.
- Acetone and / or N-methylpyrrolidone are particularly suitable as solvents for the above-mentioned polyhydroxycarboxylic acids, which are used in the form of their alkali metal, amine and / or ammonium salts.
- the adhesive base liquors of the process according to the invention preferably contain 2 to 20 parts by weight of water, particularly preferably 4 to 15 parts by weight of water, 1 part by weight of the polyurethane dispersion characterized above. It has been shown that, in order to improve the adhesion of dressings, there are advantages in particular in aqueous dispersions in which the weight ratio of components A: B is between about 2: 1 and about 1:10. Mixtures in which the weight ratio of components A: B is between about 1: 1 and about 1: 5 are particularly preferred.
- the adhesive base liquors, containing components A and B, are greased using the process according to the invention and / or water-repellent leather injected or cast, preferably sprayed.
- the alkyl ether phosphates in the aqueous dispersions to be used according to the invention preferably contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the branched and / or unbranched alkyl chains and 2 to 6 alkylene oxide units in the ether chains.
- Alkyl ether phosphates which have 2 to 6 ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide units in the ether chains are particularly preferred.
- alkyl ether phosphates means - depending on the production conditions - mono-, di- and / or trialkyl ether phosphates.
- the finely divided, soft, urea group-terminated, aliphatic, anionic polyurethane dispersions containing the aqueous dispersions to be used according to the invention are prepared in a manner known per se (see, for example, D. Dieterich in Angew. Makrom. Chem. 98 , 133 (1981) and the literature cited therein ) produced, for example by aliphatic polyisocyanates and substoichiometric amounts of polyols in a melt reaction under an inert gas atmosphere, the corresponding prepolymers are formed.
- prepolymers are then mixed with a deficit of mono- and / or polybasic polyhydroxycarboxylic acids in the form of their alkali, amine and / or ammonium salts, dissolved in an inert solvent. After refluxing for about 1 to 3 hours, the solvent is removed in vacuo and the polyurethane composition is first dispersed in water and then in an aqueous solution which contains amines and / or ammonia.
- Suitable aliphatic polyisocyanates are, in particular, cyclic and / or noncyclic diisocyanates, for example 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, trimethyl-1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate and / or 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate (isophorone diisocyanate).
- the preferred polyols required for the preparation of the prepolymers are polyester and / or polyether diols known per se from polyurethane chemistry with at least 2 alcoholic hydroxyl groups and a molecular weight between approximately 400 and 3000, preferably between approximately 800 and 2000. Difunctional polypropylene glycols are particularly preferably used.
- Suitable mono- and / or polybasic polyhydroxycarboxylic acids are, for example, dihydroxypropionic acid, dimethylolpropionic acid, dihydroxysuccinic acid and / or dihydroxybenzoic acid. 2,2-Dimethylolpropionic acid is preferably used.
- Acetone and / or N-methylpyrrolidone are particularly suitable as solvents for the above-mentioned polyhydroxycarboxylic acids, which are used in the form of their alkali metal, amine and / or ammonium salts.
- the aqueous dispersions used as a primer for dressings on greased and / or hydrophobized leathers preferably contain 1 part by weight of the polyurethane dispersion characterized above in 2 to 20 parts by weight of water, particularly preferably in 4 to 15 parts by weight of water, wherein the weight ratio of components A: B is preferably between about 2: 1 and about 1:10.
- Aqueous dispersions in which the weight ratio of components A: B is between about 1: 1 and about 1: 5 are particularly preferably used.
- the adhesive base liquors used are sprayed or poured, preferably sprayed, onto greased and / or hydrophobized leather.
- the proportion of the polyurethane dispersion in the base liquor is between 1 and 50 parts by weight, preferably between 2 and 30 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of binder in the base liquor.
- the weight ratio of components A: B is preferably between about 2: 1 and about 1:10, particularly preferably between about 1: 1 and about 1: 5.
- Binder includes, for example, acrylate, acrylonitrile, polybutadiene and / or Understand polyurethane dispersions.
- aqueous dispersions according to the invention containing A) short- and / or medium-chain alkyl ether phosphates and B) fine-particle, soft, urea-group-terminated, aliphatic, anionic polyurethane dispersions form a very good primer for greased and / or hydrophobized leathers the subsequent dressing processes.
- the mixtures penetrate very deeply into the leather so that there are no sticking problems when ironing and stacking during the finishing processes.
- the process according to the invention or the use according to the invention of the aqueous dispersions characterized above in the case of hydrophobized leathers creates a very good primer without negatively influencing the hydrophobization.
- the mixture is cooled to about 70 ° C. and the reaction mixture in 59.0 parts by weight of water with very strong Dispersed stirring. Then the dispersion is mixed with 1.73 parts by weight of 12.5% NH3 / H2O solution and stirred at 50 ° C for about 1 hour.
- the polyurethane dispersion obtained has the following characteristics: Solids content: 39% by weight pH: 7.0 Particle diameter: 58 to 80 nm Film: clear, soft, very sticky.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment And Processing Of Natural Fur Or Leather (AREA)
- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3625442A DE3625442C1 (de) | 1986-07-28 | 1986-07-28 | Haftgrund fuer Zurichtungen |
| DE3625442 | 1986-07-28 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0255013A2 true EP0255013A2 (fr) | 1988-02-03 |
| EP0255013A3 EP0255013A3 (fr) | 1989-08-09 |
Family
ID=6306114
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP87110470A Withdrawn EP0255013A3 (fr) | 1986-07-28 | 1987-07-20 | Couche primaire d'adhérence pour apprêts |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4772289A (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0255013A3 (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR8703866A (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE3625442C1 (fr) |
| IN (1) | IN169304B (fr) |
| TR (1) | TR23351A (fr) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3922493A1 (de) * | 1989-07-08 | 1991-01-17 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von waessrigen dispersionen von polyurethanen und ihre verwendung als beschichtungsmittel fuer beliebige substrate |
| DE4003422A1 (de) * | 1990-02-06 | 1991-08-08 | Basf Ag | Waessrige polyurethanzubereitungen |
| US5770264A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1998-06-23 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Anionically modified polyurethane ureas having reduced tackiness for the coating of leather |
| US6875212B2 (en) | 2000-06-23 | 2005-04-05 | Vertelink Corporation | Curable media for implantable medical device |
| US6899713B2 (en) | 2000-06-23 | 2005-05-31 | Vertelink Corporation | Formable orthopedic fixation system |
| CA2414168C (fr) | 2000-06-23 | 2010-02-09 | University Of Southern California | Systeme de fusion vertebrale percutanee |
| US6964667B2 (en) | 2000-06-23 | 2005-11-15 | Sdgi Holdings, Inc. | Formed in place fixation system with thermal acceleration |
| US7771476B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2010-08-10 | Warsaw Orthopedic Inc. | Curable orthopedic implant devices configured to harden after placement in vivo by application of a cure-initiating energy before insertion |
| US8758407B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2014-06-24 | Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc. | Methods for positioning a load-bearing orthopedic implant device in vivo |
| US8663328B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2014-03-04 | Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc. | Methods for positioning a load-bearing component of an orthopedic implant device by inserting a malleable device that hardens in vivo |
| US8480718B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2013-07-09 | Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc. | Curable orthopedic implant devices configured to be hardened after placement in vivo |
| CN110565389B (zh) * | 2019-09-05 | 2022-02-22 | 兴业皮革科技股份有限公司 | 一种提高皮革涂层耐水洗、耐寒曲折的涂饰方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1028208A (fr) * | 1973-10-05 | 1978-03-21 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Moyens d'enregistrement magnetique enduits |
| FR2247484B1 (fr) * | 1973-10-12 | 1978-05-26 | Rhone Progil | |
| US4018559A (en) * | 1974-06-14 | 1977-04-19 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Non-rewet leather and method of producing same |
| US3941733A (en) * | 1975-01-02 | 1976-03-02 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Silanol-containing urethane dispersions |
-
1986
- 1986-07-28 DE DE3625442A patent/DE3625442C1/de not_active Expired
-
1987
- 1987-03-17 IN IN185/MAS/87A patent/IN169304B/en unknown
- 1987-07-03 TR TR464/87A patent/TR23351A/xx unknown
- 1987-07-20 EP EP87110470A patent/EP0255013A3/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1987-07-27 BR BR8703866A patent/BR8703866A/pt unknown
- 1987-07-28 US US07/078,499 patent/US4772289A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IN169304B (fr) | 1991-09-28 |
| EP0255013A3 (fr) | 1989-08-09 |
| DE3625442C1 (de) | 1987-11-05 |
| US4772289A (en) | 1988-09-20 |
| TR23351A (tr) | 1989-12-19 |
| BR8703866A (pt) | 1988-03-29 |
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| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: MARSCHNER, MICHAEL, DR. Inventor name: SCHULZ, HORST Inventor name: FRIESE, HANS-HERBERT, DR. Inventor name: SCHIEFERSTEIN, LUDWIG, DR. Inventor name: TENHAEF, ROLF Inventor name: ANZINGER, HERMANN, DR. Inventor name: PLOOG, UWE, DR. Inventor name: KAINDL, GERHARD |