EP0260144A2 - Méthode pour générer des affichages à échelle variable - Google Patents

Méthode pour générer des affichages à échelle variable Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0260144A2
EP0260144A2 EP87308024A EP87308024A EP0260144A2 EP 0260144 A2 EP0260144 A2 EP 0260144A2 EP 87308024 A EP87308024 A EP 87308024A EP 87308024 A EP87308024 A EP 87308024A EP 0260144 A2 EP0260144 A2 EP 0260144A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
image area
scaling
function
segment
area segment
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87308024A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0260144B1 (fr
EP0260144A3 (en
Inventor
William Walter Ramage
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Westinghouse Electric Corp filed Critical Westinghouse Electric Corp
Publication of EP0260144A2 publication Critical patent/EP0260144A2/fr
Publication of EP0260144A3 publication Critical patent/EP0260144A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0260144B1 publication Critical patent/EP0260144B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
    • G06T3/04—Context-preserving transformations, e.g. by using an importance map
    • G06T3/047—Fisheye or wide-angle transformations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0484—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] for the control of specific functions or operations, e.g. selecting or manipulating an object, an image or a displayed text element, setting a parameter value or selecting a range
    • G06F3/04845—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] for the control of specific functions or operations, e.g. selecting or manipulating an object, an image or a displayed text element, setting a parameter value or selecting a range for image manipulation, e.g. dragging, rotation, expansion or change of colour
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
    • G06F2203/048—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/048
    • G06F2203/04805—Virtual magnifying lens, i.e. window or frame movable on top of displayed information to enlarge it for better reading or selection

Definitions

  • This invention relates to generating visual displays of spatially related material, such as schematic diagrams and flow charts, on electronic display devices such as cathode ray tubes, and, more particularly, to magnifying portions of such displays without changing the boundaries of the total viewing area and without losing the spatial relationship between the material that is magnified and the remaining material.
  • the conventional solution to this problem is to have separate displays of different magnifications and an observer must then switch between displays to satisfy the need for both detailed information and overall structure and context.
  • This solution is not only aggravating but requires the observer to remember information from one display while using another.
  • the observer's work load and memory requirements can be such that the displays become unusable.
  • the invention resides in a method of variably scaling an image composed of a plurality of image points for display within a display area of fixed dimensions, without altering the boundaries of the total image area displayed characterized by the steps of: dividing the total image into image area segments, assigning a scaling function to each image area segment, said scaling functions being assigned such that the scaling function values in at least one segment are greater than one and the scaling function values in at least another segment are smaller than one, but the mean scaling function value over the total image area is equal to one in all directions, generating a transformation function for each image area segment as a function of the associated scaling functions, transforming image points for each image area segment in accordance with the associated transformation function, and generating on said display device a rescaled image utilizing the transformed image points.
  • the image area can be divided into image area segments.
  • Each image area segment is assigned a scaling function such that the mean value of the scaling functions across the entire viewing area equals one.
  • a transformation function is generated for each image area segment as a function of the associated scaling function.
  • Image points for each image area segment are transformed in accordance with the associated transformation function.
  • a rescaled image is then generated utilizing the transformed image points.
  • a single, continuously variable scaling function which has a mean value of one, such as a trigonometric function, can be applied to the entire image area or a portion thereof.
  • This variable scaling may be applied in only one coordinate or both.
  • the mean value of the scaling function across the entire image must be equal to one.
  • a scaling function having a constant value greater than one can be applied to the desired portion of the image. Since the remaining area of the image must be compressed to stay within the fixed viewing area, it is desirable to have the magnitude of the scaling function which is greater than one be an inverse function of the size of the image area segment to be magnified. This will limit the distortion of the com­pressed area having scaling function values less than one.
  • a preferred arrangement is to select the size of the image area segment to be magnified such that the area covered by it when magnified remains a constant for all values of the scaling function.
  • the area to be magnified is set, or vice versa.
  • This arrangement may be implemented by generating the image on a touch screen.
  • the area to be magnified may be designated, for instance, by touching the image at the desired center of the area.
  • the value of the scaling function, and therefore also the size of the area to be magnified can be set as a function of the length of time that contact is maintained with the touch screen at the center of the area to be magnified.
  • the image area segment to be magnified by a scaling function having a constant value is circular.
  • the value of the scaling function by which the remaining area of the image is compressed varies as a function of the radial distance between the center of the magnified area and the edge of the total image area for all angular positions around the circular magnified area. The shorter the radial distance, the greater the compression.
  • the magnified image area segment is close to one corner of a rectangular image, the area between the magnified segment and the nearby edges is more highly compressed than other portions of the image outside the magnified area.
  • a transition area can be provided around the magnified area with a scaling function having a value between those of the scaling function with a constant value and the scaling function for the remainder of the image.
  • the invention will be described, for example, as applied to displaying a flow chart or a schematic diagram.
  • selected segments of the viewing area are magnified.
  • other segments must be compressed by an equivalent amount in order to contain the total image within a fixed display area. This is accomplished through a scaling of coordinate values such that the mean value of the scaling function S, over the total viewing area equals one.
  • the mean values of the scaling functions x and y for the x and y axes respectively, which must both equal one, are then defined by the equations:
  • the scaling is invariant (scale factor is 1) for x ⁇ x0 and x ⁇ x0+8.
  • scaling transformation is one of compression (the value of the scaling function is less than 1) and for x0+2 ⁇ x ⁇ x0+6 the scaling transformation is that of expansion (the value of the scaling function is greater than 1).
  • the line x0+2 is shifted to the left in Figure 2 to the position formerly occupied by the line x0+1.
  • Each of the lines between x0 and x0+8 is shifted in a similar manner.
  • the relative distances between adjacent lines illustrates the areas of compression and expansion.
  • the fractions across the middle of the figure indicate the fractional distance between adjacent half lines.
  • variable scaling was only applied in the x axis of the Cartesian coordinate system. It can be appreciated that similar variable scaling, although not necessarily the same function, can be applied in the y direction.
  • a scale transformation that is a function of both Cartesian coordinates is illustrated in Figure 3.
  • the transformed locations are as follows:
  • the effect of this transform is some distortion in the transformed area.
  • Vertical and horizon­tal straight lines in the original illustration follow the contours established in Figure 3. This is not a serious drawback in displaying schematics and flow charts where it is the relative relationships of component parts which is relevant.
  • FIG. 5 An example of such an arrangement is depictmerelyed in Figure 5.
  • the magnified viewing area segment is circular, although any shaped area can be used.
  • the portion of the original viewing area which is expanded is defined by the circle 10. This area is expanded by a scaling function of constant value, a factor of 5 in the example, to the area defined by the circle 12.
  • the area outside of the circle 10 must be com­pressed to maintain a mean value of one of the scaling function across the entire viewing area. Since the area 10 selected for expansion in this example is below and to the right of the center of the illustration, it is evident from viewing Figure 5, that the portion of the illustration below and to the right of the expanded area will be more highly compressed than the portions above and to the left. Thus, the area outside of the expanded area is subjected to a variable compression scaling function.
  • the transforma­tion for this example is best carried out in polar coordi­nates.
  • a radial line 14 is drawn from the center of the expanded area, which is at x0,y0, through each point to be transformed, x1,y1.
  • the expanded area may be limited in size, for example, to one fifth the maximum dimension of the viewing area.
  • Ar a 1/5 max and it can be seen that the larger the area to be expanded (the larger r a is) the smaller the value (A) of the scaling function can be.
  • Figure 6 illustrates an example of an application of the invention which reduces the distortion exhibited in Figure 5 at the boundary between the area of constant magnification and the area of compression.
  • constant magnification (hence linear scaling) is applied about a selected point.
  • the required compression to retain the total display content is applied to all areas not affected by the constant magnification.
  • a transition region of variable scaling exists between the areas of magnification and compression to smooth the transition.
  • the transition region to which a variable scaling function is applied extends radially outward a distance of r b around the circle 20.
  • r b was selected to be equal to r a so that with a scaling function having a value of 2 the extremity of the region to which the transi­tion scaling function is applied falls on the circle 22 which delineates the boundary of the circle 20 when magni­fied by the scaling function value A although this will obviously not always be the case.
  • the transition region when transformed, extends radially outward from the circle 22 a variable distance dependent upon the radial distance from the center of the circles 20,22 to the boundary of the total area displayed.
  • the integer valued grid lines 23 in Figure 6 reveal the distortion imposed on the remaining display areas by the compression and transition scaling.
  • Figure 7 illustrates a system for practicing the invention.
  • the system includes a digital computer 24 having a memory 26 and a central processing unit 28. Electrical signals x i y i representative of the image points required to define the image to be displayed are stored in the memory 26.
  • a display generator 30 receives signals from the computer over lines 32 directing the form of the image to be displayed and converts the received signals into signals which produce the desired image on a visual display device 34 having a display screen 36 of fixed dimensions.
  • the display generator 30 may be an integral part of the visual display device 34 or a separate unit.
  • the display device 34 includes means such as a keypad 38 or a touch screen by which the user can input desired parame­ters and instructions into the system.
  • the manner in which the system of Figure 7 operates to generate the variably scaled displays is shown by the flow chart of Figure 8.
  • the input variables include the areas to be magnified, and the desired magnification scaling function. In some instances, such as the example of Figure 6, all that needs to be entered is the location of the center of the circular area to be magnified and the magnification desired.
  • Certain adjustable parameters stored in the computer memory such as the size of the area to be magnified as a function of the desired magnification scaling function and the size of the transition area relative to the size of the magnified area need not be entered each time the system is used, but can be changed as desired.
  • the total image area is divided into image area segments by scaling function type as indicated in block 42 and the scaling function for each segment is determined in block 44.
  • the transformation function for each image area segment is generated taking into account the respective scaling functions.
  • the appropriate transformation function is then applied as in block 46 to each of the image point signals x i y i stored in memory to generate transformed image point signals x i ⁇ y i ⁇ .
  • These signals are transformed to the display device coordinates in block 48 before being transmitted to the display generator 30 which used them to generate display signals Dx,y which are appropriate to produce the rescaled image on the screen of the display device 34.
  • a nuclear power plant is a complex power plant with many systems which must be continually moni­tored. These systems can be depicted schematically on cathode ray tube displays to aid the operator in visualiz­ing the topography of the system for analyzing system status and the effects that action taken will have on the system.
  • the chemical and volume control system of a pressurized water reactor includes a large number of tanks, pumps, valves and other components which control the concentration of boric acid in the reactor coolant.
  • a schematic flow diagram of the selected system 50 of the nuclear power plant 52 are stored in the memory 26 of digital computer 24.
  • a monitor system 54 monitors the status of the various components and the values of selected parameters such as temperatures, flows etc., in the selected system 50 and feeds the data to the digital computer 24 for inclusion on the visual display of the system.
  • the system operates as described above to generate the desired variable scaling for the display.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Controls And Circuits For Display Device (AREA)
  • Image Processing (AREA)
  • Editing Of Facsimile Originals (AREA)
  • Studio Devices (AREA)
EP87308024A 1986-09-12 1987-09-10 Méthode pour générer des affichages à échelle variable Expired - Lifetime EP0260144B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US906718 1986-09-12
US06/906,718 US4790028A (en) 1986-09-12 1986-09-12 Method and apparatus for generating variably scaled displays

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0260144A2 true EP0260144A2 (fr) 1988-03-16
EP0260144A3 EP0260144A3 (en) 1990-08-08
EP0260144B1 EP0260144B1 (fr) 1994-11-30

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87308024A Expired - Lifetime EP0260144B1 (fr) 1986-09-12 1987-09-10 Méthode pour générer des affichages à échelle variable

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4790028A (fr)
EP (1) EP0260144B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS63118988A (fr)
KR (1) KR880004414A (fr)
DE (1) DE3750800D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2064318T3 (fr)

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ES2064318T3 (es) 1995-02-01
DE3750800D1 (de) 1995-01-12
KR880004414A (ko) 1988-06-03
US4790028A (en) 1988-12-06
EP0260144B1 (fr) 1994-11-30
JPS63118988A (ja) 1988-05-23
EP0260144A3 (en) 1990-08-08

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