EP0353746B1 - Dispositif et procédé de production d'un aérosol de particules solides - Google Patents

Dispositif et procédé de production d'un aérosol de particules solides Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0353746B1
EP0353746B1 EP89114303A EP89114303A EP0353746B1 EP 0353746 B1 EP0353746 B1 EP 0353746B1 EP 89114303 A EP89114303 A EP 89114303A EP 89114303 A EP89114303 A EP 89114303A EP 0353746 B1 EP0353746 B1 EP 0353746B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrodes
particles
aerosol
voltage
gas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89114303A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0353746A2 (fr
EP0353746A3 (en
Inventor
Christoph Dr. Helsper
Friedrich Munzinger
Leander Mölter
Werner Sturn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Palas GmbH Partikel und Lasermesstechnik
Original Assignee
Palas GmbH Partikel und Lasermesstechnik
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Palas GmbH Partikel und Lasermesstechnik filed Critical Palas GmbH Partikel und Lasermesstechnik
Publication of EP0353746A2 publication Critical patent/EP0353746A2/fr
Publication of EP0353746A3 publication Critical patent/EP0353746A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0353746B1 publication Critical patent/EP0353746B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/22—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc
    • B05B7/222—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc
    • B05B7/224—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc the material having originally the shape of a wire, rod or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/30—Mixing gases with solids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
    • B01F33/05—Mixers using radiation, e.g. magnetic fields or microwaves to mix the material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and a method for producing solid particles by spark discharge between particle-emitting electrodes which can be moved via feed drives, the particles produced being carried along by a gas stream.
  • US-A-3 358 114 relates to a method and an apparatus for the electrical spray coating of a substrate.
  • an arc is generated between electrodes with pointed front ends, which are aligned with one another at a finite angle, in that the electrodes are brought closer to one another until a discharge takes place due to an applied radio frequency.
  • the discharge frequency is about 10,000 Hz at a low voltage of 50 V and at a high current of 100 A.
  • the electrodes remain incandescent, which means that high electrode material removal is possible and coating can be carried out in a few seconds. A high constancy of the mass particle concentration is not necessary.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of further developing a device such that - adjustable over a long time - extremely constant particle concentrations are achieved, so that such a device is suitable for the calibration of soot measuring devices, for filter tests and for inhalation experiments.
  • this object is achieved by means of a device for producing a solid aerosol, which is characterized in that solid aerosols with high mass constancy, constant particle concentrations and small reproducible particle sizes, such as a carbon aerosol, are produced for experimental, measurement and calibration purposes, the electrodes being axial can be guided against each other are and have parallel adjacent end faces, a device for generating individual voltage peaks with a repetition frequency of less than 1000 Hz for evaporating electrode material in individual spark discharges with a high voltage source for more than 1000 V is provided, devices for guiding a current of an inert gas between the electrodes are provided in order to carry the aerosol particles produced, a voltage measuring device for measuring the breakdown voltage is applied to an electrode and is connected to a control device for the controlled feed drive which moves the electrodes synchronously with respect to one another.
  • a method according to the invention provides that solid aerosols with high mass constancy, constant particle concentration and with small reproducible particle sizes, such as a carbon aerosol, are generated for experimental, measuring and calibration purposes, the electrodes being guided axially against one another with adjacent parallel end faces, individual electrical ones Sparks with a repetition frequency of less than 1000 Hz are generated by voltage peaks of more than 1000 V applied to the electrodes, electrode material is vaporized by the individual voltage peak spark discharges from the flat, parallel, adjacent end faces of the electrodes and forms tiny aerosol particles by condensation, the aerosol particles are carried along by a gas flow of an inert gas passed between the electrodes, the breakdown voltage between the electrodes is measured and the electrodes are measured on the basis of the measured breakdown voltage are controlled to move synchronously against each other.
  • the invention is characterized in particular by high voltage applied to the electrodes with individual voltage peaks of high repetition frequency for evaporation of the electrode material.
  • the electrode material is vaporized by individual electrical sparks that repeatedly roll over between the electrodes and is then condensed into small particles.
  • the configuration according to the invention ensures that the distance between the mutually opposite front faces of the electrodes is automatically kept constant over a long time.
  • a constant breakdown voltage and thus constant particle generator operation is achieved.
  • the configuration according to the invention ensures that the electrodes always protrude symmetrically into a gas and particle supply channel and thus the electrodes are burnt off in the center of a discharge chamber.
  • the electrodes are driven by spindles with opposing threads, in particular the electrodes are fixed to running blocks which are in engagement with the spindles and the spindles are driven by a motor serving as an electrode drive motor via a toothed belt.
  • This configuration ensures uniform guidance of the electrodes, which is important for uniform erosion of the electrodes and ensuring a minimal change in the breakdown voltage.
  • the configuration according to the invention enables the particle concentrations to be adjusted widely with the control device for the feed drive, in that the feed - depending on the respectively desired particle concentration - is regulated automatically and different external control programs need not be provided here.
  • a further embodiment of the invention provides that a gas supply channel for carrier gas and particle flow is formed in a PTFE body serving as a functional block. This configuration ensures that as few particles as possible remain stuck in the gas supply channel, as a result of which the discharged particle concentration could be changed.
  • the configuration according to the invention creates an aerosol generator, in particular for producing pure carbon aerosol, but also for producing aerosols from metals or inert gas or metal oxides when using corresponding metal electrodes, the combustion of which in the latter case oxidizes as a propellant gas in an oxygen atmosphere calibrations of measuring devices, filter tests and inhalation experiments can be carried out comfortably and with high accuracy.
  • the device 1 for generating a solid aerosol has a functional block 2 made of PTFE or a corresponding material with poor adhesive properties.
  • a gas supply channel 3 is formed, preferably for an inert carrier gas such as argon or the like.
  • a flashover or discharge chamber 3 a adjoins the gas supply duct 3, into which guide openings 4 for solid electrodes 6 are formed perpendicularly to it and diagonally opening into it.
  • the electrodes 6 are graphite electrodes. In principle, however, other electrodes can also be used, such as individual metal electrodes, whereby the carrier gas can then be an oxygen-containing carrier gas in order to generate corresponding oxide aerosols.
  • a gas guide flange 5 is attached to the function block 2 (FIG. 3), which is provided with a gas inlet 5a (FIG. 4), which creates a gas connection to the gas supply channel 3 in the function block 2 via a transverse bore 5b and gas supply bores 5c.
  • the multiple small gas supply bores 5c result in a uniform flow distribution of the gas flow.
  • the gas supply channel 3 has an essentially rectangular cross section.
  • the ratio of the cross-sectional width in the direction of extension of the electrode to the cross-sectional length perpendicular thereto is preferably less than 1:10, the width being less than 1 mm and less than the electrode spacing.
  • the gas supply channel 3 widens to the discharge chamber 3a, the cross-sectional width and length of which are approximately of the same order of magnitude.
  • the carrier gas can flow through the electrodes 6 in a substantially laminar manner without a large amount of turbulence, and after a discharge between the electrodes 6, whereby particles that form the aerosol particles detach them quickly from the flashover chamber 3a, which results in a high discharge frequency and thus enables a high aerosol particle rate.
  • the discharge chamber 3a opens at 3b into an aerosol outlet channel 3c (FIG. 5), in which a diluent gas nozzle 10 (FIG. 4) is arranged in the mouth region 3b.
  • a diluent gas nozzle 10 FIG. 4
  • the flowing gas quantity can be increased while maintaining the high particle rate generated by the possible high discharge frequency.
  • the concentration of the aerosol particles in the increased amount of gas can extend across the entire cross-sectional width of the aerosol outlet channel 3c can be lowered, thereby reliably preventing agglomeration of the aerosol particles into larger structures (chains, flakes or the like).
  • another gas can be added here.
  • the formation of the feed for the mixed gas as a diluent gas nozzle 10 reliably prevents the mixed gas from penetrating into the area between the electrodes 6.
  • the electrodes 6 have flat, mutually parallel, mutually opposite end faces 7 which are opposite one another at a short distance of a few mm, preferably about 1.5 mm.
  • the electrodes 6 are held in trestles 8.
  • the support brackets 8 have guide openings 9 with an internal thread 11 and sit with these guide openings 9 on spindles 12, which pass through the functional block 2 in a freely rotatable manner, protrude beyond it on both sides and are provided with opposite threads 13, 14 at their projecting ends, in which shown Exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, the threads 13 on the left of the function block 2 are left-hand threads and the threads 14 on the right of the function block 2 are right-hand threads.
  • Toothed pulleys 16, 17 are seated on both spindles 12, via which a toothed belt 18 is guided, which also runs over a toothed pulley 19 (FIG. 2) of a drive motor 21.
  • the spindles 12 can be switched off in their inner and outer end positions by means of limit switches.
  • the functional block 2 is arranged in a housing 15.
  • the electrodes 6 are held by electrode sleeves 6a, which are covered on the back by screw caps 6b, through which the electrode sleeves 6a hold the electrodes 6 securely.
  • the electrodes 4 are connected via a storage element 22 (FIG. 6), such as an RC element, to a high-voltage power supply unit 23, which may have a transformer T (one of the electrodes 6 via "earth", the other to the further pole of the High-voltage power supply 23 directly via the storage element 22).
  • the applied high voltage generates voltage peaks which lead to sparking between the electrodes 6.
  • the output current of the high-voltage supply and thus the spark frequency are set by means of a current regulator 25.
  • the level of the output current determines the charging time of the storage element 22 and thus the spark frequency. This can be selected between 3 Hz and approx. 1000 Hz.
  • a high-voltage measuring device 24 which leads to an input 26 of a comparator 27, at the other input 28 of which a reference voltage of a target voltage source 29 (representative of the desired (target) distance between the electrodes 6) ( relative to the "earth").
  • the comparator 27 compares the two at its inputs 26,28 applied voltages and controls the electrode drive motor 21 according to their difference. In this way, the breakdown voltage between the electrodes 6 is measured and the value of the electrode distance between the end faces 7 of the electrodes 6 is automatically regulated. If the breakdown voltage increases as the distance between the electrodes 6 increases, then the output voltage of the comparator 27 sets the electrode drive motor 21 into operation until the distance and thus the breakdown voltage have again reached their desired value. In this way, a constant breakdown voltage and constant generator operation are achieved.
  • the GFG 1000 generates tiny carbon particles by high-voltage sparks between two graphite electrodes.
  • the distance between the electrodes is flushed with argon.
  • the carbon evaporated in the spark gap is transported out of the area between the electrodes by the argon flow and condenses to the smallest primary particles, which form more or less large agglomerates depending on the concentration.
  • the particle mass flow can be varied largely linearly within wide limits via the current strength and thus the frequency of the spark, the mass flow preferably in the range from 0 to approximately 0.1 mg / min. lies.
  • the electrode burn-off is compensated for by automatic tracking of the electrodes. This ensures very constant operation of the generator.
  • the agglomerate formation can be reduced by targeted dilution of the aerosol immediately after it is formed.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Dispositif de production d'un aérosol de particules solides par décharge à étincelles entre des électrodes libérant des particules, ces électrodes étant mobiles par l'intermédiaire d'entraînements d'avance, dispositif dans lequel les particules produites sont emportées par un flux gazeux, caractérisé en ce que l'on produit à des fins de test, de mesure et d'étalonnage des aérosols de particules solides à grande constance de masse, à concentrations en particules constantes, et à tailles de particules petites et reproductibles, comme celles d'un aérosol de carbone, les électrodes étant mobiles axialement l'une vers l'autre et présentant des surfaces frontales (7) voisines et parallèles, et en ce qu'il est prévu un dispositif (22,23) pour la génération de pics individuels de tension selon une fréquence de récurrence inférieure à 1000 Hz pour vaporiser la matière de l'électrode par des décharges individuelles à étincelles au moyen d'une source de haute tension de plus de 1000 V, des dispositifs (3) pour le passage d'un flux d'un gaz inerte entre les électrodes (6) afin d'emporter les particules d'aérosol produites, et un appareil de mesure de tension (24) placé sur une électrode (6) pour mesurer la tension d'amorçage, cet appareil de mesure étant relié à un dispositif de régulation (26,27,28, 29) de l'entraînement d'avance régulé déplaçant les électrodes (6) l'une vers l'autre de manière synchrone.
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les électrodes (6) sont actionnées par l'intermédiaire de tiges (12) présentant des filetages en sens opposés (13,14).
  3. Dispositif selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les électrodes (6) sont fixées sur des blocs mobiles (8) qui sont montés en coopération sur les tiges (12).
  4. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que les tiges (12) sont entraînées par un moteur (21) faisant fonction de moteur d'entraînement des électrodes par l'intermédiaire d'une crémaillère (18).
  5. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'un conduit de circulation gazeuse (13) pour le gaz de transport et le flux de particules est conformé à partir d'une pièce de PTFE (2) servant de bloc fonctionnel.
  6. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'une buse de gaz de dispersion (10) est disposée derrière les électrodes (6) au niveau de la sortie de l'aérosol débouchant dans un conduit de sortie de l'aérosol (3c).
  7. Dispositif selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que le conduit de sortie de l'aérosol (3c) s'étend transversalement au conduit d'alimentation en gaz (3,3a) au niveau des électrodes (6).
  8. Dispositif selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que l'ouverture de sortie de la buse de gaz d'appoint (10) débouche en aval d'une zone d'entrée (3b) du conduit d'alimentation en gaz (3,3a) dans le conduit de sortie de l'aérosol.
  9. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le conduit d'alimentation en gaz (3) est conformé avant les électrodes (6) en lente présentant une largeur réduite par rapport à l'écartement des électrodes (6).
  10. Dispositif selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que le rapport entre la longueur et la largeur de la section transversale du conduit d'alimentation en gaz (3) est inférieur à 1 pour 10.
  11. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 9 ou 10, caractérisé en ce que le conduit d'alimentation en gaz (3) présente une largeur de section transversale inférieure à 1 mm dans la direction longitudinale des électrodes (6).
  12. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 9 à 11, caractérisé en ce que le conduit d'alimentation en gaz (3) se prolonge avant les électrodes (6) de façon continue dans une chambre à amorçage ou à décharge (3a) à l'intérieur de laquelle les électrodes (6) font saillie.
  13. Procédé pour la production de particules solides par décharge à étincelles entre des électrodes libérant des particules, ces électrodes étant mobiles par l'intermédiaire d'entraînements d'avance, procédé dans lequel on emporte les particules produites dans un flux gazeux, caractérisé en ce que l'on produit à des fins de test, de mesure et d'étalonnage des aérosols solides de grande constance en masse, de concentrations en particules constantes et de tailles de particules petites et reproductibles, comme des aérosols de carbone, en ce que l'on déplace axialement les électrodes (6) l'une vers l'autre au niveau de leurs surfaces frontales (7) voisines et parallèles, on produit des étincelles électriques selon une fréquence de répétition inférieure à 1000 Hz en transmettant des pics de tension supérieure à 1000 V aux électrodes (6), les décharges à étincelles des pics individuels de tension provoquant la vaporisation sur les surfaces frontales (7) voisines et parallèles des électrodes (6) de matériau d'électrode qui forme par condensation de minuscules particules d'aérosol, les particules d'aérosol sont entraînées par le flux d'un gaz inerte qu'on fait passer entre les électrodes (6), on mesure la tension d'amorçage entre les électrodes (6) et on déplace les électrodes l'une vers l'autre de manière synchrone et de façon régulée en fonction de la tension d'amorçage mesurée.
  14. Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que l'on maintient les surfaces frontales (7) en regard des électrodes (6) à un écartement constant malgré leur usure.
EP89114303A 1988-08-04 1989-08-03 Dispositif et procédé de production d'un aérosol de particules solides Expired - Lifetime EP0353746B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8809948U 1988-08-04
DE8809948 1988-08-04
DE8811320U DE8811320U1 (de) 1988-08-04 1988-09-07 Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen eines Feststoffaerosols
DE8811320U 1988-09-07

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0353746A2 EP0353746A2 (fr) 1990-02-07
EP0353746A3 EP0353746A3 (en) 1990-12-12
EP0353746B1 true EP0353746B1 (fr) 1994-03-23

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89114303A Expired - Lifetime EP0353746B1 (fr) 1988-08-04 1989-08-03 Dispositif et procédé de production d'un aérosol de particules solides

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP0353746B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE8811320U1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102018210904A1 (de) * 2018-07-03 2020-01-09 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Aerosolgenerator und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Aerosolgenerators
DE102010060417B4 (de) 2010-11-08 2025-02-20 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Generierung von Partikeln und Partikel-Generator

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE59805505D1 (de) * 1997-12-05 2002-10-17 Palas Gmbh Verfahren und vorrichtung zur erzeugung eines feststoffaerosols
ATE249008T1 (de) 1999-05-26 2003-09-15 Lianpeng Jing Brenner zum erzeugen von russ
EP1616914A1 (fr) * 2004-07-12 2006-01-18 Matter Engineering AG Appareil pour la production de noir de carbone
DE102013106102A1 (de) 2013-06-12 2014-12-18 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen eines Feststoffaerosols
DE102015011853A1 (de) 2015-09-10 2017-03-16 Man Truck & Bus Ag Aerosolgenerator, insbesondere Rußgenerator

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1795707A (en) * 1927-10-10 1931-03-10 Lafayette W Blymyer Circuit controller
CH281749A (de) * 1941-06-26 1952-03-31 Electronic Reduction Corp Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallhalogeniden aus hitzebeständigen Mineralien dieser Metalle.
US2488861A (en) * 1947-10-25 1949-11-22 Ralph W Gooch Automatic arc lighting apparatus and the like
US3358114A (en) * 1962-08-07 1967-12-12 Inoue Kiyoshi Method of and apparatus for the electric spray-coating of substrates

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010060417B4 (de) 2010-11-08 2025-02-20 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Generierung von Partikeln und Partikel-Generator
DE102018210904A1 (de) * 2018-07-03 2020-01-09 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Aerosolgenerator und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Aerosolgenerators

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0353746A2 (fr) 1990-02-07
DE8811320U1 (de) 1989-10-12
DE58907272D1 (de) 1994-04-28
EP0353746A3 (en) 1990-12-12

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