EP0481869A1 - Düse für Oberflächenbehandlung durch einen Laser mit Pulverzufuhr - Google Patents

Düse für Oberflächenbehandlung durch einen Laser mit Pulverzufuhr Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0481869A1
EP0481869A1 EP91402741A EP91402741A EP0481869A1 EP 0481869 A1 EP0481869 A1 EP 0481869A1 EP 91402741 A EP91402741 A EP 91402741A EP 91402741 A EP91402741 A EP 91402741A EP 0481869 A1 EP0481869 A1 EP 0481869A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nozzle
annular passage
powder
laser beam
substrate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP91402741A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0481869B1 (de
Inventor
Pascal Jolys
Philippe Lagain
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Airbus Group SAS
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Airbus Group SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Airbus Group SAS filed Critical Airbus Group SAS
Publication of EP0481869A1 publication Critical patent/EP0481869A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0481869B1 publication Critical patent/EP0481869B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/14—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas designed for spraying particulate materials
    • B05B7/1481—Spray pistols or apparatus for discharging particulate material
    • B05B7/1486—Spray pistols or apparatus for discharging particulate material for spraying particulate material in dry state
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/22—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc
    • B05B7/228—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using electromagnetic radiation, e.g. laser

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a nozzle for performing a surface treatment on a substrate, by means of a laser beam, with the addition of powder.
  • Such a nozzle makes it possible to inject a powdered filler material, conveyed by a carrier gas, into the laser beam, near the substrate.
  • the energy of the laser beam is used to melt at least one of the two materials, by conduction and convection phenomena, before the filler material in the form of powder is deposited by inertia and by gravity on the substrate.
  • the treatment nozzles therefore comprise means making it possible to inject a protection gas, also neutral, around the zone of interaction between the laser beam and the materials.
  • the powder can be supplied either by using an auxiliary powder supply nozzle, or coaxially with the laser beam, by using a single nozzle for injecting the powder and for injecting the protective gas.
  • the nozzle comprises a central passage for the laser beam, a converging interior annular passage for powder arrival and an exterior annular passage for arrival of protective gas, these three passages being formed coaxially in the body of the nozzle.
  • the coaxial technique is simpler to implement, since it does not impose any particular direction of relative displacement between the nozzle and the substrate, which does not is not the case when the powder supply is carried out by means of an auxiliary nozzle.
  • the coaxial technique allows better control of the powder supply.
  • the surface treatment is of a different nature depending on the density of the powder contained in the carrier gas and on the speed of the powder ejected by the nozzle.
  • the more powder particles there are inside the beam the less energy transmitted to the substrate by the laser through the cloud of particles.
  • the higher the speed of the powder the less the powder particles absorb the energy of the laser beam.
  • the present invention specifically relates to a nozzle of a new type, allowing by simple adjustments to carry out at will a surface treatment of the deposit, alloy or encrustation type.
  • a nozzle for surface treatment of a substrate by laser with the addition of powder, comprising a body capable of being fixed on a tubular support for the arrival of a laser beam.
  • a central passage for the laser beam, a convergent interior annular passage for the arrival of powder and an exterior annular passage for the arrival of protective gas being formed coaxially in said body, characterized in that adjustment means are provided for move the nozzle body relative to a body fixing member on the support, along the axis of the laser beam, a protective skirt being slidably mounted on the nozzle body, parallel to said axis, in order to surround an area of adjustable length between a front end of the body and the surface of the substrate.
  • the adjustment means make it possible to move the front end of the body of the nozzle between extreme positions which are advantageously located on either side of the focal point of the laser beam.
  • a surface deposition can be carried out by giving the distance separating the end of the body of the nozzle from the surface of the substrate its maximum value. Indeed, the path of the particles is then large enough to ensure their fusion. On the contrary, the energy of the beam transmitted to the substrate is insufficient to ensure its fusion, due to the distance of the substrate from the focal point of the laser beam and the large number of particles encountered by the laser beam before reaching the surface of the substrate.
  • an inlay of material on the surface of the substrate is obtained by giving the distance separating the end of the nozzle body from the surface of the substrate its minimum value.
  • the travel time of the particles in the laser beam is then insufficient to ensure their fusion.
  • the relative proximity of the substrate to the focal point of the laser beam and the small number of particles encountered by this beam ensure the local fusion of the substrate.
  • a surface alloy can be obtained by adopting an intermediate position between the two preceding ones, for which the powder and the substrate are both melted by the laser beam.
  • the protective skirt also participates, like the protective gas, in the protection of the materials against oxidation. Consequently, the injection rate of the protective gas can be relatively limited.
  • the outer annular passage then has a section much greater than that of the interior annular passage, and which increases by going towards the front end of the nozzle body.
  • At least one jet breaker is advantageously placed in the outer annular passage.
  • At least one protective gas inlet orifice opening into the central passage is preferably formed in the body of the nozzle. This characteristic makes it possible to avoid any risk of the powder rising through the central passage to the focusing lens of the laser beam, which ensures the protection of this lens.
  • the protective gas thus injected into the central passage preferably at the same speed and with the same pressure as the protective gas injected through the outer annular passage, meets at least a second jet-breaker provided with a central opening for the laser beam , this jet breaker being placed in the central passage, between said orifice and the front end of the body of the nozzle.
  • the converging interior annular passage preferably has a width which gradually increases towards the front end of the body of the nozzle. , so that the section of this passage is substantially constant.
  • the homogeneity of the powder injected in the laser beam is ensured by using a powder and carrier gas inlet orifice which opens tangentially to the end of the converging inner annular passage opposite the front end of the body of the nozzle.
  • the protective skirt has an absorbent interior coating and is equipped with cooling means.
  • the inner annular passage is advantageously formed between two removable parts of the body, which allows replacement of the wearing parts and allows, if necessary, to place removable shims between these removable parts, in order to vary the section. of the interior annular passage.
  • the reference 10 designates a part of a tubular support in which is placed a focusing lens (not shown) of a focused laser beam F, of vertical axis.
  • a surface treatment nozzle is fixed below the tubular support 10 by fixing means such as screws 14.
  • the nozzle 12 comprises a body 16, produced in several parts, and having a symmetry of revolution about the vertical axis of the laser beam F.
  • the body 16 comprises an upper tubular part 18 whose upper end has a thread 20 on which is screwed a tubular fixing member 22 terminated by a flange 22a at its upper end. This flange 22a is fixed on the support 10, for example by means of the screws 14 mentioned above.
  • This arrangement makes it possible to move the body 16 of the nozzle 12 along the vertical axis of the laser beam F, relative to the support 10, by more or less screwing the tubular part 18 into the fixing member 22.
  • a lock nut 24 also screwed onto the thread 20 of the tubular part 18 of the body of the nozzle, makes it possible to block the tubular part 18 and the fixing member 22 in a determined relative position.
  • the rotation maneuvers of the fixing member 22 and of the lock nut 24 are carried out manually by acting on knurls 22b and 24a formed on the external surfaces of these parts. This action makes it possible to adjust the position of the injection zone relative to the outlet of the nozzle and to the position of the focal point of the laser beam.
  • the body 16 of the nozzle 12 further comprises a portion 26 in the form of a crown, the upper end of which is of smaller diameter is received on the cylindrical lower end of the tubular part 18 and fixed on the latter, for example by means a locking screw 28.
  • the tubular part 32 of the body 16 generally has the shape of a truncated cone terminated at its upper end by a flange fixed on the part 26 in the form of a crown by the screws 30.
  • This tubular part 32 is located in the extension of the tubular part 18 of the body 16 and thus forms, over the entire length of the latter, a central passage 36, generally cylindrical, which ends in a frustoconical part converging at the front or lower end of the body 16.
  • This central passage 36 is sized to allow the laser beam F, focused at a point 0, near the front end of the nozzle body, to pass through the latter over its entire length.
  • a converging inner annular passage 38 whose diameter decreases progressively towards the front end of the body of the nozzle. Furthermore, the width of this passage 38 also gradually increases by going towards the front end of the body of the nozzle, so that the section of the passage 38 is uniform over its entire length.
  • the internal annular passage 38 is supplied with powder and carrier gas by an annular chamber 40 formed between the tubular parts 32 and 34, opposite the front end of the body of the nozzle. More specifically, the supply of powder and carrier gas takes place through two orifices 42 for the entry of powder and carrier gas, which pass through the parts 26 and 34 of the body 16 and open tangentially in the annular chamber 40 thus allowing distribution uniform powder in the room.
  • a connector 44 allows each of the orifices 42 to be connected to a powder and carrier gas inlet tube (not shown).
  • An outer annular passage 46 of very large cross section relative to the interior annular passage 38, is formed between the part 26 in the form of a crown and the tubular part 34 of the body 16.
  • This external annular passage 46 has a divergent shape going towards the front end of the body of the nozzle. It is supplied at its end opposite this front end, for example by two radial holes 48, diametrically opposite, for the entry of protective gas.
  • Each of these orifices 48 can be connected to a protective gas inlet tube (not shown) by a connector 50.
  • the crown-shaped part 26 of the body 16 of the nozzle supports, in the outer annular passage 46, between the orifice 48 of the protective gas inlet and its open lower end, three jetbreakers constituted successively by two screens 52 and by a perforated plate 54. These three jet breakers have the function of making the flow of the protective gas leaving the external annular passage 46 uniform, in order to disturb as little as possible the jet of powder leaving the internal annular passage 38.
  • a protective skirt 56 is slidably mounted around the crown-shaped part 26 of the body 16 of the nozzle, so as to be able to completely surround an area between the front end of the nozzle 12 and the surface of a substrate. S that we wish to treat.
  • the protective skirt 56 has the shape of a large diameter tube capable of sliding on the cylindrical outer surface of the part 26 in the form of a crown, parallel to the axis of the focused laser beam F. Immobilization of the protective skirt 56 on the crown-shaped part 26 of the body of the nozzle is ensured by means of a knurled locking screw 58 which passes through a longitudinal slot 60, open upwards, formed in the skirt 56 and which is screwed in a threaded hole radially passing through the part 26 in the form of a crown. When the screw 58 is tightened, it clamps the skirt 56 against the part 26 and immobilizes the skirt. On the contrary, unscrewing the screw 58 allows the skirt 56 to slide.
  • the protective skirt 56 also has longitudinal notches 62 open upwards and allowing the passage of the fittings 44 and 50, whatever the position occupied by the skirt 56 on the part 26 in the form of a crown.
  • an inlet port 64 protective gas is formed in the tubular part 18 of the body 16 of the nozzle, near the part 26 in the form of a crown.
  • This orifice 64 receives a connector 66 making it possible to connect a protective gas inlet tube (not shown).
  • a jet breaker 68 constituted by a frustoconical perforated grid, is advantageously placed between the orifice 64 and the front end of the body 16 of the nozzle, in the central passage 36.
  • This jet breaker 68 can in particular be mounted between the tubular part 18 and the tubular part 32 of the body 16 of the nozzle, as illustrated in FIG. 1. It has a central opening 70 allowing the passage of the focused laser beam F.
  • the tubular parts 32 and 34 are advantageously made of copper, because this material absorbs very little energy emitted by a laser of this type.
  • these two tubular parts are given a thickness as large as possible, in order to increase their thermal inertia.
  • the protective skirt 56 is designed so as to absorb as much as possible the energy reflected by the powder and by the substrate.
  • it is advantageously coated, on its inner surface, with an absorbent material such as a layer of black paint.
  • the material which constitutes it is chosen from materials which are good conductors of heat and can also be copper.
  • the heat absorbed by the protective skirt 56 is removed by cooling means associated with the latter and constituted, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, by a cooling coil 72 surrounding the end of the skirt 56 which forms projecting beyond the end of the body 16 of the nozzle, and in which a cooling fluid circulates.
  • the coil 72 is also preferably made of copper and it is connected to an additional cooling system (not shown) making it possible to cool the fluid circulating in the coil.
  • the tubular parts 32 and 34 of the body 16 of the nozzle which constitute the wearing parts of the nozzle, can be easily replaced by simply removing the screws 30.
  • This disassembly also makes it possible, if necessary, to modify the section of the interior annular passage 38, by interposing one or more shims 74 between the flanges by which the tubular parts 32 and 34 are fixed to the part 26 in the form of a crown, by means of the screws 30.
  • the nozzle 12 according to the invention makes it possible to carry out different surface treatments by carrying out simple adjustments and without the need to modify the density volume or speed of the powder injected into the nozzle.
  • FIG. 2B there is shown an intermediate position of the front end of the body 16 of the nozzle, in which this end is substantially in the same plane as the focal point O of the laser beam. Furthermore, the deployment of the protective skirt 56 beyond the end of the body 16 of the nozzle also has an intermediate value. In this case, the path of the powder particles leaving the interior annular passage 38, inside the bundle laser F, remains sufficient to ensure the fusion of these particles before they reach the surface of the substrate S. Furthermore, this surface is slightly closer to the focal point O of the laser beam than in the previous position illustrated on FIG.
  • the front end of the body 16 of the nozzle occupies its position furthest from the support 10, located beyond the focal point O of the laser beam F. Furthermore, the protective skirt 56 is retracted to the maximum on the body 16 of the nozzle, so that the surface of the substrate S occupies a position even closer to the focal point O of the laser beam than in the position illustrated in FIG. 2B. Under these conditions, the residence time of the powder particles leaving the internal annular passage 38 in the laser beam F is insufficient for these particles to melt before reaching the surface of the substrate S.
  • the relative proximity of the surface of the substrate with respect to the focal point O of the laser beam and the small thickness of the cloud of particles present between the end of the body 16 of the nozzle and the surface of the substrate result in the melting of the latter. Powder particles are thus encrusted in the surface layers of the substrate.
  • the presence of the protective skirt 56 contributes to the protection against the oxidation of the materials present and makes it possible to have recourse to a protective gas at low flow rate, which facilitates the protection of the beam focusing lens by injecting the same low-flow shielding gas into the central passage 36.
  • the protective gas such as the carrier gas can in particular consist of argon.
  • the invention is not limited to the embodiment which has just been described by way of example, but covers all its variants.
  • the means making it possible to move the body of the nozzle parallel to the axis of the laser beam relative to the support 10 as well as the means making it possible to move in the same direction the protective skirt 56 around the body of the nozzle may be different from the means described.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
EP91402741A 1990-10-16 1991-10-14 Düse für Oberflächenbehandlung durch einen Laser mit Pulverzufuhr Expired - Lifetime EP0481869B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9012746 1990-10-16
FR9012746A FR2667805B1 (fr) 1990-10-16 1990-10-16 Buse de traitement de surface par laser, avec apport de poudre.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0481869A1 true EP0481869A1 (de) 1992-04-22
EP0481869B1 EP0481869B1 (de) 1994-08-03

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EP91402741A Expired - Lifetime EP0481869B1 (de) 1990-10-16 1991-10-14 Düse für Oberflächenbehandlung durch einen Laser mit Pulverzufuhr

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US (1) US5111021A (de)
EP (1) EP0481869B1 (de)
CA (1) CA2053421C (de)
DE (1) DE69103245T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2057821T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2667805B1 (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2694214A1 (fr) * 1992-07-28 1994-02-04 Forchungsanstalt Luft Deutsche Dispositif de revêtement de surfaces à l'aide d'une poudre, et tête de déversement de poudre équipant ce dispositif.
DE4322801C1 (de) * 1993-07-08 1994-10-13 Wagner Int Verfahren zum Pulverbeschichten von Werkstücken
RU2182189C2 (ru) * 1999-10-26 2002-05-10 Самарский государственный аэрокосмический университет им. С.П. Королева Устройство лазерно-газотермического нанесения покрытий

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US5837960A (en) * 1995-08-14 1998-11-17 The Regents Of The University Of California Laser production of articles from powders
US5961862A (en) * 1995-11-30 1999-10-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Deposition head for laser
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US6429402B1 (en) 1997-01-24 2002-08-06 The Regents Of The University Of California Controlled laser production of elongated articles from particulates
US6146476A (en) * 1999-02-08 2000-11-14 Alvord-Polk, Inc. Laser-clad composite cutting tool and method
US6396025B1 (en) 1999-07-01 2002-05-28 Aeromet Corporation Powder feed nozzle for laser welding
US6504127B1 (en) 1999-09-30 2003-01-07 National Research Council Of Canada Laser consolidation methodology and apparatus for manufacturing precise structures
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US7589032B2 (en) * 2001-09-10 2009-09-15 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Laser apparatus, laser irradiation method, semiconductor manufacturing method, semiconductor device, and electronic equipment
DE10154093B4 (de) * 2001-11-02 2006-02-02 Daimlerchrysler Ag Verfahren zur Oberflächenbehandlung durch einen Pulverwerkstoff mit Hilfe eines Laserstrahls und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
US6894247B2 (en) 2002-07-26 2005-05-17 Honeywell International, Inc. Powder feed splitter for hand-held laser powder fusion welding torch
US20050023256A1 (en) * 2003-07-31 2005-02-03 Srikanth Sankaranarayanan 3-D adaptive laser powder fusion welding
US20050056628A1 (en) * 2003-09-16 2005-03-17 Yiping Hu Coaxial nozzle design for laser cladding/welding process
US7001672B2 (en) 2003-12-03 2006-02-21 Medicine Lodge, Inc. Laser based metal deposition of implant structures
US7666522B2 (en) * 2003-12-03 2010-02-23 IMDS, Inc. Laser based metal deposition (LBMD) of implant structures
DE102004002268A1 (de) * 2004-01-16 2005-08-04 Daimlerchrysler Ag Verfahren zur Oberflächenbehandlung eines Werkstücks durch einen pulverförmigen Zusatzwerkstoff mittels eines Schweißstrahls
US20050212694A1 (en) * 2004-03-26 2005-09-29 Chun-Ta Chen Data distribution method and system
US7951412B2 (en) * 2006-06-07 2011-05-31 Medicinelodge Inc. Laser based metal deposition (LBMD) of antimicrobials to implant surfaces
ES2360732B1 (es) * 2009-10-24 2012-04-24 Universidad De Vigo Método de obtención de recubrimientos porosos mediante proyección térmica asistida por l�?ser.
DE102009051823A1 (de) * 2009-11-04 2011-05-05 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Einkristallines Schweißen von direktional verfestigten Werkstoffen
EP2322314A1 (de) * 2009-11-16 2011-05-18 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Einkristallines Schweissen von direktional verfestigten Werkstoffen
US9168613B2 (en) 2010-10-22 2015-10-27 Paul T. Colby Vertical laser cladding system
DE102011100456B4 (de) * 2011-05-04 2015-05-07 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Extremes Hochgeschwindigkeitslaserauftragsschweißverfahren
US10384264B2 (en) 2015-01-16 2019-08-20 Rolls-Royce Corporation Compact axially translational powder deposition head
US20150343565A1 (en) * 2015-08-12 2015-12-03 Caterpillar Inc. Method of forming feature on tube
CN105665705A (zh) * 2016-03-18 2016-06-15 山东能源重装集团大族再制造有限公司 一种金属3d打印装置
RU2645631C1 (ru) * 2016-12-07 2018-02-26 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. А.Н. Туполева-КАИ" (КНИТУ-КАИ) Способ нанесения покрытия на образец (варианты) и устройство для его осуществления (варианты)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2694214A1 (fr) * 1992-07-28 1994-02-04 Forchungsanstalt Luft Deutsche Dispositif de revêtement de surfaces à l'aide d'une poudre, et tête de déversement de poudre équipant ce dispositif.
DE4322801C1 (de) * 1993-07-08 1994-10-13 Wagner Int Verfahren zum Pulverbeschichten von Werkstücken
US5422146A (en) * 1993-07-08 1995-06-06 Wagner International Ag Process of powder coating of workpieces
RU2182189C2 (ru) * 1999-10-26 2002-05-10 Самарский государственный аэрокосмический университет им. С.П. Королева Устройство лазерно-газотермического нанесения покрытий

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Publication number Publication date
EP0481869B1 (de) 1994-08-03
DE69103245T2 (de) 1995-02-23
ES2057821T3 (es) 1994-10-16
CA2053421A1 (en) 1992-04-17
US5111021A (en) 1992-05-05
DE69103245D1 (de) 1994-09-08
FR2667805B1 (fr) 1993-01-22
CA2053421C (en) 2002-04-02
FR2667805A1 (fr) 1992-04-17

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