EP0529541B1 - Système de détection à deux faisceaux pour la chromatographie en phase liquide - Google Patents

Système de détection à deux faisceaux pour la chromatographie en phase liquide Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0529541B1
EP0529541B1 EP92114331A EP92114331A EP0529541B1 EP 0529541 B1 EP0529541 B1 EP 0529541B1 EP 92114331 A EP92114331 A EP 92114331A EP 92114331 A EP92114331 A EP 92114331A EP 0529541 B1 EP0529541 B1 EP 0529541B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
entrance
cell
bore
lens
beams
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92114331A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0529541A1 (fr
Inventor
Eugene F. Young
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Applied Biosystems Inc
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Perkin Elmer Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/62—Detectors specially adapted therefor
    • G01N30/74—Optical detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/62—Detectors specially adapted therefor
    • G01N30/74—Optical detectors
    • G01N2030/746—Optical detectors detecting along the line of flow, e.g. axial

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a double beam detector system for liquid chromatography, comprising
  • LC liquid chromatography
  • a substance whose quantitative presence in a sample is to be determined is injected and dissolved into a suitable liquid carrier solvent, separated in an LC column and flowed through a detector cell which has end windows through which a selected wavelength of ultraviolet or visible light radiation is directed.
  • Radiation exiting from the cell falls on a photodetector having an output recorded by suitable instrumentation which is calibrated to indicate the amount of radiation absorbed by the fluid flowing through the cell.
  • Absorbance is customarily indicated by a graph continuously recorded on a strip chart by a pen recorder.
  • the quantitative presence of a sample substance of interest is determined by measuring the area under the graph peaks which represent the amount of radiation of a particular wavelength that is absorbed, particular materials being identified by particular wavelengths characteristically absorbed by them.
  • the sensitivity of a spectrophotometer detector cell is a function particularly of the stability of the base line of the graph.
  • the graph base line is established by the absorbance of the solvent used, and will change in relation to any change in the refractive index of the solvent.
  • the refractive index in turn will be changed by a change in the temperature of the solvent in the cell, or by a transient as a test sample reaches the cell.
  • Transients are particularly associated with temporary changes in refractive index on the fluid near the wall of the cell.
  • Fig. 1 shows a prior art type of LC detector system 10.
  • a light source 11 provides light to a field lens 12 adjacent to a slit 13 oriented perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.
  • a concave grating 14 is disposed to receive light from the slit and focus the same into a pair of flow cells; one such cell 15 is shown in the drawing, the other being above or below the plane of the drawing.
  • Orientation of the grating about a vertical axis 16 at the central reflection point determines a wavelength incident on both of the cells.
  • End windows 17 retain flowing liquid in the cell bores.
  • a photodetector 18 after each cell detects the amount of light transmitted.
  • One cell is used as a standard for comparison of the other receiving sample injected into the liquid.
  • U.S. patent No. 4,886,356 of the present assignee discloses a detector cell assembly useful for liquid chromatography.
  • a problem suggested in the patent is effect of transients due to temperature changes causing non-uniform index of refraction of the liquid in the cell.
  • U.S. patent No. 4,011,451 discloses a lens for directing beams of light onto a pair of cells which are diverging so as to keep aberrant light from the walls.
  • U.S. patent No. 4,037,974 discloses various methods for blocking light reflected from or through the cell walls.
  • U.S. patent No. 3,792,929 discloses a field lens for tunneling radiation through the cell without striking the walls.
  • U.K. Patent Application GB 2 116 707 A is directed to minimizing boundary effects in the cell with the use of a field stop and an aperature stop in the optical train directing light into the cell.
  • a device disclosed in EP-A-0 168 939 comprises a light stop with an aperture therein adjacent to the light source.
  • the aperture is imaged on the entrance window of the cell.
  • a light spot smaller than the bore of the cell is generated by the light beam on the entrance window of the cell.
  • the imaging path of rays contains a second, aperture light stop at a location where the individual imaging beams are collimated. This second light stop is imaged on the exit window of the cell.
  • EP-A-0 422 448 discloses an apparatus for meausring light absorbance in a cylindrical sample cell. Focussing means form a tapered light beam to pass through the sample cell.
  • the cell has a lens at one end, on which the light beam is focussed.
  • An aperture is located up-beam of the lens. The aperture together with the lens prevents light rays from striking the wall of the cell.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a double beam detector system for liquid chromatography, which is relatively low in cost, is low in detector noise and drift, and has reduced sensitivity to spurious effects from sample injections and temperature fluctuations.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art double beam detector system for liquid chromatography.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a double beam detector system according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is an end view of a mask component of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken at 4-4 of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a system according to a further embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a simpler aspect of the invention for a double beam detector system 20 for liquid chromatography.
  • a small radiation source 22 such as a deuterium lamp provides light radiation 24 to a field lens 26 which focusses the source to a point 28 on the optical axis 30 .
  • a slit means 32 adjacent to the field lens consists of an opaque disk with two slits 34 therein spaced diametrically from the axis as shown in FIG. 3. The slits are thus disposed relative to the light source so as to define two beams 36,37 of radiation symmetrical to the optical axis, the beams passing through the common object point 28 coinciding with the focus point.
  • a stop 39 with a field aperature 38 may be placed at this point.
  • a collimating lens 40 is centered on the axis to be receptive of the beams after the common object point and direct the two beams along respective beam axes 41,42 parallel to each other.
  • the two entrance slits 34 may be replaced by a single long slit (not shown), as the central portion of the radiation passing through such a slit will be blocked further along the optical train. Thus only the outer portions of the radiation are of consequence. However the use of two slits is preferred so as to reduce stray radiation.
  • the terms "two beams" or “the beams” are used herein and in the claims to mean either separate beams from the separate slits, or the outer portions of the radiation from a single long slit.
  • a pair of parallel liquid chromatography (LC) detector cells 43,44 are formed, conveniently in a single body 46 although separate bodies may be used.
  • Each cell is generally of the conventional type, for example as described in the aforementioned U.S. patent No. 4,886,356.
  • Each cell has a cell bore 47,48 through the body with open ends 50 .
  • Each bore has a bore axis 51,52 coinciding with a beam axis 41,42 such that one of the beams passes through each cell bore.
  • the detector cells further have transparent entrance windows 53,54 and exit windows 55,56 respectively closing the ends of the bores.
  • the windows are the planar inner surfaces of respective plano convex lenses 57,58 as described below.
  • a pair of conventional photodetectors 59,60 are each aligned with a cell bore so as to be receptive of a beam passed therethrough and out of the exit windows. Each exit window/lens focuses its beam into a detector. Output signals from the detectors are conveyed on lines 62 to a processing system 64 for comparative analysis and presentation of results.
  • Means for flowing liquid through each cell bore include passages 66 leading to each end of the bore (one passage shown for each bore).
  • the inlet passages are receptive of liquid from a pump 68 , through tubes 69 , via an LC column 70 for at least one cell.
  • the flowing liquid for one cell will have a test sample from an injector 73 for analysis, and the other cell is used for comparison.
  • the size of the light source 22 and/or the size of the aperture 38 are sufficiently small so that the beams in the bores 47,48 have a diameter, without regard to aberrations in the optics, substantially smaller than the diameters of the bores. Further means are provided to constrict each beam in the bores to a beam diameter less than the bore diameter. In one aspect this comprises a mask 71 , similar to the mask 32 of FIG.3, with two constricted openings 73 disposed adjacent to respective entrance windows.
  • the beam is constricted so as avoid transient effects in the index of refraction or optical absorption near the walls of the cell bores as test samples from an LC column in the liquid reach the cells, or in the event of temperature changes, before equilibrium is reached.
  • the beam may be constricted by the openings, preferably the constriction is effected with the optics as explained below.
  • the collimating lens 40 and the entrance lenses 57 form a pair of parallel optical trains each having optical parameters selected cooperatively so that the common object point 28 is imaged on each exit window 55,56 .
  • the collimating lens consists of a hemispherical lens with a planar surface 74 facing away from the entrance lenses, and the entrance lenses each consists of a hemispherical lens with a planar surface functioning as a respective entrance window 53,54 .
  • the selected optical parameters comprise indexes of refraction of all relevant lenses and liquid, radii of curvature and thicknesses T1 and T2 of the collimating lens and the entrance lenses, distance D1 between the common point 28 and the planar surface 74 of the collimating lens, distance D2 between the collimating lens and each entrance window, distance D3 between the entrance window and the exit window (bore length), bore diameters D4 and separation D5 between bore axes.
  • the optics and field aperature are to provide for the image 72 (FIG. 4) having a size S less than the bore diameter D4.
  • the light source 22 is imaged onto the exit windows by way of an intermediate image at point 28 .
  • the theoretical image size (without aberrations) of the light source on the exit windows is the theoretical image size of the field aperture, or the image size of the source itself if sufficiently small.
  • the defined image size S is the sum of the theoretical image size on the exit windows 55,56 of the light source (generally as limited by aperature 38 ) and a spot size, the latter being an enlargement of the image due to aberrations.
  • the spot size is computed as twice a root-mean-square (rms) spot size, defined conventionally, for example as described in Mathematics of Statistics, Kenney & Keeping, Van Nostrand Co. Inc., Princeton, N.J. (2nd ed. 1959, pages 59-60).
  • the spot size is computed from the assumption of a hypothetical point source located at the common object point 28 .
  • the finite spot size derives from the aberrations of imperfect optics, for example, the hemispherical shapes of the lenses.
  • the spot size may be computed using conventional computer programming, for example with "Beam 3" program sold by Stellar Software, Berkeley, California.
  • Such a program generates ray paths through the optical components, for various ray angles initiating at the common object point 28 limited by the entrance aperture 73 and the exit bore diameters D4. Ray angles are taken at equal increments, for example 0.2° increments from zero to 2° from the axis 30 .
  • An rms spot size is computed for a set of rays, with selected values for the aforementioned optical parameters. The process is repeated for various values until a minimum image size smaller than bore diameter is ascertained, preferably a minimized spot size.
  • the image 72 in FIG. 4 is depicted as a radially decreasing density of points representing rays incident on the window 55 .
  • the parameters are predetermined or constrained by other factors, such as the indexes of refraction, distances between components, and bore dimensions and separation.
  • Lens thicknesses may also be fixed. Thus iterations are made primarily with radii of the lens surfaces, and changes in other parameters such as distances are made if suitable results are not obtained with the initial selections.
  • the ray computations also are used to determine appropriate dimensions for the collimating lens so as to yield the parallel beam axes coinciding with the bore axes.
  • a detector system 80 further includes a concave reflective dispersion grating 75 as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the conventional purpose of the grating is to provide for selections of narrow wavelength bands for liquid chromatographic analyses.
  • the choice of the concave grating and its specific placement in the system according to the invention provides for further preferable focusing.
  • Other components in the system of FIG. 5 are the same as for FIG. 2, and are numbered accordingly. Further components such as windows are present but not shown for clarity. The foregoing descriptions for all of these components are incorporated by reference for FIG. 5, without repeating here.
  • the grating is disposed on the optical axis 30 between the slits 32 and the collimating lens 40 .
  • the optical axis is folded at the grating at an angle which provides a selected order of dispersion in the beams at the detector cells. For example with a 1200 lines/mm grating for zero order dispersion the axis is folded at an angle A of 61.6°.
  • the grating may be rotatable about another axis 76 through the folding point perpendicular to the plane of the folded optical axis, so as to be oriented to select a wavelength band falling on the detector cells 59,60 .
  • the slits (also FIG. 3) are spaced symmetically on a diametric line passing perpendicularly through the optical axis such that the beam axes are also diametrically spaced from the optical axis.
  • the grating is oriented so that the dispersion is perpendicular to the diametric line, with the beams comprising a selected wavelength band of radiation in the cell bores.
  • the grating has a curvature 78 selected cooperatively with the dimensions of the collimating and entrance lenses and their refractive indexes, and with distances between the entrance slit and the grating, the grating and the collimating lens, and the collimating lens and the entrance windows, so as to focus the entrance slits at respective entrance windows.
  • the mask 71 at the entrance windows in this case may additionally or alternatively serve to narrow the width of the wavelength band.
  • Other configurations in the system with the grating are as described for FIG. 2, including the focusing of the common object point 28 on the exit window and the parameter selection to minimize rms spot size.
  • the double beam detector system of the present invention is compact and relatively low cost with high performance. Transient effects of the refractive index of the liquid, temperature changes, and detector noise and drift are substantially reduced. Accuracy, stability and sensitivity are improved.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Optical Measuring Cells (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Système détecteur à double faisceau destiné à la chromatographie liquide, comprenant
    (a) une source (22) de radiation,
    (b) des moyens en fente (32) disposés par rapport à la source (22) de radiation afin de produire deux faisceaux (36,37) de radiation symétriques par rapport à un axe optique (30),
    (c) une paire de cellules détectrices (43,44) parallèles, chacune incluant un corps (46) ayant en travers un perçage (47,48) de cellule muni d'extrémités ouvertes et incluant en outre des fenêtres (53,54;55,56) transparentes d'entrée et de sortie fermant chaque fois les extrémités des perçages (47,48), les fenêtres d'entrée incluant des lentilles d'entrée (57), et des moyens destinés à écouler du liquide à travers chaque perçage de cellule,
    (d) une paire de détecteurs (59,60) de radiation dont chacun est associé à l'un des perçages (47,48) de cellule et arrangé de telle façon à être réceptif à un faisceau traversant le perçage (47,48) respectif de cellule, et
    (d) des moyens de réduction destinés à réduire chaque faisceau (36,37) en une dimension de faisceau dans un perçage (47,48) respectif de cellule, la dimension de faisceau étant inférieure au diamètre de perçage,
       caractérisé par le fait que
    (f) des moyens collimateurs (40) sont disposés afin de diriger les deux faisceaux (36,37) le long d'axes de faisceau respectifs parallèles à l'axe optique,
    (g) chaque perçage (47,48) de cellule possède un diamètre de perçage et un axe de perçage coïncidant avec un axe de faisceau de telle façon que l'un des faisceau (36,37) traverse chaque perçage de cellule,
    (h) chacun des détecteurs (59,60) est aligné sur un perçage (47,48) associé de cellule,
    (i) les moyens de réduction comprennent :
    - une lentille (26) de champ disposée de façon adjacente par rapport aux moyens en fente (32) de telle façon à focaliser les deux faisceaux (36,37) à travers un point commun (28) sur l'axe optique entre les moyens en fente (32) et les lentilles d'entrée (57), les moyens collimateurs étant une lentille (40) centrée sur l'axe optique entre le point commun (28) et les lentilles d'entrée (57) ,
    - la lentille collimatrice (40) et chacune des lentilles d'entrée (57) étant choisies conjointement avec leurs paramètres optiques de telle façon que le point commun (28) est représenté sur chacune des fenêtres de sortie (55,56) par une dimension de tâche, la dimension de tâche étant telle que la somme de dimension de représentation de la source de radiation sur les fenêtres de sortie et la dimension de tâche sont inférieures à chaque diamètre de perçage.
  2. Système détecteur à double faisceau selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par des moyens de couverture (71) munis de deux ouvertures (73) à l'intérieur, chacune disposée de façon adjacente par rapport à une fenêtre d'entrée (53,54) respective.
  3. Système détecteur à double faisceau selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que chacune des lentilles d'entrée (57) se compose d'une lentille plane-convexe munie d'une surface plane fonctionnant en fenêtre d'entrée (53,54) respective.
  4. Système détecteur à double faisceau selon chacune des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé par le fait que la lentille collimatrice (40) se compose d'une lentille hémisphérique munie d'une surface plane se détournant des lentilles d'entrée (57), chacune des lentilles d'entrée (57) se compose d'une lentille hémisphérique munie d'une surface plane fonctionnant en fenêtre d'entrée (53,54) respective, et les paramètres optiques comprennent des rayons de courbure et des épaisseurs de la lentille collimatrice (40) et des lentilles d'entrée (57), écart entre le point commun (28) et la lentille collimatrice (40), écart entre la lentille collimatrice (40) et chaque lentille d'entrée (57), écart entre la lentille d'entrée (57) et la fenêtre de sortie (55,56), diamètre de perçage et séparation entre des axes de perçage.
  5. Système détecteur à double faisceau selon chacune des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé par le fait que la dimension de tâche est le double de la dimension de tâche de la racine des carrés moyens.
  6. Système détecteur à double faisceau selon chacune des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé par le fait qu'une grille (75) concave réflectrice de dispersion est positionnée sur l'axe optique entre les moyens en fente (32) et la lentille collimatrice (40), l'axe optique étant plié dans la grille dans un angle choisi afin de livrer un ordre choisi de dispersion dans les faisceaux aux cellules détectrices (47), les moyens en fente (32) étant symétriques par rapport à une ligne diamétrale passant perpendiculairement à travers l'axe optique, la grille (75) étant orientée de telle façon que la dispersion est perpendiculaire à la ligne diamétrale avec les faisceaux comprenant une bande de radiation de longueur d'ondes choisie dans les perçages de cellules (47,48), et la grille (75) ayant une courbure (78) choisie conjointement avec la lentille collimatrice (40), la lentille d'entrée (57) et les écarts entre la fente d'entrée et la grille (75), la grille (75) et la lentille collimatrice (40), et la lentille collimatrice (40) et les fenêtres d'entrée (53,54) afin de focaliser les fentes d'entrée sur les fenêtres respectives d'entrée (53,54).
  7. Système détecteur à double faisceau selon la revendication 6, caractérisé par le fait que des moyens de couverture (71) munis de deux ouvertures (73) réduites à l'intérieur sont prévues, chaque ouverture (73) étant disposée de façon adjacente par rapport à une fenêtre d'entrée (53,54) respective afin de produire les faisceaux dans les perçages de cellule (47,48) en tant que bande étroite de radiation de longueur d'ondes.
EP92114331A 1991-08-28 1992-08-21 Système de détection à deux faisceaux pour la chromatographie en phase liquide Expired - Lifetime EP0529541B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US751415 1991-08-28
US07/751,415 US5173742A (en) 1991-08-28 1991-08-28 Double beam detector system for liquid chromatography

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EP0529541A1 EP0529541A1 (fr) 1993-03-03
EP0529541B1 true EP0529541B1 (fr) 1996-04-17

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US5815276A (en) * 1996-10-11 1998-09-29 Transgenomic Inc. Long-path absorbance-cell imaging system with decreased system element parameter change based sensitivity and method of use
AU2003900902A0 (en) * 2003-02-27 2003-03-13 Varian Australia Pty Ltd Spectrophotometer
AU2004215325B2 (en) * 2003-02-27 2009-01-08 Agilent Technologies Australia (M) Pty Ltd Spectrophotometer
US7075652B1 (en) * 2004-11-12 2006-07-11 Ibet, Inc. Apparatus and method for measuring temperature dependent properties of liquid
JP6062837B2 (ja) * 2013-09-30 2017-01-18 株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ 液体クロマトグラフ用検出器
US12436094B2 (en) * 2023-04-28 2025-10-07 Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Llc Adjustable optical system for a spectrograph

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DE69209936D1 (de) 1996-05-23
EP0529541A1 (fr) 1993-03-03
DE69209936T2 (de) 1996-12-12
US5173742A (en) 1992-12-22

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