EP0558307B1 - Machine de jeu ou d'amusement - Google Patents

Machine de jeu ou d'amusement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0558307B1
EP0558307B1 EP19930301384 EP93301384A EP0558307B1 EP 0558307 B1 EP0558307 B1 EP 0558307B1 EP 19930301384 EP19930301384 EP 19930301384 EP 93301384 A EP93301384 A EP 93301384A EP 0558307 B1 EP0558307 B1 EP 0558307B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
symbols
display area
machine
symbol
reels
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19930301384
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0558307A3 (en
EP0558307A2 (fr
Inventor
Arthur Edward Thomas
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ARTHUR EDWARD THOMAS Ltd
Original Assignee
ARTHUR EDWARD THOMAS Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ARTHUR EDWARD THOMAS Ltd filed Critical ARTHUR EDWARD THOMAS Ltd
Publication of EP0558307A2 publication Critical patent/EP0558307A2/fr
Publication of EP0558307A3 publication Critical patent/EP0558307A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0558307B1 publication Critical patent/EP0558307B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F17/00—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services
    • G07F17/32—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for games, toys, sports, or amusements
    • G07F17/3202—Hardware aspects of a gaming system, e.g. components, construction, architecture thereof
    • G07F17/3204—Player-machine interfaces
    • G07F17/3211—Display means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F17/00—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services
    • G07F17/32—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for games, toys, sports, or amusements
    • G07F17/34—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for games, toys, sports, or amusements depending on the stopping of moving members in a mechanical slot machine, e.g. "fruit" machines

Definitions

  • This invention relates to gaming or amusement machines.
  • One known form of gaming machine commonly called a fruit machine, has a mechanism comprising a plurality of reels which carry symbols and which are independently rotatable so as to display the symbols in different combinations.
  • a user can operate the machine to cause the reels to rotate. If, upon stopping of the reels, the display symbols are in a predetermined winning relationship, the machine awards a winning prize, either by paying out coins to a predetermined value or by incrementing a credit count stored in the machine.
  • Various enhancements to such machines are known, and generally operate to allow a user to change the displayed combination of symbols in order to increase the opportunity of obtaining a prize.
  • One such enhancement is what is known as a "nudge" facility.
  • the user is occasionally given the option of indexing one or more of the stationary reels so as to alter in a stepwise manner the combination of symbols displayed.
  • the displayed symbols can be rearranged (see, for example, GB-A-2 106 293 and GB-A-2 106 295).
  • It is also known to provide a "hold” facility whereby the user can selectively inhibit the rotation of particular reels so as to increase the likelihood that a particular symbol combination will appear after the remaining reel or reels is/are rotated.
  • GB-A-2 117 155 shows a machine which incorporates both a set of electro-mechanical reels and a set of simulated reels which appear on a video screen.
  • the arrangement described therein is extremely attractive in that it assists the user to operate the above-mentioned nudge facility, partly because the simulated reels carry the same symbol sequences as the corresponding electro-mechanical reels, but display a greater number of symbols so that the user can more easily perceive what can be achieved by using the nudging facility.
  • a gaming or amusement machine having a first display area for displaying in variable combinations a plurality of symbols each from a respective predetermined sequence of symbols, a second display area for displaying in variable combinations a plurality of symbols each from a respective predetermined sequence of symbols, and means for awarding a winning prize if a displayed symbol combination is a predetermined winning combination, characterised by means for altering a symbol in a sequence associated with the second display area to a different symbol which depends upon what has been displayed in the first display area, thereby to alter the likelihood that a particular combination will be displayed in the second display area.
  • each of the sequences of symbols associated with the first display area corresponds to a respective one of the sequences of symbols associated with the second display area.
  • a symbol in a sequence associated with the second display area can be changed to a different symbol which depends upon (and preferably corresponds to) a symbol of the corresponding sequence which is displayed in the first display area.
  • the invention will be embodied in a gaming machine incorporating two sets of reels, at least one of the sets being formed by simulated reels on a video screen. Possibly both sets of reels could be simulated, either on the same video screen or on respective video screens, but it is preferred that the other set of reels be mechanical or electro-mechanical reels.
  • the invention will be described below in the context of this preferred arrangement, whereby mechanical or electro-mechanical reels carry on their peripheries the symbol sequences associated with the first display area mentioned above, and simulated reels have the symbol sequences associated with the second display area mentioned above. However, this should not be regarded as limiting.
  • reel need not have the conventional drum-like configuration of typical electro-mechanical reels, but may appear physically somewhat different, e.g. as a wheel or other device allowing projection of symbol images on a screen, or as a strip of symbols on a video screen arranged such that the symbols can move progressively along the strip, with the symbol at one end disappearing and then appearing at the opposite end, to simulate reel rotation.
  • a gaming or amusement machine has two sets of reels, at least one of which has its symbols displayed on a video screen, which symbols can be changed in a manner determined and controlled by the symbols of the other reels.
  • the symbols on the simulated reels can change and thereby alter the likelihood that particular combinations of symbols will be displayed after the simulated reels have spun, so as to provide a game of enhanced interest which is attractive to potential players.
  • preferred aspects of the invention can result in a game whose characteristics change substantially with time, and in which particular winning combinations become much more easily achievable in a way that is readily perceivable by the player, thus providing a machine which is substantially more attractive than those of the prior art.
  • the winning combinations for the mechanical reels are the same as those for the simulated reels.
  • a symbol on the simulated reels is changed, it is made to correspond to a particular symbol on the corresponding mechanical reel, preferably by making it physically resemble that symbol.
  • the symbol changing operation may be controlled so that it is available only on random or pseudo-random occasions. Alternatively, it may be available each time a reel-spinning operation has taken place and no winning combination has resulted. Means may be provided to allow a user manually to enable or inhibit a symbol changing operation.
  • the machine is preferably operable to reset the symbols on the simulated reels to an initial state. Preferably, this involves bringing the symbols into correspondence with those on the mechanical reels. Alternatively, at least some of the symbols on the simulated reels may become blank symbols, -which cannot contribute to a winning combination, and which are gradually replaced by symbols corresponding to those on the mechanical reels as the symbol changing operations are performed.
  • the machine is provided with a hold facility, and preferably this facility is applicable both to the mechanical and to the simulated reels.
  • the hold facility When the hold facility is used on a simulated reel, it prevents the spinning of that reel and also prevents the symbol changing operation on that reel.
  • the hold facility When the hold facility is used on a mechanical reel, it inhibits the spinning of that reel, and also makes it certain or more likely that a symbol on the corresponding simulated reel will be changed to correspond with the "held" mechanical reel symbol. It will be understood that because of the interdependence of the simulated and mechanical reels, the provision such a hold facility produces results which differ from the hold facility used in conventional mechanisms.
  • the machine is also preferably provided with a nudge facility which can be used on the simulated reels in combination with the symbol changing operation.
  • a nudge facility which can be used on the simulated reels in combination with the symbol changing operation.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of a gaming machine in accordance with the invention.
  • the gaming machine 2 has an electro-mechanical reel mechanism comprising reels 4, 6 and 8 which are mounted for rotation about a common, horizontal axis, and which carry symbols spaced around the circumferences of the reels. There may for example be 12 pairs of symbols on each reel. Portions of the circumferences of the reels can be viewed in a display area 11 through display windows 10. The arrangement may be such that, for example, three symbols on each reel can be seen through the windows 10.
  • the machine 2 has slots in plates 12 and 14 for receiving coins and tokens, and a start button 16 which can be operated after insertion of a coin or token to initiate spinning of the reels 4, 6 and 8.
  • the machine 2 has a tray 18 to which the machine delivers coins or token if a user wins a game. Provision may be made for payment or prizes to be in other forms than cash or tokens (e.g. credit cards).
  • the machine 2 also has a video screen 20, which in this case is the screen of a cathode ray tube monitor.
  • a video screen 20 which in this case is the screen of a cathode ray tube monitor.
  • Other types of electrically alterable display screens can be used, such as liquid crystal or electro-luminescent matrix displays.
  • the screen 20 displays three vertical strips, 22, 24 and 26, of symbols, each strip representing the symbols on a respective simulated reel.
  • the displayed symbols on each of the strips 22, 24 and 26 correspond to the symbols on, respectively, the reels 4, 6 and 8.
  • the simulated reels 22, 24 and 26 are in the same relative positions as the electromechanical reels 4, 6 and 8.
  • each simulated reel is aligned with its corresponding electro-mechanical reel.
  • the displayed symbols on the simulated reels are physically similar in appearance, and are disposed at relative positions corresponding to the symbols on the mechanical reels.
  • the central symbol on a reel 4 as seen through a window 10 may be positioned at the centre of the corresponding strip 22 of symbols on the screen 20.
  • the machine is also provided with individual reel selection buttons 28, and a cancel button 30, for purposes to be described later.
  • the circuitry of the machine and the basic mode of operation may correspond to that of the machine described in GB-A-2 117 155.
  • many other ways of operating the machine will be well known to those skilled in the art. The following description therefore will be directed primarily to the way in which the machine of the present invention differs from the operation of the machine described in GB-A-2 117 155.
  • a user may then press the start button 16 to initiate spinning of all the reels 4, 6, 8, 22, 24 and 26.
  • Each simulated reel may spin in synchronism and by the same amount as its associated electro-mechanical reel, but preferably they spin independently so that they may rotate by different amounts.
  • the machine will determine whether either the electromechanical reels 4, 6 and 8 or the simulated reels 22, 24 and 26 are so positioned that either the symbols aligned with a win line 32 for the mechanical reels, or the symbols aligned with a win line 34 for the simulated reels, form a predetermined winning combination.
  • each of the strips 22, 24 and 26 now comprises a sequence of symbols which is slightly different from the sequence of symbols on the corresponding one of the reels 4, 6 and 8.
  • Certain symbols may be associated with particularly high-value win prizes, and therefore the user may be encouraged to play by the presence of an unusually large number of those symbols on the strips 22, 24 and 26.
  • the user is awarded a prize (which in the preferred embodiment may be either collected or gambled at the choice of the user, as is known per se in conventional machines).
  • the simulated reels 22, 24 and 26 are reset to an initial state, preferably such that the symbols on each simulated reel correspond in form and position to the symbols on the corresponding mechanical reels 4, 6 and 8.
  • the user On random or psuedo-random occasions, the user is provided with a hold facility, which is indicated to the user by a display (not shown). The user is then able to press any one of the buttons 28, as a result of which the associated one of the mechanical or simulated reels will not spin during the current game when the start button 16 is pressed.
  • the cancel button 30 can be operated at any time prior to pressing the start button 16 to cancel the current selection made using the buttons 28. If a simulated reel is held, then the symbol changing operation for that reel is inhibited.
  • the symbols associated with the win line 34 may represent, in sequence, a cherry, an orange and an orange
  • the symbols aligned with the win line 32 may represent an orange, a melon and a melon. It is assumed that all the reels (24, 26, 4) with an orange symbol on a win line are held by operation of the respective buttons 28.
  • the start button 16 is pressed and then the remaining reels spin and stop.
  • the symbol of the first of the simulated reels, 22, which is on the win line is then changed to correspond to the symbol of the reel 4 on the win line 32, which represents an orange because that reel 4 has been held.
  • the symbols aligned with the win line 34 are now three oranges, which represents a winning combination.
  • a nudge facility becomes available. This nudge facility may be available only for the simulated reels 22, 24 and 26, only for the electro-mechanical reels 4, 6 and 8, or for both sets of reels.
  • More than one of the simulated reels may be nudged while a single nudging feature is available. The result may be that the simulated reels carry a large number of identical symbols, thus making it more likely that a winning combination will result from the next game to be played on the machine.
  • the symbols on the simulated reels 22, 24 and 26 are initialised so as to correspond to the symbols on the electro-mechanical reels, and the machine then calculates a nudging operation which can achieve a favourable result for the user and provides an indication to assist the user in performing this nudging operation.
  • the operation can thus be as described in GB-A-2 117 155.
  • the machine may also be provided with another facility similar to the nudging facility mentioned above, whereby on random or psuedo-random occasions (possibly dependent upon the appearance of a particular symbol of the mechanical reels) then instead of only changing one symbol on a simulated reel, a plurality of symbols are changed in succession to the same symbol.
  • a plurality of symbols are changed in succession to the same symbol.
  • the spinning of the reels may result in winning combinations appearing on both the win lines 32 and 34.
  • This situation can be dealt with in any one of a number of different ways.
  • the accumulated value of both wins is awarded to the user.
  • the user is awarded only the highest-value win.
  • any of the facilities mentioned above may be operated in a manual, automatic or semi-automatic manner.
  • the nudging operation can take place automatically, the user being required to operate a particular button in order to terminate the nudging.
  • the machine may be arranged to evaluate which reels should be held in order to optimise the user's chance of obtaining a winning combination, and then to cause those reels to be held, or indicate the preferred reels to the user.
  • the symbol changing operation may take place automatically, as indicated above.
  • the user may be able to control, for example by pressing a button, whether or not the symbol changing operation is to take place. He may have means such as a plurality of buttons whereby he can make this choice individually for each of the simulated reels.
  • the possibility of performing a symbol changing operation may arise every time there is no winning combination on either of the win lines, but in an alternative embodiment the symbol changing operation becomes available at other times, which may determined at random or psuedo-random.
  • the symbol changing operation may become available after a winning combination has appeared on the win line 32 associated with mechanical reels, so that the winning combination is duplicated on the simulated reels and the prize may thus be doubled. It is possible also that on random or psuedo-random occasions reel spinning operations may occur several times during a single game, so that there are several occasions on which symbol-changing operations may take place, thus varying the symbol combinations on the simulated reels to a greater extent.
  • the symbols on the win lines of the simulated reels are changed to correspond to the symbols on the electro-mechanical reels. If desired, a greater or lesser number of symbols may be changed. For example, all the viewable symbols on the mechanical reels may be duplicated on the simulated reels. Alternatively, the machine may be arranged so that it will only permit symbol changing of a predetermined number of the symbols on the win line of the simulated reels, these symbols being selected either automatically or by the user.
  • the simulated reels may be initialised as a result of a win, or when a nudge facility becomes available on the electro-mechanical reels. Other circumstances may also result in initialisation. For example, this may occur on random or pseudo-random occasions.
  • the provision of the display screen 20 enables a number of attractive additional features to be added. For example, if the machine is provided with a gamble facility as mentioned above, this could be achieved by changing the display on the screen 20 so that it represents a race track with individual characters representing for example horses, cars, athletes etc. These characters or symbols then race on the screen, the user winning or losing his gamble depending upon the result of the race.
  • the user may be able to select one or more of the characters, and may be able to control his selected character or characters by pressing a button.
  • the display screen 20 displays not only the strips 22, 24 and 26 but also three further simulated reels which are similar in appearance to the electro-mechanical reels 4, 6 and 8 (i.e. appear to be of drum-configuration). These further simulated reels would carry the same symbols as the strips, would rotate in synchronism with the strips and would carry symbols which change in the same manner as those on the strips.
  • the symbol changing operation result in a symbol on the simulated reel being made to correspond with a symbol on an electromechanical reel, these corresponding symbols do not have to resemble each other visually.
  • the display screen 20 displays simultaneously at least the majority, and preferably all, of the symbols of the simulated reels, so that the player can readily perceive the effects of the symbol-changing operations.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Slot Machines And Peripheral Devices (AREA)
  • Electrically Operated Instructional Devices (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Machine de jeu ou de divertissement comprenant une première zone d'affichage (11) servant à afficher en des combinaisons variables une pluralité de symboles dont chacun provient d'une séquence prédéterminée respective (4, 6, 8) de symboles, une deuxième zone d'affichage (20) servant à afficher en des combinaisons variables une pluralité de symboles dont chacun provient d'une séquence prédéterminée respective (22, 24, 26) de symboles, et un moyen pour décerner une récompense si une combinaison de symboles affichée est une combinaison gagnante prédéterminée, caractérisée par des moyens servant à modifier un symbole dans une séquence (22, 24 ou 26) associée à la deuxième zone d'affichage (20) en un symbole différent qui dépend de l'affichage dans la première zone d'affichage (11), afin de modifier ainsi la probabilité pour qu'une combinaison particulière s'affiche dans la deuxième zone d'affichage (20).
  2. Machine selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle chaque séquence prédéterminée (4, 6, 8, 22, 24, 26) de symboles est formée par un tambour respectif et les tambours (22, 24, 26) associés à la deuxième zone d'affichage (20) au moins sont des tambours fictifs apparaissant sur un écran vidéo (20).
  3. Machine selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans laquelle le moyen de modification peut être actionné pour modifier un symbole dans la deuxième zone d'affichage (20) de manière à ce qu'il corresponde à un symbole affiché dans une séquence correspondante associée à la première zone d'affichage (11).
  4. Machine selon l'une quelconque des précédentes revendications, dans laquelle des combinaisons gagnantes prédéterminées, associées à la première zone d'affichage (11), correspondent à des combinaisons gagnantes prédéterminées, associées à la deuxième zone d'affichage (20).
  5. Machine selon l'une quelconque des précédentes revendications, comprenant un moyen pour initialiser les séquences prédéterminées (22, 24, 26) de symboles associées à la deuxième zone d'affichage (20) de manière à ce qu'elles correspondent aux séquences prédéterminées (4, 6, 8) associées à la première zone d'affichage.
  6. Machine selon l'une quelconque des précédentes revendications, comprenant un moyen pouvant être actionné par l'utilisateur pour empêcher le changement des symboles.
  7. Machine selon l'une quelconque des précédentes revendications, dans laquelle la machine peut exécuter une opération de maintien par laquelle l'utilisateur peut choisir individuellement un ou plusieurs symboles des combinaisons affichées de manière à ce que les symboles choisis ne changent pas quand les combinaisons sont modifiées.
  8. Machine selon la revendication 7, dans laquelle la machine est capable, une fois que les combinaisons de symboles ont été modifiées, de changer un symbole non sélectionné, associé à la deuxième zone d'affichage (20), de manière à ce qu'il corresponde à un symbole choisi, associé à la première zone d'affichage (11), grâce à quoi une combinaison gagnante peut être formée par ce symbole changé et des symboles choisis associés à la deuxième zone d'affichage (20).
  9. Machine selon l'une quelconque des précédentes revendications, dans laquelle la machine peut exécuter une opération de poussée par laquelle on peut amener en correspondance mutuelle une pluralité de symboles adjacents dans une des séquences (22, 24, 26) associées à la deuxième zone d'affichage (20).
  10. Machine selon l'une quelconque des précédentes revendications, dans laquelle la deuxième zone d'affichage (20) est conçue pour afficher simultanément la majorité au moins des symboles de chacune des séquences prédéterminées qui lui sont associées.
EP19930301384 1992-02-24 1993-02-24 Machine de jeu ou d'amusement Expired - Lifetime EP0558307B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9203871 1992-02-24
GB929203871A GB9203871D0 (en) 1992-02-24 1992-02-24 Gaming or amusement machine

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0558307A2 EP0558307A2 (fr) 1993-09-01
EP0558307A3 EP0558307A3 (en) 1995-12-27
EP0558307B1 true EP0558307B1 (fr) 1998-09-30

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19930301384 Expired - Lifetime EP0558307B1 (fr) 1992-02-24 1993-02-24 Machine de jeu ou d'amusement

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0558307B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69321272T2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2124769T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB9203871D0 (fr)

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GB2242300B (en) * 1990-03-24 1994-06-22 Bell Fruit Mfg Co Ltd Gaming and amusement machines

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US8317597B2 (en) 2000-07-14 2012-11-27 Igt Method for playing a video gaming machine
US8668576B2 (en) 2000-07-14 2014-03-11 Igt Method for playing a video gaming machine
US8668577B2 (en) 2000-07-14 2014-03-11 Igt Method for playing a video gaming machine
US7553233B2 (en) 2001-12-17 2009-06-30 Igt Multiple wheel roulette game
US7901280B2 (en) 2001-12-17 2011-03-08 Igt Multiple reel roulette game
US8727862B2 (en) 2001-12-17 2014-05-20 Igt Multiple reel roulette game
US9230394B2 (en) 2001-12-17 2016-01-05 Igt Multiple reel roulette game
US9235960B2 (en) 2002-04-18 2016-01-12 Igt Method and apparatus for providing a bonus to a player based on a credit balance
US9235958B2 (en) 2002-04-18 2016-01-12 Igt Method and apparatus for providing a bonus to a player based on a credit balance
US9235959B2 (en) 2002-04-18 2016-01-12 Igt Method and apparatus for providing a bonus to a player based on a credit balance
US9558628B2 (en) 2002-04-18 2017-01-31 Igt Method and apparatus for providing a bonus to a player based on a credit balance
US7674172B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2010-03-09 Igt Gaming device having a wheel-based game
US8152171B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2012-04-10 Igt Gaming device having a wheel-based game
US8512121B2 (en) 2005-09-09 2013-08-20 Igt Gaming system having multiple adjacently arranged gaming machines which each provide a component for a multi-component game
US8216065B2 (en) 2005-09-09 2012-07-10 Igt Gaming system having multiple adjacently arranged gaming machines which each provide a component for a multi-component game
US8371938B2 (en) 2005-09-12 2013-02-12 Igt Gaming system having a common display, a first bonus game or a first bonus game paytable and an option to purchase a second bonus game or a second bonus game paytable with relatively expected higher values
US8632399B2 (en) 2005-09-12 2014-01-21 Igt Gaming system having a common display, a first bonus game or a first bonus game paytable and an option to purchase a second bonus game or a second bonus game paytable with relatively expected higher values
US8613650B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2013-12-24 Igt Gaming system and method which enables multiple players to simultaneously play multiple individual games or group games on a central display
US9214056B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2015-12-15 Igt Gaming system and method which enables multiple players to simultaneously play multiple individual games or group games on a central display
US8403740B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2013-03-26 Igt Gaming system and method which enables multiple players to simultaneously play multiple individual games or group games on a central display
US8246443B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2012-08-21 Igt Gaming system having a plurality of simultaneously played wagering games that may trigger a plurality of free games which may be played simultaneously with the wagering games
US8109821B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2012-02-07 Igt Gaming system and method which enables multiple players to simultaneously play multiple individual games or group games on a central display
US7758416B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2010-07-20 Igt Gaming system having a plurality of simultaneously played wagering games that may trigger a plurality of free games which may be played simultaneously with the wagering games
US8764547B2 (en) 2010-08-10 2014-07-01 Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Limited Method of gaming, a gaming system, and a game controller

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69321272D1 (de) 1998-11-05
EP0558307A3 (en) 1995-12-27
ES2124769T3 (es) 1999-02-16
DE69321272T2 (de) 1999-06-02
GB9203871D0 (en) 1992-04-08
EP0558307A2 (fr) 1993-09-01

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