EP0632970B1 - Produits à base d'acétate de cellulose, leur utilisation pour la fabrication de cordons filtrants pour la fabrication de filtres à fumée de tabac ainsi que les cordons filtrants et filtres à cigarettes - Google Patents

Produits à base d'acétate de cellulose, leur utilisation pour la fabrication de cordons filtrants pour la fabrication de filtres à fumée de tabac ainsi que les cordons filtrants et filtres à cigarettes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0632970B1
EP0632970B1 EP94107825A EP94107825A EP0632970B1 EP 0632970 B1 EP0632970 B1 EP 0632970B1 EP 94107825 A EP94107825 A EP 94107825A EP 94107825 A EP94107825 A EP 94107825A EP 0632970 B1 EP0632970 B1 EP 0632970B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cellulose acetate
tobacco smoke
filter
filter tow
filaments
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94107825A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0632970A2 (fr
EP0632970A3 (fr
Inventor
Eberhard Dipl.-Chem. Teufel
Rolf Dipl.Biol.-Dr. Habil. Willmund
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cerdia Produktions GmbH
Original Assignee
Rhodia Acetow GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rhodia Acetow GmbH filed Critical Rhodia Acetow GmbH
Publication of EP0632970A2 publication Critical patent/EP0632970A2/fr
Publication of EP0632970A3 publication Critical patent/EP0632970A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0632970B1 publication Critical patent/EP0632970B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES OF CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter tips or filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces of cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/067—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters characterised by functional properties
    • A24D3/068—Biodegradable or disintegrable
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES OF CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter tips or filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces of cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/08—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as carrier or major constituent
    • A24D3/10—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as carrier or major constituent of cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES OF CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter tips or filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces of cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/14—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as additive

Definitions

  • the invention relates to structures formed from cellulose acetate in which an additive is present.
  • the invention further relates to the use of structures formed from cellulose acetate in the form of filaments and / or staple fibers for the production of filter tow.
  • the invention also relates to a filter tow.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a filter tow for producing a tobacco smoke filter element.
  • the invention relates to a tobacco smoke filter element consisting of a section of a cross-axially compressed filter tow made of cellulose acetate filaments and / or cellulose acetate staple fibers hardened with the aid of a plasticizer for cellulose acetate or an adhesive.
  • Cigarette filters rot relatively slowly and are therefore on Places where there is a lot of smoking, for large parts of the population Annoyance.
  • Fibrous cellulose acetate with an acetyl number between 53% and 57% is used for the majority of cigarette filters today (see, for example, US Pat. No. 2,953,837.
  • the numerical values given in this document, namely 38% to 41%, for the acetyl content correspond to the previously mentioned values 53% to 57% for the acetyl number).
  • such a cellulose acetate is readily biodegradable, but the periods after which cigarette filters made of such a material in fiber form have at least optically disappeared under the influence of environmental influences are too long from today's point of view.
  • cigarette filters also applies to other structures Cellulose acetate, such as films, foils, plates or others for example, injection molding, extrusion or blow molding Articles made of cellulose acetate: when storing such structures For example, landfills take too long for these structures to complete are biodegraded.
  • Cellulose acetate such as films, foils, plates or others for example, injection molding, extrusion or blow molding Articles made of cellulose acetate: when storing such structures For example, landfills take too long for these structures to complete are biodegraded.
  • Filter tow and tobacco smoke filter elements made of cellulose acetate fibers the surface of which an additive is present are, for example, from German patent step 1 079 521 is known. According to the German Patent step 1 079 521 is used on the surface of the Addition to cellulose acetate fibers added to the roughness to improve these fibers.
  • the German patent 1,079,521 is however, no suggestion whatsoever can be taken of the biodegradability to accelerate the filter tow and tobacco smoke filter elements.
  • US Pat. No. 5,141,006 describes Filtertow and Tobacco smoke filter elements made of cellulose acetate fibers, in which a Additive is present. With that in the cellulose acetate fibers located additive is said to be according to U.S. Patent 5,141,006 especially the filter effectiveness for nicotine can be improved. However, US Pat. No. 5,141,006 also gives no indication the possibility of accelerating the biodegradability of the Filtertows and the tobacco smoke filter elements.
  • German Offenlegungsschrift 39 14 022 described additives a food law approval or an approval according to TVO (tobacco regulation) both because of the little or no amounts required because of their toxicity is possible what the use of the in the German Offenlegungsschrift 30 14 022 described plastic materials for example filter tow and makes tobacco smoke filter elements such as cigarette filters impossible.
  • German Offenlegungsschrift 39 14 022 is none Indication of the possibility of accelerating the biological Removal of filter tow and tobacco smoke filter elements; the recipe described in German Offenlegungsschrift 39 14 022 would be used to manufacture filter tow and tobacco smoke filter elements not because of the high plasticizer content in the cellulose acetate suitable.
  • EP 0 597 478 describes a biodegradable cellulose ester composition which a plasticizer, an aliphatic polyester, a photolysis accelerator or one May contain substance to accelerate biodegradation.
  • GB 2 234 687 discloses a cigarette filter that contains compounds that are capable of using Cigarette smoke aldehydes that have not been mechanically and / or absorptively filtered, to form a stable adduct by chemical reaction.
  • BE-A-656 697 relates to a Process for applying binders to cellulose acetate filaments and the Manufacture of cigarette filters from these filaments. Joji Ono et al.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of providing structures formed from cellulose acetate, in particular those which are suitable for mass production and / or are subject to food law and the tobacco regulation, and which have improved biodegradation under the influence of environmental influences.
  • the invention is also based on the object, the use of structures formed from cellulose acetate in the form of filaments and / or staple fibers for the production of filter tow with improved biodegradation under the influence of environmental influences, and the use of such a filter tow for producing a tobacco smoke filter element also with one propose improved biodegradation under the influence of environmental influences.
  • the invention is also based on the object of providing a filter tow based on structures formed from cellulose acetate in the form of filaments and / or staple fibers, and a tobacco smoke filter element formed from such a fitertow, which improve biodegradation under the action of Have environmental influences.
  • the object is achieved by structures formed from cellulose acetate which have the form of filaments, staple fibers, films, foils, plates or other objects obtained by injection molding, extrusion or blow molding and in which an additive is present, the additive being composed of a nitrogenous organic compound exists in the degradation by microorganisms of basic decomposition products, in particular ammonia and / or - basic - compounds which have an NH group or NH groups and / or an NH 2 group or NH 2 groups.
  • the nitrogen-containing organic compound is preferably urea or a urea derivative. These substances are preferred because they are safe under food law and are available in large quantities and at an acceptable price.
  • the nitrogen-containing organic compound preferably also consists of a protein, most preferably beta lactoglobulin is. Proteins are also safe under food law, and for that Beta lactoglobulin is considered to be used in large quantities in cheese making arises as an industrially little used by-product.
  • the nitrogen-containing organic compound a condensation product from an aldehyde with ammonia or with an amine, this condensation product being very special is preferably hexamethylenetetramine.
  • biodegradable additive is present.
  • the structures formed from cellulose acetate consist of an acetone-soluble cellulose acetate with an acetyl number of less than 53%, preferably an acetylene number between 50% and 52%. This feature means that the hydrolysis of the cellulose acetate preceding the biodegradation takes place in a shorter time.
  • the object is achieved according to the invention solved by a filter tow, which in the characterizing part of claim 5 Features specified.
  • the breaking strength of the filter tow is preferably at most 4.10 -4 da N / dtex, preferably at most 3.10 -4 da N / dtex.
  • This feature makes biodegradation previous mechanical crushing facilitated.
  • the task is solved according to the invention by a tobacco smoke filter element with the Claim 7 specified features.
  • the tobacco smoke filter element contains the plasticizer for cellulose acetate in an amount of at most 6% by mass based on the mass of the cellulose acetate filaments and / or on the mass of the cellulose acetate staple fibers.
  • the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention still preferred that less than half the surface of the Cellulose acetate filaments and the cellulose acetate staple fibers with the Plasticizer for cellulose acetate or the adhesive is provided. This also precedes biodegradation mechanical crushing of the tobacco smoke filter element facilitated.
  • plasticizers for cellulose acetate according to the invention preferably triacetin used, but others can Plasticizers such as triethylene glycol diacetate can be used.
  • the nitrogen-containing organic Compound either soluble in acetone or so in acetone is dispersible that they are in the manufacture of the filaments also spun out and thus upstream of the spinning process Filtration is not deposited to any significant extent.
  • the additive consists of a nitrogenous one organic compound.
  • this also includes that the additive from several nitrogenous organic Compounds, i.e. from a mixture of several nitrogenous ones organic compounds can exist in the sense of the invention.
  • the invention is based on the principle that, due to the biodegradation of the nitrogenous organic compound and the resulting basic decomposition products on which Surface of the structure formed from cellulose acetate a basic (Alkaline) environment is generated, which is a partial hydrolysis of the Cellulose acetate causes (to break down nitrogenous natural products see. Hans G. Schlegel, General Microbiology, 6th, revised Edition with the collaboration of Karin Schmidt, 1985, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart - New York, pages 430 ff).
  • a filter tow in the sense of the invention is to be understood to mean a band of a large number of cellulose acetate filaments and / or cellulose acetate staple fibers (see also the definition of the term "filter tow” in, for example, German Offenlegungsschrift 41 09 603).
  • the filter tow according to the invention is preferably a band of a large number of cellulose acetate filaments, these filaments being able to be crimped, in particular crimped in the stuffer box.
  • a filament is to be understood as a practically endless fiber, and the term “spinning fiber” means a fiber of limited length (compare to these two definitions "Römpps Chemie-Lexikon", eighth, revised and extended edition, Franckh'sche Verlags Stuttgart, W. Keller & Co., Stuttgart / 1987, respectively volume 2, page 1283, and volume 5, page 3925 - with reference to DIN 60 001 T2 from December 1974).
  • the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention is preferably a cigarette filter, but it can also be a filter for cigars, cigarillos or tobacco pipes.
  • acetyl number means the proportion of bound acetic acid in cellulose acetate, expressed in% by mass (see also Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Fifth, Completely Revised Edition, Volume A 5, pages 444 and 445 - VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 1986).
  • the structures according to the invention are suitable is also suitable for use as a mass article and as a structure that subject to food law and / or the tobacco regulation.
  • those of the invention are molded from cellulose acetate Formations cheaper than the known ones, made of cellulose acetate Structures.
  • the filter tow and the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention applies that they are compared to known filter tow and known Tobacco smoke filter elements made of cellulose acetate fiber material Acceleration of the rotting speed under Show environmental influences; nevertheless, the storage of the filter tow and the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention among those of today usual conditions without the risk of microbiological degradation easily possible.
  • the invention not only accelerates the mechanical Shredding of the structures formed from cellulose acetate - by the microbiological degradation of the additive - achieved, but also an acceleration of the microbiological degradation of the Cellulose acetate itself.
  • this additive can be introduced into the aforementioned solution of cellulose acetate in acetone, after which it is spun.
  • the manufacture of the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention is essentially done by accidentally adding the filter tow, consisting of Cellulose acetate filaments and / or cellulose acetate staple fibers, with a plasticizer for cellulose acetate or an adhesive, subsequent transverse axial compression and, if necessary, wrapping this filter tow with a wrapping strip, cutting the so compressed and, if necessary, coated filter tows into individual ones Tobacco smoke filter rods and finally cutting them Tobacco smoke filter rods in individual tobacco smoke filter elements.
  • the filter tow consisting of Cellulose acetate filaments and / or cellulose acetate staple fibers
  • a plasticizer for cellulose acetate or an adhesive subsequent transverse axial compression and, if necessary, wrapping this filter tow with a wrapping strip, cutting the so compressed and, if necessary, coated filter tows into individual ones Tobacco smoke filter rods and finally cutting them Tobacco smoke filter rods in individual tobacco smoke filter elements.
  • the smoked cigarette filters have been carefully removed from tobacco residues and the various papers (cigarette paper, filter wrapping paper, Tipping) freed, weighed and individually in a fine-mesh nylon net (Polyamide net) sewn in.
  • the samples prepared in this way were introduced into the aeration tank (clarification tank) of the biological purification stage of a sewage treatment plant for a period of 20 days. After taking the samples from the clarifier, the cigarette filters were carefully washed with deionized water, dried and weighed.
  • the biological Degradability of the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters in the Clarifier of the sewage treatment plant examined.
  • a clarifier there are always enough microorganisms of the type found in the Are able to convert the nitrogen from beta-lactoglobulin in such a way that basic decomposition products arise and thus on the surface the cellulose acetate filaments creates a basic (alkaline) environment becomes.
  • a spinning solution was prepared as in the comparative example, however with the difference that previously in the acetone 1.5 mass% urea introduced and dissolved under heating at 60 ° C.
  • the degradation test was carried out on the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters in the clarifier of the sewage treatment plant.
  • the weight loss based on the amount of cellulose acetate was 10.5% on average in the case of the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters (in independent studies it was found that urea completely biodegrades under the test conditions mentioned; this was, according to the procedure in the comparative example and in Example 1, when calculating the weight loss of cellulose acetate - in addition to the correction due to the complete breakdown of the smoke and triacetin separated in the cigarette filters - again taken into account).
  • a spinning solution was prepared as in the comparative example, however with the difference that previously 1.5% by mass in the acetone Hexamethylenetetramine was introduced and dissolved.
  • filter tow were produced from cellulose acetate filaments crimped in the stuffer box, which in turn was processed into filter rods and finally into cigarette filters.
  • the filter tow had a tensile strength based on the total titer of 3.5.10 -4 da N / dtex.
  • the degradation test was carried out on the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters in the clarifier of the sewage treatment plant.
  • the weight loss in relation to the amount of cellulose acetate in the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters averaged 25% (in independent tests it was found that hexamethylenetetramine degrades completely under the test conditions mentioned; this was, in accordance with the procedure in the comparative example, in Example 1 and in example 2, when calculating the weight loss of cellulose acetate - in addition to the correction due to the complete breakdown of the smoke and triacetin separated in the cigarette filters - again taken into account).
  • a film A was made from the spinning solution according to the comparative example cast to a thickness of 0.05 mm.
  • a film B was also cast with a thickness of 0.05 mm.
  • a film C was also cast with a thickness of 0.05 mm.
  • the three foils A, B and C were used to remove any Existing residual acetone carefully with deionized water washed.
  • a modified test method for water-insoluble samples was developed based on the degradation test for water-soluble substances described in DIN 38 409 H52.
  • the microbiological degradation is determined by measuring the oxygen consumption of the microorganisms during the degradation process.
  • the oxygen consumption is determined manometrically.
  • the carbon dioxide formed by the metabolism of the microorganisms is bound by sodium hydroxide and does not affect the pressure measurement.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
  • Artificial Filaments (AREA)
  • Filtering Materials (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Cigar And Cigarette Tobacco (AREA)
  • Biological Depolymerization Polymers (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Structures formées d'acétate de cellulose, qui ont la forme de filaments, de fibres discontinues, de films, de feuilles, de plaques ou d'autres objets obtenus par moulage par injection, extrusion ou formage par soufflage et dans lesquelles un additif est présent, l'additif consistant en un composé organique azoté dont la décomposition par des micro-organismes génère des produits basiques de décomposition, en particulier de l'ammoniac et/ou des composés - basiques - qui comprennent un groupe NH ou des groupes NH et/ou un groupe NH2 ou des groupes NH2.
  2. Structures selon la revendication 1, caractérisées en ce que le composé organique azoté est de l'urée, un dérivé d'urée, une protéine, en particulier une lactoglobuline-β, un produit de condensation d'un aldéhyde avec de l'ammoniac ou une amine, ce produit de condensation étant en particulier une tétramine d'hexaméthylène ou un composé cyclique, en particulier du carbazole.
  3. Structures selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisées en ce que l'acétate de cellulose est un acétate de cellulose soluble dans l'acétone, ayant un indice d'acétyle de moins de 53%, en particulier un indice d'acétyle compris entre 50 et 52%.
  4. Utilisation des structures en forme de filaments et/ou de fibres discontinues selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 3 pour la fabrication d'étoupe blanche de filtre par réunion d'une multitude de ces filaments et/ou fibres discontinues en une étoupe blanche de filtre.
  5. Etoupe blanche de filtre, caractérisée en ce qu'elle consiste en de multiples structures ayant la forme de filaments et/ou de fibres discontinues selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 3.
  6. Utilisation de l'étoupe blanche de filtre selon la revendication 5 pour la fabrication d'un élément de filtre de tabac à fumer essentiellement par addition à cette étoupe de filtre d'un plastifiant de l'acétate de cellulose ou d'une colle, ensuite par compression perpendiculairement à l'axe et éventuellement enveloppement de cette étoupe de filtre à l'aide d'une bande d'enveloppement, par découpage de cette étoupe de filtre ainsi comprimée et éventuellement enveloppée en bâtons individuels de filtre pour tabac à fumer et finalement découpe de ces bâtons de filtre de tabac à fumer en éléments filtrants individuels de tabac à fumer.
  7. Elément filtrant de tabac à fumer, se composant d'une portion d'une étoupe de filtre en filaments d'acétate de cellulose et/ou en fibres discontinues d'acétate de cellulose qui est comprimée perpendiculairement à l'axe et durcie à l'aide d'un plastifiant de l'acétate de cellulose ou d'une colle, caractérisé en ce que l'étoupe blanche de filtre est telle que celle de la revendication 5.
  8. Elément filtrant de tabac à fumer selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que le plastifiant que contient l'acétate de cellulose est biologiquement dégradable et/ou accélère la décomposition microbiologique des filaments et fibres discontinues d'acétate de cellulose ou la colle est soluble dans l'eau et/ou biologiquement dégradable.
EP94107825A 1993-07-09 1994-05-20 Produits à base d'acétate de cellulose, leur utilisation pour la fabrication de cordons filtrants pour la fabrication de filtres à fumée de tabac ainsi que les cordons filtrants et filtres à cigarettes Expired - Lifetime EP0632970B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4322966A DE4322966C2 (de) 1993-07-09 1993-07-09 Aus Celluloseacetat geformte Gebilde und ihre Verwendung als Filtertow und Tabakrauchfilterelement
DE4322966 1993-07-09

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0632970A2 EP0632970A2 (fr) 1995-01-11
EP0632970A3 EP0632970A3 (fr) 1995-04-19
EP0632970B1 true EP0632970B1 (fr) 2000-01-12

Family

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94107825A Expired - Lifetime EP0632970B1 (fr) 1993-07-09 1994-05-20 Produits à base d'acétate de cellulose, leur utilisation pour la fabrication de cordons filtrants pour la fabrication de filtres à fumée de tabac ainsi que les cordons filtrants et filtres à cigarettes

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US5495860A (fr)
EP (1) EP0632970B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2838256B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR0144648B1 (fr)
CN (2) CN1097962A (fr)
CA (1) CA2124629C (fr)
DE (2) DE4322966C2 (fr)
EE (1) EE03200B1 (fr)
LT (1) LT3712B (fr)
RU (1) RU2082302C1 (fr)

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EP2837296A1 (fr) * 2013-08-12 2015-02-18 Solvay Acetow GmbH Matière plastique catalytiquement dégradable et son utilisation
JP7359694B2 (ja) * 2017-02-28 2023-10-11 イーストマン ケミカル カンパニー 不織布におけるセルロースアセテート繊維
CN110915121B (zh) 2017-07-31 2022-11-01 日本电产株式会社 电力转换装置、马达模块以及电动助力转向装置
CN108103604B (zh) * 2017-12-20 2019-11-12 南通大学 降解醋酸纤维的复合光敏添加剂及其制备方法和用途
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CN111227301A (zh) * 2020-01-22 2020-06-05 南通醋酸纤维有限公司 醋酸纤维滤棒及其应用
KR102785532B1 (ko) 2024-08-01 2025-03-25 김종학 생분해 및 수해리성 담배필터 및 이의 제조 방법
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH0799959A (ja) 1995-04-18
KR950002655A (ko) 1995-02-16
EP0632970A2 (fr) 1995-01-11
DE4322966C2 (de) 1995-10-26
JP2838256B2 (ja) 1998-12-16
US5495860A (en) 1996-03-05
CA2124629A1 (fr) 1995-01-10
CN1097962A (zh) 1995-02-01
KR0144648B1 (ko) 1998-07-01
EE03200B1 (et) 1999-08-16
CN1176077A (zh) 1998-03-18
DE59409066D1 (de) 2000-02-17
LTIP1995A (en) 1995-02-27
RU94026291A (ru) 1996-07-20
DE4322966A1 (de) 1995-01-12
EP0632970A3 (fr) 1995-04-19
CA2124629C (fr) 2001-04-17
LT3712B (en) 1996-02-26
RU2082302C1 (ru) 1997-06-27

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