EP0641978B1 - Procédé et appareil de réfrigération - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil de réfrigération Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0641978B1
EP0641978B1 EP94306390A EP94306390A EP0641978B1 EP 0641978 B1 EP0641978 B1 EP 0641978B1 EP 94306390 A EP94306390 A EP 94306390A EP 94306390 A EP94306390 A EP 94306390A EP 0641978 B1 EP0641978 B1 EP 0641978B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cooling mode
refrigerant
thermal storage
storage means
vapour compression
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94306390A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0641978A1 (fr
Inventor
Stephen Forbes Pearson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Star Refrigeration Ltd
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Star Refrigeration Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Star Refrigeration Ltd filed Critical Star Refrigeration Ltd
Publication of EP0641978A1 publication Critical patent/EP0641978A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0641978B1 publication Critical patent/EP0641978B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D16/00—Devices using a combination of a cooling mode associated with refrigerating machinery with a cooling mode not associated with refrigerating machinery
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—Component parts or details not otherwise provided for in this subclass
    • F25B2400/04—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means
    • F25B2400/0401—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means for compressors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—Component parts or details not otherwise provided for in this subclass
    • F25B2400/04—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means
    • F25B2400/0411—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means for expansion valves or capillary tubes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a refrigeration apparatus and refrigeration method, and in particular to refrigeration apparatus capable of operating in either a vapour compression mode or a natural cooling mode.
  • GB-B-2 233 080 describes a refrigeration apparatus which may be operated in a mechanical mode, or alternatively in a thermosyphon mode.
  • the apparatus operates in a conventional manner utilising a vapour compression cycle, with refrigerant vapour being compressed before being passed through a heat exchanger (condenser) where sensible heat is rejected to the atmosphere from the compressed refrigerant, then passing the resulting condensate through a restriction, typically an expansion valve, and finally passing the expanded and cooled refrigerant to a heat exchanger (evaporator) to absorb heat from a fluid to be chilled.
  • a heat exchanger typically an expansion valve
  • the refrigerant path may be reconfigured to bypass the compressor and the expansion valve such that the only cooling effect experienced by the refrigerant is the natural cooling obtained when the refrigerant is passed through the condenser, the evaporator being located below the condenser such that the refrigerant may circulate without the mechanical assistance normally provided by the compressor.
  • operation in the thermosyphon mode is more economical than the mechanical or vapour compression mode.
  • thermosyphon operation In a typical refrigerating unit incorporating this feature, several refrigerating systems are arranged so that the fluid to be chilled is passed through the evaporators in series. A number of the systems may cool the fluid by vapour compression operation while other systems operating with warmer inlet fluid may contribute a share of the required cooling by thermosyphon operation.
  • such units are expensive and involve high capital costs and in practice are restricted to very large units where stand-by equipment is specified. It has not yet been possible to use an individual two-mode system, as when the system changes from vapour compression refrigeration to thermosyphon refrigeration there is a period of delay while the heat rejection equipment, previously in contact with the compressed (and thus heated) refrigerant, cools to a temperature below that of the fluid being chilled.
  • US-A-5 211 029 discloses air-conditioning apparatus which includes a conventional condensing unit including a compressor and condenser, and a negative energy storage system including an insulated tank for containing negative heat energy storage material and through which refrigerant may be circulated. Both the condensing unit and the negative energy storage system may be connected to an evaporating unit to provide cooling to an associated air-conditioned space.
  • the apparatus does not provide an air-conditioning effect, refrigerant cooled by the action of the condensing unit and an expansion device being passed through the negative energy storage system to cool the material therein.
  • an air-conditioning effect is provided by circulating refrigerant through the evaporating unit and the negative energy storage system.
  • an air-conditioning effect is provided by circulating refrigerant through the evaporating unit and the condensing unit.
  • the negative energy storage system and the condensing unit combine to provide cooling of the refrigerant from the evaporating unit.
  • refrigeration apparatus capable of operating in i) vapour compression cooling mode or ii) natural cooling mode, the apparatus defining a refrigerant path comprising:
  • a refrigeration method including i) a vapour compression cooling mode or ii) a natural cooling mode, the method including the steps of:
  • the chilled fluid may be the fluid contained within a space to be cooled, for example a refrigerated compartment, but will usually be a liquid, such as water, to be utilised as a cooling medium for a region to be cooled, such as an air conditioned space, which may be remote from the refrigeration apparatus.
  • the thermal storage means i) is cooled by the chilled fluid while the apparatus operates in the vapour compression cooling mode and ii) chills the fluid on changeover to natural cooling mode.
  • operation in natural cooling mode is achieved without any mechanical circulation of the refrigerant, which, in the vapour compression cooling mode, is typically provided by the compression means.
  • the chilling means will be positioned below the heat rejection means.
  • refrigerant circulation means may be provided for use in the natural cooling mode.
  • the present invention allows changeover from compression mode to natural cooling mode without the period of delay that occurs in conventional two-mode systems as the heat rejection means cools to a temperature below that of the fluid being chilled; during this changeover period the present invention provides for chilling of the fluid by the thermal storage means.
  • the invention may operate at full capacity in the vapour compression cooling mode irrespective of cooling load, any excess capacity being utilised to cool the thermal storage means.
  • the thermal storage means On the thermal storage means reaching a condition where it cannot be cooled further, the fluid temperature will drop sharply, allowing a thermostatic switch to reconfigure the valve means to provide the natural cooling mode. The thermal storage means then begins to chill the fluid, preventing an immediate rise in temperature of the fluid and allowing time for the apparatus to adjust to natural cooling mode.
  • the thermal storage means contains a phase change material which will absorb or reject heat at a substantially constant temperature.
  • a phase change material which will absorb or reject heat at a substantially constant temperature.
  • Substances suitable for use in such means include acetic acid and lactic acid.
  • the apparatus includes ducting 10 which partially defines a refrigerant path around which refrigerant is cycled in either i) a mechanical or vapour compression cooling mode or ii) a thermosyphon or natural cooling mode.
  • vapour compression mode the refrigerant is first subject to compression by a positive displacement compressor 12, from which the high pressure refrigerant passes to heat rejection means in the form of a condenser 14, which is exposed to ambient air.
  • the refrigerant passes to restriction means in the form of an expansion valve 16, which causes a sufficient portion of the refrigerant to vaporise to reduce the temperature of the remaining liquid to that consistent with the lower pressure.
  • the expanded and cooled refrigerant is then passed to a heat exchanger in the form of a chiller 18 where the refrigerant absorbs heat from fluid to be cooled.
  • the refrigerant now in the form of low pressure vapour, returns to the compressor 12.
  • the chiller 18 forms part of a secondary cooling circuit around which a fluid, such as water, is circulated. Following chilling, the water passes through a thermal store 20 which contains a phase change material. The water then passes through a region to be cooled 22, before returning to the chiller 18, circulation of the fluid around the cooling circuit being achieved by means of a fluid pump 24.
  • a fluid such as water
  • the refrigeration circuit includes a three-way valve 26 and a two-way ball valve 28, and for operation in the vapour compression mode the valves 26, 28 are configured such that refrigerant is passed through the compressor 12 and the expansion valve 16.
  • the valves 26, 28 may be configured to bypass the compressor 12 and valve 16, such that the refrigerant is cooled solely by ambient air as it passes through the condenser 14.
  • the chiller 18 is positioned below the condenser 14 and the ducting 10 is arranged such that the refrigerant will circulate in this thermosyphon mode without mechanical assistance, thus minimising the energy consumption of the apparatus.
  • the compressor 12 While operating in vapour compression mode, the compressor 12 may operate at full capacity, irrespective of the cooling load, any excess cooling of the water being absorbed by the thermal store 20, in which the excess cooling capacity is utilised to solidify a liquid, at constant temperature.
  • the phase change material When the phase change material has completely solidified there will be a sharp decrease in the temperature of the water, which may be detected by a thermostat 30 which operates to switch the apparatus from vapour compression mode to thermosyphon mode, that is by shutting down the compressor 12 and reconfiguring the valves 26, 28 to bypass the compressor 12 and the expansion valve 16.
  • the refrigerant in the ducting 10 downstream of the compressor 12 and upstream of the expansion valve 16 will be at a higher temperature than the water and it takes some time for the refrigerant and the condenser hardware and ducting to be cooled to a level where its temperature is lower than that of the water. Also, in order for circulation of refrigerant to take place without mechanical assistance, the temperature of the refrigerant in the condenser 14 must fall below the temperature at the outlet from the chiller 18, the reverse of the situation in the vapour compression mode. During this transition period the water is chilled by the thermal store 20, as the phase change material in the store is melted by the circulating water.
  • this embodiment of the invention provides an arrangement in which refrigeration apparatus capable of operating in a thermosyphon mode may be utilised on an individual basis, and not necessarily as part of a larger system. Further, the provision of the thermal store 20 allows the system to be operated at full capacity in vapour compression mode, which is of course more efficient than operating at part capacity.
  • the present invention may be utilised in a wide variety of applications, but is particularly useful where the cooling load is to be maintained at a relatively high temperature, such as in air conditioning systems for building which chill the ceilings of rooms and corridors.
  • air conditioning is particularly suitable for thermosyphon cooling techniques as the chilled ceilings must be kept at a temperature higher than the dew point of the room air.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Appareil de réfrigération capable de fonctionner i) en mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur ou ii) en mode de refroidissement naturel, l'appareil définissant un circuit réfrigérant, comprenant:
    un moyen de compression (12) pour comprimer un réfrigérant;
    un moyen de rejet de chaleur (14) pour refroidir le réfrigérant comprimé;
    un moyen de restriction (16) pour assurer l'expansion du réfrigérant;
    un moyen de réfrigération (18) pour permettre l'absorption de chaleur par le réfrigérant à partir d'un fluide devant être réfrigéré;
    un moyen de soupape (26, 28) pouvant être configuré pour diriger sélectivement le réfrigérant de sorte à i) traverser le moyen de compression (12) et le moyen de restriction (16) ou ii) à contourner le moyen de compression (12) et le moyen de restriction (16); et
    un moyen de stockage thermique (20) destiné i) à être refroidi pendant que l'appareil fonctionne dans le mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur et ii) à assurer un effet de réfrigération du fluide au cours du passage au mode de refroidissement naturel.
  2. Appareil selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le fluide réfrigéré est un agent de refroidissement pour une région (22) devant être refroidie.
  3. Appareil selon les revendications 1 ou 2, dans lequel le moyen de stockage thermique (20) est i) agencé de sorte à être refroidi par le fluide réfrigéré pendant que l'appareil fonctionne dans le mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur et ii) agencé de sorte à assurer la réfrigération du fluide au cours du passage au mode de refroidissement naturel.
  4. Appareil selon les revendications 1, 2 ou 3, dans lequel le moyen de réfrigération (18) est agencé au-dessous du moyen de rejet de chaleur (14) pour permettre le fonctionnement dans le mode de refroidissement naturel sans aucune circulation mécanique.
  5. Appareil selon les revendications 1, 2 ou 3, dans lequel le moyen de circulation du réfrigérant est destiné à être utilisé dans le mode de refroidissement naturel.
  6. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le moyen de stockage thermique (20) est agencé de sorte que l'appareil peut fonctionner à pleine capacité dans le mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur, indépendamment de la charge de refroidissement, une quelconque capacité excédentaire étant utilisée pour refroidir le moyen de stockage thermique (20).
  7. Appareil selon la revendication 6, comprenant en outre un commutateur thermostatique (30) pour reconfigurer le moyen de soupape (26, 28), en vue du passage du mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur au mode de refroidissement naturel, le moyen de stockage thermique (20) ayant atteint un état dans lequel un refroidissement ultérieur est impossible.
  8. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le moyen de stockage thermique (20) contient un matériau de changement de phase, absorbant ou rejetant la chaleur à une température pratiquement constante.
  9. Appareil selon la revendication 8, dans lequel le matériau de changement de phase est ou bien de l'acide acétique ou bien de l'acide lactique.
  10. Procédé de réfrigération englobant i) un mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur ou ii) un mode de refroidissement naturel, le procédé englobant les étapes ci-dessous:
    fourniture d'un moyen de rejet de chaleur et utilisation dudit moyen pour rejeter la chaleur d'un réfrigérant;
    réfrigération d'un fluide avec le réfrigérant; et
    i) le procédé englobant en outre les étapes ci-dessous en cas de fonctionnement dans le mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur:
    a) compression du réfrigérant;
    b) expansion du réfrigérant; et
    c) refroidissement d'un moyen de stockage thermique; et
    ii) le procédé englobant en outre l'étape ci-dessous en cas de fonctionnement dans le mode de refroidissement naturel:
    a) établissement d'un effet de réfrigération dudit fluide par l'intermédiaire du moyen de stockage thermique, au moins au cours du passage initial du mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur au mode de refroidissement naturel.
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, dans lequel le fluide réfrigéré fournit un moyen de refroidissement pour une région devant être refroidie.
  12. Procédé selon les revendications 10 ou 11, dans lequel le moyen de stockage thermique est i) refroidi par le fluide réfrigéré dans le mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur et ii) assure le réfrigération du fluide au cours du passage au mode de refroidissement naturel.
  13. Procédé selon les revendications 10, 11 ou 12, dans lequel, dans le mode de refroidissement naturel, le réfrigérant circule sans aucune circulation mécanique.
  14. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10 à 13, dans lequel le fonctionnement dans le mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur se fait à pleine capacité, indépendamment de la charge de refroidissement, une quelconque capacité excédentaire étant utilisée pour refroidir le moyen de stockage thermique.
  15. Procédé selon la revendication 14, dans lequel le mode de fonctionnement passe i) du mode de refroidissement par compression de vapeur au ii) mode de refroidissement naturel, le moyen de stockage thermique ayant atteint un état dans lequel un refroidissement ultérieur est impossible.
  16. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10 à 15, dans lequel le moyen de stockage thermique absorbe ou rejette la chaleur à une température pratiquement constante.
EP94306390A 1993-09-04 1994-08-31 Procédé et appareil de réfrigération Expired - Lifetime EP0641978B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB939318385A GB9318385D0 (en) 1993-09-04 1993-09-04 Improvements in and relating to refrigeration method and apparatus
GB9318385 1993-09-04

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0641978A1 EP0641978A1 (fr) 1995-03-08
EP0641978B1 true EP0641978B1 (fr) 1998-01-07

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94306390A Expired - Lifetime EP0641978B1 (fr) 1993-09-04 1994-08-31 Procédé et appareil de réfrigération

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0641978B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE641978T1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0641978T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB9318385D0 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8181470B2 (en) 2008-02-15 2012-05-22 Ice Energy, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system utilizing multiple refrigerant and cooling loops with a common evaporator coil
US8505313B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2013-08-13 Ice Energy Holdings, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system with secondary refrigerant isolation

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB0314803D0 (en) 2003-06-25 2003-07-30 Star Refrigeration Improved cooling system
US7854129B2 (en) 2003-10-15 2010-12-21 Ice Energy, Inc. Refrigeration apparatus
US8234876B2 (en) 2003-10-15 2012-08-07 Ice Energy, Inc. Utility managed virtual power plant utilizing aggregated thermal energy storage
JP4864876B2 (ja) 2004-04-22 2012-02-01 アイス エナジー インコーポレーテッド 冷媒の圧力および流量を調節するための閉鎖システムならびに冷媒の圧力および流量を制御する方法
MXPA06013529A (es) 2004-05-25 2007-08-21 Ice Energy Inc Sistema de enfriamiento y almacenamiento de energia termica basado en refrigerante con capacidad mejorada de intercambio de calor.
US7421846B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2008-09-09 Ice Energy, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system with gravity fed secondary refrigerant isolation
EP2577205B1 (fr) 2010-05-27 2023-01-04 Johnson Controls Tyco IP Holdings LLP Système de refroidissement comprenant un refroidisseur à thermosiphon et une tour de refroidissement et procédé pour l'opération d'un tel système
DE102010025504A1 (de) * 2010-06-29 2011-12-29 Blz Geotechnik Gmbh Verfahren und Anordnung zur Erzeugung von Wärme und Kälte mit einer Kältemaschine
WO2015081997A1 (fr) 2013-12-04 2015-06-11 Electrolux Appliances Aktiebolag Système de réfrigération
CN115875871B (zh) * 2022-12-09 2026-01-16 三百里(北京)节能科技有限公司 一种基于虹吸原理的空调制冷供热系统及其运行方法

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8505313B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2013-08-13 Ice Energy Holdings, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system with secondary refrigerant isolation
US8707723B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2014-04-29 Ice Energy Holdings, Inc. Multiple refrigerant thermal energy storage and cooling system with secondary refrigerant isolation
US8181470B2 (en) 2008-02-15 2012-05-22 Ice Energy, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system utilizing multiple refrigerant and cooling loops with a common evaporator coil

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69407699T2 (de) 1998-08-27
DE69407699D1 (de) 1998-02-12
GB9318385D0 (en) 1993-10-20
DE641978T1 (de) 1995-10-12
EP0641978A1 (fr) 1995-03-08
DK0641978T3 (da) 1998-09-07

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