EP0676244A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Versprühen einer Flüssigkeit, insbesondere einer hochviskosen Flüssigkeit mittels mindestens eines Hilfgases - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Versprühen einer Flüssigkeit, insbesondere einer hochviskosen Flüssigkeit mittels mindestens eines Hilfgases Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0676244A1
EP0676244A1 EP95400386A EP95400386A EP0676244A1 EP 0676244 A1 EP0676244 A1 EP 0676244A1 EP 95400386 A EP95400386 A EP 95400386A EP 95400386 A EP95400386 A EP 95400386A EP 0676244 A1 EP0676244 A1 EP 0676244A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
conduits
liquid
auxiliary gas
conduit
spraying
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP95400386A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0676244B1 (de
Inventor
Yannick Pennamen
Didier Quevillon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
TotalEnergies Marketing Services SA
Original Assignee
Total Raffinage Distribution SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Total Raffinage Distribution SA filed Critical Total Raffinage Distribution SA
Publication of EP0676244A1 publication Critical patent/EP0676244A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0676244B1 publication Critical patent/EP0676244B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/02—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge
    • B05B7/04—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge
    • B05B7/0416—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid
    • B05B7/0441—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid with one inner conduit of liquid surrounded by an external conduit of gas upstream the mixing chamber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/02—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge
    • B05B7/04—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge
    • B05B7/0416—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid
    • B05B7/0441—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid with one inner conduit of liquid surrounded by an external conduit of gas upstream the mixing chamber
    • B05B7/0475—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid with one inner conduit of liquid surrounded by an external conduit of gas upstream the mixing chamber with means for deflecting the peripheral gas flow towards the central liquid flow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/02—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge
    • B05B7/04—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge
    • B05B7/0416—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid
    • B05B7/0483—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid with gas and liquid jets intersecting in the mixing chamber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/02—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge
    • B05B7/04—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge
    • B05B7/0416—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid
    • B05B7/0491—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid the liquid and the gas being mixed at least twice along the flow path of the liquid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/02—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge
    • B05B7/08—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with separate outlet orifices, e.g. to form parallel jets, i.e. the axis of the jets being parallel, to form intersecting jets, i.e. the axis of the jets converging but not necessarily intersecting at a point
    • B05B7/0892—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with separate outlet orifices, e.g. to form parallel jets, i.e. the axis of the jets being parallel, to form intersecting jets, i.e. the axis of the jets converging but not necessarily intersecting at a point the outlet orifices for jets constituted by a liquid or a mixture containing a liquid being disposed on a circle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/10—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for spraying a liquid, in particular a high viscosity liquid, using at least one auxiliary gas.
  • the method and the device according to the invention have been particularly studied for spraying fuels with a view to their combustion, but, obviously, they can be used for spraying liquids for other applications.
  • this process is characterized in that the ratio of the total mass of gas to the total liquid mass is less than 0.5.
  • the speeds of the primary and secondary gas flows are sonic at the height of the edge.
  • a simple and easy-to-implement means for obtaining a homogeneous distribution of the liquid droplets, without altering the quality of the dispersion produced by these devices with annular layer of liquid consists in placing at least one obstacle across a part of the layer of liquid, this obstacle having the effect of tearing this layer locally and creating a discontinuity therein, which modifies the trajectory of the droplets.
  • the annular spaces in which both the liquid and the auxiliary gases circulate have a minimum transverse dimension at least equal to one millimeter.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to propose a method and a device for spraying a liquid, in particular a high viscosity liquid, using at least one auxiliary gas, in which the risks of clogging of the conduits are reduced.
  • the subject of the invention is a process for spraying a liquid, in particular a high viscosity liquid, using at least one auxiliary gas, in which the liquid circulates in a plurality of first conduits each provided with a spray orifice, characterized in that the auxiliary gas is injected under pressure into the first conduit by at least two second lateral conduits opening into at least two separate locations, upstream of the spray orifice.
  • the auxiliary gas may advantageously be nitrogen, water vapor, air or a combustible gas.
  • the invention also relates to a device for spraying a liquid, in particular a high viscosity liquid, using at least one auxiliary gas under pressure, this device comprising a plurality of first conduits, supplied with liquid to be sprayed, these conduits each comprising a spray orifice, this device being characterized in that each first conduit is associated with at least two second conduits connected to a source of auxiliary gas under pressure, these two second conduits opening laterally into the first leads into two separate locations.
  • the second conduits may converge on the same point on the axis of each first conduit or be connected to the latter at offset locations.
  • the axes of the two second conduits will make with the axis of the first conduit equal angles, between 0 and 90 °.
  • the first and second conduits will have a transverse dimension preferably at least equal to 1 mm.
  • the device according to the invention will advantageously include a head comprising a plurality of first conduits, the spraying orifices of which are regularly distributed over the head of the device according to a circular crown or according to two coaxial circular crowns.
  • the various first conduits of the device will be supplied with liquid to be sprayed from a single first supply line, while the various second conduits will be supplied with pressurized gas from a single second supply line , for example with annular section and concentric with the first pipe.
  • a single second supply line for example with annular section and concentric with the first pipe.
  • the device shown comprises a spray head 1, made integral with a cylindrical pipe 2 by a collar 3, screwed onto the pipe 2.
  • a pipe 4 for supplying liquid at high viscosity to be sprayed, while the pressurized auxiliary gas used for spraying circulates in the space 5 separating the pipes 2 and 4.
  • the head 1 has been shown made in one piece. It is obvious that, for machining reasons, it must be in several pieces. This machining is naturally within the reach of those skilled in the art.
  • conduits 10 communicate at their other end, via a toric chamber 10 ′, with conduits 11, inclined relative to the axis of the head and opening out of the latter according to orifices 12 for spraying the liquid supplying these conduits 11.
  • conduits 11 and 14 open laterally, supplied with auxiliary gas from the conduits 9.
  • the conduits 13 communicate with the conduits 9, via an O-ring chamber 9 ' while the conduits 14 are connected to an axial conduit 15, communicating by conduits 16, inclined relative to the axis, with the conduits 9.
  • the liquid therefore borrows successively the tube 4, the conduits 10 and the conduits 11, while the auxiliary gas circulates successively in the annular space 5, the conduits 7 and 9, then through the conduits 13 or through the conduits 16, 15 and 14.
  • the conduits 13 and 14 will form with the conduit 11 angles ⁇ Malawi and ⁇ 2 between 0 and 90 °.
  • the angles ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 may be equal and of the order of 45 °.
  • Conduits 13 and 14 can converge in direction of the same point on the axis of the conduit 11 or, as shown, connect to the latter in offset locations.
  • FIGs 4 and 5 illustrate another embodiment of the device according to the invention.
  • the members already described are designated by the same reference numbers as in Figures 1 to 3.
  • the spray orifices of the conduits 11 are not distributed regularly in a single circular ring on the head of the device, but in two coaxial rings, the orifices 12, four in number in the case of the device shown, being offset angularly 45 ° relative to the orifices 12 '.
  • the orifices 12 ' are associated with conduits 11', 13 'and 14', arranged in a similar manner to the conduits 11, 13 and 14 and which have the same function.
  • the diameters and dimensions of the conduits 11, 13 and 14 can be different from those of their counterparts 11 ', 13' and 14 ', as can the angles formed by the axes of the injection orifices with the axis of the device.
  • test conditions are as follows:
  • the average JUMP diameter of the droplets leaving the device is 35 microns, 90% of the droplets having a diameter of less than 120 microns and 99% of them having a diameter less than 290 microns.
  • test conditions are as follows:
  • the average diameter of the droplets leaving the device is again 35 microns, 90% of the droplets having a diameter less than 120 microns and 99% of them having a diameter less than 290 microns.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
  • Nozzles For Spraying Of Liquid Fuel (AREA)
EP95400386A 1994-03-11 1995-02-23 Vorrichtung zum Versprühen einer Flüssigkeit, insbesondere einer hochviskosen Flüssigkeit mittels mindestens eines Hilfgases Expired - Lifetime EP0676244B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9402825 1994-03-11
FR9402825A FR2717106B1 (fr) 1994-03-11 1994-03-11 Procédé et dispositif de pulvérisation d'un liquide, notamment d'un liquide à haute viscosité, à l'aide d'au moins un gaz auxiliaire.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0676244A1 true EP0676244A1 (de) 1995-10-11
EP0676244B1 EP0676244B1 (de) 1998-09-30

Family

ID=9460923

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95400386A Expired - Lifetime EP0676244B1 (de) 1994-03-11 1995-02-23 Vorrichtung zum Versprühen einer Flüssigkeit, insbesondere einer hochviskosen Flüssigkeit mittels mindestens eines Hilfgases

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US5810252A (de)
EP (1) EP0676244B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH08103698A (de)
KR (1) KR100367149B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1056102C (de)
AT (1) ATE171652T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2144349C (de)
DE (1) DE69505035T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2123920T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2717106B1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA951973B (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0781961A1 (de) * 1995-12-27 1997-07-02 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Vorrichtung zur Zerstäubung eines flüssigen Brennstoffes mit einem Zerstäubungsgas
GB2316022B (en) * 1996-02-16 2000-12-20 Fujisaki Electric Co Ltd Spraying nozzle and method for ejecting liquid as fine particles
WO2009019481A1 (en) * 2007-08-07 2009-02-12 Elopak Systems Ag Improvements relating to mixing nozzles
WO2013093289A2 (fr) 2011-12-21 2013-06-27 L'air Liquide,Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Dispositif et procédé de pulvérisation de liquide combustible
WO2016055115A1 (de) * 2014-10-09 2016-04-14 Spraying Systems Deutschland Gmbh Zerstäuberdüse

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GB9712400D0 (en) * 1997-06-16 1997-08-13 Trikon Equip Ltd Shower head
EP1201317B1 (de) * 2000-10-24 2008-05-14 L'oreal Spritzvorrichtung mit mindestens zwei Trägergasauslässen
FR2830778B1 (fr) * 2001-10-11 2004-07-09 Oreal Dispositif de pulverisation d'au moins un produit sur un support, notamment un support keratinique tel que la peau
FR2818101B1 (fr) * 2000-12-15 2003-09-26 Oreal Dispositif pour la pulverisation d'un produit cosmetique
US6761109B2 (en) * 2001-03-28 2004-07-13 The Boc Group, Inc. Apparatus and method for mixing a gas and a liquid
US6969012B2 (en) 2002-01-24 2005-11-29 Kangas Martti Y O Low pressure atomizer for difficult to disperse solutions
US7008658B2 (en) * 2002-05-29 2006-03-07 The Boc Group, Inc. Apparatus and method for providing treatment to a continuous supply of food product by impingement
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CA2556673C (en) * 2004-02-26 2013-02-05 Pursuit Dynamics Plc Method and apparatus for generating a mist
CA2556649C (en) * 2004-02-26 2012-07-10 Pursuit Dynamics Plc Improvements in or relating to a method and apparatus for generating a mist
US20080103217A1 (en) 2006-10-31 2008-05-01 Hari Babu Sunkara Polyether ester elastomer composition
US8419378B2 (en) * 2004-07-29 2013-04-16 Pursuit Dynamics Plc Jet pump
US20100129888A1 (en) * 2004-07-29 2010-05-27 Jens Havn Thorup Liquefaction of starch-based biomass
US9149433B2 (en) * 2004-11-30 2015-10-06 Basf Corporation Method for formation of micro-prilled polymers
US7575182B2 (en) * 2006-05-18 2009-08-18 R.P. Scherer Technologies, Inc. Nozzle structure
GB0618196D0 (en) 2006-09-15 2006-10-25 Pursuit Dynamics Plc An improved mist generating apparatus and method
RU2350840C2 (ru) * 2007-02-26 2009-03-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Научно-техническая фирма "ЭНЕРГОМАШ-инжиниринг" Паромеханическая форсунка полиградова б.г.
ES2372890T3 (es) * 2007-05-02 2012-01-27 Pursuit Dynamics Plc. Licuefacción de biomasa basada en almidón.
GB0710663D0 (en) * 2007-06-04 2007-07-11 Pursuit Dynamics Plc An improved mist generating apparatus and method
US7966820B2 (en) * 2007-08-15 2011-06-28 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for combusting fuel within a gas turbine engine
NZ566751A (en) * 2008-03-18 2008-10-31 Mdf Tech Ltd Atomising injection nozzle
GB0810155D0 (en) * 2008-06-04 2008-07-09 Pursuit Dynamics Plc An improved mist generating apparatus and method
EP2236919A1 (de) * 2009-03-17 2010-10-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Brenner und Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Brenners, insbesondere für eine Gasturbine
FR2945461B1 (fr) * 2009-05-13 2012-10-05 Sames Technologies Projecteur et organe de pulverisation de produit de revetement et procede de projection mettant en oeuvre un tel projecteur.
WO2011080754A2 (en) * 2009-12-29 2011-07-07 Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. A feed nozzle assembly
CN101884962B (zh) * 2010-07-09 2013-05-08 中冶京诚工程技术有限公司 不堵塞、无气阻的锥面气雾喷嘴及锥面气雾形成方法
CN101982244B (zh) * 2010-10-22 2013-06-19 合肥辰泰安全设备有限责任公司 一种双流体雾化喷头
CN107199136B (zh) * 2016-03-17 2019-03-22 松下知识产权经营株式会社 喷雾装置
US10857507B2 (en) 2016-03-23 2020-12-08 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Apparatus for dispersing particles in a liquid
US9950328B2 (en) * 2016-03-23 2018-04-24 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Apparatus for dispersing particles in a fluid
US10478840B2 (en) * 2017-06-28 2019-11-19 Indian Oil Corporation Limited Apparatus and method for converting liquid stream into fine droplets
US11117007B2 (en) * 2017-11-10 2021-09-14 Carrier Corporation Noise reducing fire suppression nozzles
US10888885B2 (en) * 2018-11-15 2021-01-12 Caterpillar Inc. Reductant nozzle with swirling spray pattern
US10894237B2 (en) * 2018-11-15 2021-01-19 Caterpillar Inc. Reductant nozzle with concave impinging surface
CN110000021B (zh) * 2019-05-20 2023-12-26 中国石油大学(华东) 一种二级旋混柔性喷嘴
CN111097611B (zh) * 2020-02-27 2025-03-04 佛山市南海科日超声电子有限公司 一种水气混合雾化喷头及雾化装置
GB202103194D0 (en) 2020-06-23 2021-04-21 Micromass Ltd Nebuliser outlet
CN114688524A (zh) * 2020-12-31 2022-07-01 大连理工大学 一种具有凸台的波浪型预膜式气体辅助雾化喷嘴
GB202105676D0 (en) * 2021-04-21 2021-06-02 Micromass Ltd Nebuliser outlet

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DE9111224U1 (de) * 1991-09-10 1993-01-21 Siemens AG, 8000 München Dampfbetriebene Zerstäuberdüse, insbesondere für zähflüssige Suspensionen und Lösungen

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US3567116A (en) * 1968-12-18 1971-03-02 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Atomizing method and apparatus
GB2135905A (en) * 1983-02-28 1984-09-12 Babcock Prod Eng Furnace burner head
US4562966A (en) * 1983-07-29 1986-01-07 Canadian Patents And Development Limited/Societe Canadienne Des Brevets Et D'exploitation Limitee Atomizer
US4893752A (en) * 1987-05-06 1990-01-16 Turbotak Inc. Spray nozzle design
US4846402A (en) * 1988-02-03 1989-07-11 Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, Inc. Spray nozzle and method of preventing solids build-up thereon
DE9111224U1 (de) * 1991-09-10 1993-01-21 Siemens AG, 8000 München Dampfbetriebene Zerstäuberdüse, insbesondere für zähflüssige Suspensionen und Lösungen

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0781961A1 (de) * 1995-12-27 1997-07-02 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Vorrichtung zur Zerstäubung eines flüssigen Brennstoffes mit einem Zerstäubungsgas
FR2743012A1 (fr) * 1995-12-27 1997-07-04 Air Liquide Dispositif de pulverisation d'un combustible liquide par un gaz de pulverisation
US5829683A (en) * 1995-12-27 1998-11-03 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes George Claude Device for atomizing a liquid fuel using an atomizing gas
GB2316022B (en) * 1996-02-16 2000-12-20 Fujisaki Electric Co Ltd Spraying nozzle and method for ejecting liquid as fine particles
WO2009019481A1 (en) * 2007-08-07 2009-02-12 Elopak Systems Ag Improvements relating to mixing nozzles
WO2013093289A2 (fr) 2011-12-21 2013-06-27 L'air Liquide,Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Dispositif et procédé de pulvérisation de liquide combustible
WO2016055115A1 (de) * 2014-10-09 2016-04-14 Spraying Systems Deutschland Gmbh Zerstäuberdüse

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE171652T1 (de) 1998-10-15
KR100367149B1 (ko) 2003-02-19
JPH08103698A (ja) 1996-04-23
EP0676244B1 (de) 1998-09-30
KR950031242A (ko) 1995-12-18
FR2717106B1 (fr) 1996-05-31
ES2123920T3 (es) 1999-01-16
FR2717106A1 (fr) 1995-09-15
CN1133206A (zh) 1996-10-16
CA2144349A1 (fr) 1995-09-12
CA2144349C (fr) 2008-10-14
DE69505035T2 (de) 1999-04-08
ZA951973B (en) 1995-12-11
US5810252A (en) 1998-09-22
DE69505035D1 (de) 1998-11-05
CN1056102C (zh) 2000-09-06

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