Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS OR COOKING OILS
  • A23D9/00—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings or cooking oils
  • A23D9/02—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings or cooking oils characterised by the production or working-up
  • A23D9/04—Working-up
  • A23D9/05—Forming free-flowing pieces
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS OR COOKING OILS
  • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
  • A23D7/02—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines characterised by the production or working-up
  • A23D7/04—Working-up
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
  • B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
  • B65D85/70—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for materials not otherwise provided for
  • B65D85/72—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for materials not otherwise provided for for edible or potable liquids, semiliquids, or plastic or pasty materials
  • B65D85/74—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for materials not otherwise provided for for edible or potable liquids, semiliquids, or plastic or pasty materials for butter, margarine, or lard

Definitions

• the invention relates to a fat product, particularly bakery margarines and fats and the like, especially for lamination purposes, in the form of sheets or blocks.
• bakery fat products are used for the preparation of baked goods such as puff pastry, croissants, Danish pastry, short bread, cookies etc.
• Such fat products commonly comprise a continuous fat phase. They may also contain an aqueous phase which is then usually a dispersed aqueous phase.
• bakery fats and margarines intended for lamination purposes e.g. for making puff pastry, croissants or Danish pastry are very plastic, they must be able to form very thin layers in the pastry dough.
• Bakery margarines and fats and the like typically contain flavours and thereby contribute to the taste of the baked product.
• Such products are designed to include predominantly higher melting triglyceride crystals dispersed in a liquid oil phase. Like usual household margarines and spreads, they may contain ⁇ -carotene which imparts a yellowish colour to the product. Furthermore they may contain appropriate emulsifiers, salts, flavours, proteins etc.
• Typical properties of bakery fat products are
• the typical properties are:
• the lamination fat product is usually incorporated according to one of 3 methods, the French, the German and the Dutch or Scottish method. These methods are well known. According to the German method, the pre-dough is folded around the lamination fat product, while in the French method the lamination fat product is folded around the pre-dough. Then depending on the method employed, a number of "turns" is applied to the dough. In the Dutch or Scottish method the lamination fat product is cut into pieces having approximately the size of a walnut, and these pieces are worked together with the other dough ingredients in a kneading machine to form a dough. During this kneading the pieces of lamination fat product should remain intact. Then 4 double turns are applied.
• bakery fat products are supplied to artisanal and industrial bakers in pre-shaped form. In this, care must be taken that parts or pieces of bakery fat product do not stick together and thereby become inconvenient to handle and/or loose their integrity.
• the art has shown the following developments.
• lamination fats are extruded to form a strand which are cut to obtain pieces of lamination fat product.
• an oil liquid at ambient temperature and having at 20 °C a dilatation value of less than 200 mm3 per 25 g fat is applied in a layer of 0.25-2 mm.
• the cross-section of the strand can have the shape of a square.
• the liquid oil can be a glyceride ester of C4-C10 fatty acids.
• esters can be produced for example from coconut oil by hydrolysing and distilling the fatty acids.
• the top fraction contains fatty acids with a chainlength of less than C12, which can be esterified with glycerol.
• the oil may contain or consist of mono/diglycerides.
• the use of such coating oils can be disadvantageous because their chemical and physical properties may not match with those of the bakery fat products and in the subsequent incorporation in dough they can for example have a negative impact on the taste or the consistency of the product. They can also adversely affect the dough making and baking operation. Applying such liquid oil consumes time and material. Furthermore, the obtained product is not suitable for use in the German and French baking methods described above.
• GB 1 170 081 discloses plastic bakery fat in the form of small sticks which are provided with a coating of hard fat particles and which are packed in a container. According to GB 1 170 081 the sticks are provided with an edible non-sticky coating.
• the same disadvantages apply as with the use of liquid oil as separation material.
• the invention provides a fat product in the form of sheets or blocks wherein at least 2 sheets or blocks are positioned horizontally on top of each other and these sheets or blocks are together packed in a single enclosure, wherein optionally on the upper contact surface of the sheets or blocks an edible separation material is present in an amount of t g/cm2 and wherein the maximum pressure that is exerted on the upper contact surface of the lowermost sheet or block p expressed in g/cm2 is less than 0.018 x C (T) -value (g/cm 2 ) - 8 (g/cm 2 ) + 600 x t (g/cm 2 ) wherein the C (T) -value indicates the hardness of the product as measured in conventional manner at temperature T, wherein T indicates the maximum temperature during
• the manufacturing and handling of the fat product is preferably carried out such that the maximum temperature T of the product during packing, storage and transportation does not substantially exceed the usage temperature of the product, which usually is the temperature in the bakery.
• the basic idea of the invention is that in the design of the fat product comprising the plurality of sheets or blocks, the maximum allowed pressure is according to the above expression.
• the relationship between the C-value at the maximum temperature T that may be reached during packing, storage and transport, the amount of separation material applied, if any, and the maximum pressure is important. With a higher amount of separation material or a higher C-value at temperature T, a higher pressure can be tolerated. For the same dimensions and density, then a higher number of sheets or blocks may be put on top of each other.
• separation material preferably material is used that according to legal standards may be applied in bakery fats or margarines or such like products. Specifically it is preferred to employ materials that are commonly used in such fat products, in particular glycerides, e.g. substantially fully hardened palm, rape or soya oil, mono- and/or diglycerides, particularly glycerolmonostearate and -palmitate, and mixtures of 2 or more of such materials.
• the separation material has a slip melting point of at least 40 °C, especially at least 50 °C.
• the fatty acid residues contained in the separation material preferably consist for at least 60 %, more preferably at least 80 %, especially at least 90 % of fatty acid residues having a chainlength of at least 16 carbon atoms, preferably 16-18 carbon atoms. It is further preferred that the content of saturated fatty acids residues of the fatty acid residues of the separation material is at least 70 %, more preferably at least 90 %.
• Particularly preferred separation material is glyceride fat that crystallises relatively fast and that forms ⁇ -crystals. The glyceride fat is preferably applied to a surface of the sheets or blocks in the form of small particles.
• the particle size D3,3 of the separation material is less than 1000 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 500 ⁇ m, especially less than 300 ⁇ m.
• the D3,3 value indicates the average particle size of the separation material calculated with weighing factors according to volume. See M Alderliesten, Part. Part. Syst. Caract. 7 (1990), 233.
• an edible separation material is applied, preferably it is applied in an amount of at least 30 g/m2, more preferably in an amount of 50 - 500 g/m2.
• the invention is particularly valuable for fat products in the form of sheets.
• the length and width of the sheets are 240-450 mm, more preferably 270-400 mm.
• the height of each sheet preferably is 10-30 mm, more preferably 16-25 mm.
• the weight of the individual sheets is preferably 1.5-3 kg, more preferably 1.8-2.5 kg. It is particularly preferred to pack at least 3 sheets, especially 4-12 sheets together in an enclosure. Most preferred is to pack 4-6 sheets together in a single enclosure. If no separation material is applied, especially for lamination fat products, the maximum number of sheets stacked on top of each other is preferably 10. If separation material is used, a higher number of sheets can normally be placed on each other, but preferably this number should not exceed 120 sheets.
• the solid fat content of the fat of the fat product at the temperature T is preferably at least 24, more preferably at least 30, especially 33-55.
• T indicates the maximum temperature during packing, storage and transportation.
• N (T) is preferably at least 27, more preferably at least 32, especially 34-55.
• the N (T) value can be measured as described in Fette, Seifen, Anstrichstoff, 80(5) , (1978), 180-186.
• C- and N- values depend on the temperature. Both should be measured at the maximum temperature that the product reaches during the period between packing by the manufacturer and unpacking by the customer.
• the enclosure in which the sheets or blocks are packed together preferably is a wrapper.
• the sheets or blocks stacked horizontally on top of each other can be packed together for example in a bag, for the customer, unpacking is easier, if packing is done in a wrapper.
• the permeability of the packing material employed for oxygen and water vapour is suitably chosen in dependence of the fat product for which it is to be used. The requirements fluctuate strongly with the sensitivity, keepability, quality and storage and transport conditions of the fat product.
• the oxygen permeability of the packing material at 23 °C and 85 % relative humidity is less than 2000 ml/m2.day.bar, in special cases less than about 1 ml/m2.day.bar.
• the water vapour permeability at 23 °C preferably is less than 2 g/m2.day.
• packaging material for example special papers or laminates can be used.
• laminates of paper/HDPE e.g. overlacquer + print / paper (50 g/m2) / glue / HDPE (25 g/m2)
• aluminium / paper / PE e.g. overlacquer + print / aluminium (18 g/m2) / glue / paper (50 g/m2) / PE (20 g/m2)
• the salt content should not exceed 1 %.
• the migration limits of packaging material according to EG guideline 90/297 EWG of 10.04.1992 should be observed.
• the size / dimension of the wrapper foil is chosen in dependence of the dimension of the sheet or blocks of fat product stacked on top of each other, to be packed together.
• each of size 380 x 285 x 20 mm suitably a wrapper size of 820 x 540 mm is employed.
• a secondary packaging especially a cardboard outer is applied.
• the stability of the outer should ensure that the maximum pressure exerted on the upper surface of the lowermost sheet or block is not exceeded.
• the outers can be chosen of such design and strength that, even if 5 or 10 of these outers, each comprising a composite fat product, are stacked on top of each other, the pressure that works on the upper surface of the lowest sheet or block, even in the outers at the bottom of the pile is substantially only the pressure generated by the other sheet(s) or block(s) in the same composite fat product.
• the dimensions of the secondary packaging are chosen in relation to the dimensions of the primary pack of composite fat product and depending on whether one or more of these packs are to be put in the secondary pack.
• the secondary pack should fit more or less tightly around the primary pack or packs, but without exerting significant pressure on it.
• the required stability of the secondary packaging depends on the number of secondary packs to be put on top of each other during the logistic operations.
• the outers For a Euro pallet on which 10 layers of 6 outers of 10.6 kg gross weight each, are transported in interlocking stacking, the outers should have a compression strength of at least about 3300 g/cm2, preferably at least about 4500 g/cm2. Preferably under such pressure substantially no deformation of the outers should occur.
• the primary packaging (wrapper) and the secondary packaging (cardboard outer) should meet certain standards regarding microbiological quality, in particular to achieve a sufficiently good keepability.
• the total plate count should be less than 6 per 100 cm2, moulds less than 2 per 100 cm2.
• Other relevant factors to consider are sticking of fat product to the wrapper, tendency to delaminate (in case of laminate wrappers), printability, safety etc.
• Such considerations are taken into account in the choice of material to be used as primary or secondary packaging for use according to the invention.
• a storage test is done e.g. with 5 horizontally stacked sheets of fat product packed together in a single wrapper, e.g. for 15 weeks at a temperature of 18-20 °C, while monitoring all relevant product properties weekly or biweekly during the storage period.
• the advantages of the invention are easily recognisable:
• the amount of primary packaging material can be drastically reduced. This not only means a reduction of the material employed, but also a reduction of labour, both for the manufacturer and for the customer, and the burden on the environment is reduced.
• the invention solves a number of problems in a surprisingly elegant manner. Separation material need not be used, or if it is used, the minimum amount effective to achieve the desired result can easily be assessed for different products.
• a lamination fat product in the form of sheets each with dimensions of 380 mm x 285 mm x 20 mm was used.
• the weight per sheet was 2 kg.
• the C-value of the product at 20 °C was 1400 g/cm2.
• the fat content was 80.2 %.
• the N20 value was 41.
• As wrapper material a laminate of paper and HDPE (high density polyethylene) with dimensions 820 mm x 540 mm was used.
• the precise composition of the laminate was overlacquer + print / paper (50 g/m2) / glue / HDPE (25 g/m2).
• saturated monoglyceride Hydrophilic acid
• the wrapper used was the same as in Example 1.
• the maximum allowable pressure on the upper surface of the lowermost sheet is 18 g/cm2.
• Five sheets of the margarine are stacked on top of each other, the side with the separation material applied to it being used as the upper side, and this stack was wrapped in the wrapper.
• the composite fat product thus obtained was placed in a cardboard outer and the outers thus obtained were then palletised as described in Example 1.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Food Science & Technology (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Bakery Products And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)

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• 1995
  • 1995-09-22 EP EP95202557A patent/EP0705540A3/de not_active Ceased

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