EP0725871B1 - Metallfaser mit optimierter geometrie zur verstärkung von zementmaterialien - Google Patents

Metallfaser mit optimierter geometrie zur verstärkung von zementmaterialien Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0725871B1
EP0725871B1 EP95915725A EP95915725A EP0725871B1 EP 0725871 B1 EP0725871 B1 EP 0725871B1 EP 95915725 A EP95915725 A EP 95915725A EP 95915725 A EP95915725 A EP 95915725A EP 0725871 B1 EP0725871 B1 EP 0725871B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fiber
metal
based material
mpa
sinusoid
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP95915725A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0725871A1 (de
Inventor
Nemkumar Banthia
Madhavaro Krishnadev
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Universite Laval
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Universite Laval
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
    • E04C5/012—Discrete reinforcing elements, e.g. fibres
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to improvements in the field of fiber reinforced cement-based materials. More particularly, the invention relates to a metal fiber having an optimized geometry for reinforcing cement-based materials and the cement-based materials reinforced with these fibers.
  • All cement-based materials are weak in tension. In addition, these materials have a very low strain capacity which places them in a brittle category with other brittle materials such as glass and ceramics. It is well known that concrete and other portland cement-based materials may be reinforced with short, randomly distributed fibers of steel to improve upon their mechanical properties. It is also known that for any improvement in the tensile strength, fiber volume fraction has to exceed a certain critical value.
  • fibers form stress transfer bridges and hold matrix cracks together such that a further crack opening or propagation causes the fibers to undergo pull-out from the matrix.
  • Pull-out processes being energy intensive, steel fiber reinforced concrete exhibits a stable load-deflection behavior in the region beyond matrix-cracking which places these materials in a category of pseudo-plastic or tough materials such as steel and polymers.
  • a plain unreinforced matrix fails in a brittle manner at the occurrence of cracking stresses
  • the ductile fibers in fiber reinforced concrete continue to carry stresses beyond matrix cracking which helps maintaining structural integrity and cohesiveness in the material.
  • fibers undergo pull-out processes and the frictional work needed for pull-out leads to a significantly improved energy absorption capability. Therefore, fiber reinforced concrete exhibits better performance not only under static and quasi-statically applied loads but also under fatigue, impact and impulsive loadings. This energy absorption attribute of fiber reinforced concrete is often termed "toughness".
  • Concrete is a strain-softening, micro-cracking material.
  • fiber bridging action sets in even prior to the occurrence of the perceived matrix macro-cracking.
  • the critical fiber volume fraction or the magnitude of strength improvement at a certain fiber volume fraction therefore, depends upon the geometry of the fiber. Also dependent upon the geometry is the pull-out resistance of an individual fiber from the cementitious matrix around it, which in turn, governs the shape of the load-deflection plot beyond matrix cracking and the achievable improvement in composite toughness.
  • the property of interest is the overall composite toughness.
  • the composite toughness although dependent on the pull-out resistance of fibers, cannot quantitatively be derived from the results of an ideal fiber pull-out test where the fiber is aligned with respect to the load direction, since in a real composite, once the brittle cementitious matrix cracks, the fibers are not only embedded to various depths on both sides of the matrix but also inclined at various angles with respect to the loading direction. Further, fibers pulling out as a bundle have a very different performance as compared to a single fiber owing primarily to fiber-fiber interaction.
  • a metal fiber for reinforcing cement-based materials which comprises an elongated, substantially straight central portion and sinusoid shaped end portions.
  • Equation (1) both the ultimate tensile strength and the ductility of the fiber material as well as the compressive strength of the cement-based material are important factors in defining the optimum amplitude.
  • the equation also takes into account the cross-sectional area and perimeter of the fiber. It is therefore possible to tailor the fiber geometry according to the properties of the fiber and matrix materials chosen, and ultimately to the composite toughness desired in an actual structure.
  • k 1 ( ⁇ c ) k 2 in equation (1) ranges from about 6 x 10 -2 to about 7.5 x 10 -2 .
  • a preferred value of k 1 ( ⁇ c ) k 2 which provides an optimum amplitude A o,opt in the concrete compressive strength range of 30-60 MPa is about 7 x 10 -2 .
  • the angle ⁇ preferably ranges from about 12° to about 15°. Such a small end angle ⁇ prevents the fibers from undergoing balling so that there is no problem with mixing.
  • the fibers of the invention which have sinusoids only at the end portions as opposed to those that have sinusoids along their entire length, such as in the case of US Patent N° 4,585,487, provide better reinforcing.
  • those with deformations over the entire length transmit the entire pull-out force immediately back to the matrix through anchorage.
  • the stresses are slowly transferred from the crack face to the interior of the matrix with the major transfer of forces taking place only at the extremities.
  • Such a gradual transfer of stresses averts a possible crushing and splitting of the matrix at the crack face which is commonly observed in fibers deformed all along the length.
  • a particularly preferred metal fiber according to the invention has a uniform rectangular cross-section with a thickness of about 0.4 mm and a width of about 0.8 mm, a length L f of about 50 mm and a length L m of about 25 mm.
  • the wavelenth L s of the sinusoid at each end portion of the fiber is about 12.5 mm.
  • Fiber reinforced concrete incorporating the fibers of the invention can be used in slabs on grade, shotcrete, architectural concrete, precast products, offshore structures, structures in seismic regions, thin and thick repairs, crash barriers, footings, hydraulic structures and many other applications.
  • the steel fiber illustrated which is generally designated by reference numeral 10 comprises an elongated, substantially straight central portion 12 with sinusoid shaped end portions 14 and 14'.
  • Also illustrated in Fig. 1 are the length L f of the fiber 10, the length L m of the central portion 12 and the length L s of the end portions 14,14', as well as the end angle ⁇ .
  • the length L f of the fiber 10 may vary from about 25 to about 60 mm.
  • the fiber geometry is optimized by giving to the sinusoid an optimum amplitude A o,opt as defined in equation (1).
  • the fiber 10 has a uniform rectangular cross-section. Such a fiber may also have a circular cross-section.
  • Fibers with optimized geometry at a dosage rate of 40 kg/m 3 were used in reinforcing concrete matrices having an unreinforced compressive strength of 40 MPa. Beams made from the fiber-reinforced concrete were tested in third point flexure, along with their unreinforced companions. The beam displacements were measured using a yoke around the specimen such that the spurious component of the load point displacement due to the settlement of supports was automatically eliminated. The resulting load deflections plots are set forth in Fig. 2, where the toughness of concrete reinforced with the fibers of the invention (F1) is compared with that of concrete reinforced with conventional fibers (F2 to F5).
  • the conventional fibers investigated for comparative purpose were the following: Fiber Designation Geometry Cross-Section Shape Length (mm) Size (mm) Tensile Strength (MPA) Weight (g.) Number per kg F2 Hooked-end Circular 60 0.8 diam. 1115 0.263 3800 F3 Twin-cone Circular 62 1.0 diam. 1198 0.403 2480 F4 Crimped Circular 60 1.0 diam. 1037 0.420 2380 F5 Crimped Crescent 52 2.3 x 0.55 1050 0.393 2540
  • E c is the elastic modulus of concrete as per ASTM C-469.
  • the JSCE SF-4 technique takes the total area (elastic and plastic) under the curve up to a deflection of span/150 and converts into an equivalent post-crack strength.
  • the fibers of the inventions even at a low dosage of 40 kg/m 3 lead to strengthening in the system as evident from the increase in the load carrying capacity over the plain, unreinforced matrix. Also, after the matrix cracking, the composite is capable of carrying approximately the same level of stresses as when at matrix cracking and as such very high toughness is derived. The composite behaves almost in an elasto-plastic manner.
  • the fiber with optimized geometry according to the invention behaves superior to existing commercial fibers and provides higher flexural toughness. It is believed that the fiber geometry fully utilizes the potential of steel and that of the cement matrix to produce an optimized composite.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
  • Inorganic Fibers (AREA)
  • Artificial Filaments (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)

Claims (28)

  1. Metallfaser (10) zum Verstärken eines Materials auf Zementbasis, welche einen länglichen, im wesentlichen geraden Mittelabschnitt (12) und sinusförmige Endabschnitte (14, 14') umfaßt, wobei die Sinusform jedes Endabschnitts (14, 14') eine optimale Amplitude Ao,opt aufweist, welche definiert ist durch: Ao,opt = [k1(σc)k2 ][σu αεf β][Af / Pf] wobei
    k1
    = 2,025 × 10-2,
    σc
    = Druckfestigkeit des Materials auf Zementbasis in MPa,
    k2
    = 3,19 × 10-1,
    σu
    = Zerreißfestigkeit des Metalls in MPa,
    α
    = 6,60 × 10-1,
    εf
    = Streckbarkeit des Metalls in Prozent, und
    β
    = 3,20 × 10-1,
    Af
    = Querschnittsfläche der Faser in mm2, und
    Pf
    = Umfang der Faser in mm,
    wobei die Sinusform ferner eine Wellenlänge Ls aufweist, welche definiert ist durch: Ls = (Lf - Lm)/2 wobei
    Lf
    = Länge der Faser,
    Lm
    = Länge des Mittelabschnitts,
    und wobei 0,5 Lf < Lm < 0,75 Lf.
  2. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Länge Lf der Faser in einem Bereich von etwa 25 bis etwa 60 mm liegt.
  3. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Mittelabschnitt (12) und die Endabschnitte (14, 14') einen einheitlichen rechteckigen Querschnitt aufweisen.
  4. Faser nach Anspruch 3, wobei der Mittelabschnitt (12) und die Endabschnitte (14, 14') eine Dicke von etwa 0,4 mm und eine Breite von etwa 0,8 mm aufweisen, und wobei die Länge Lf des Mittelabschnitts (12) etwa 25 mm beträgt.
  5. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Mittelabschnitt (12) und die Endabschnitte (14, 14') einen einheitlichen kreisförmigen Querschnitt aufweisen.
  6. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Material auf Zementbasis eine Druckfestigkeit σc aufweist, welche in einem Bereich von etwa 30 bis etwa 60 MPa liegt, und wobei k 1(σc ) k 2 in einem Bereich von etwa 6 × 10-2 bis etwa 7,5 × 10-2 liegt.
  7. Faser nach Anspruch 6, wobei k 1(σc ) k 2 etwa 7 × 10-2 beträgt.
  8. Faser nach Anspruch 7, wobei die Querschnittsfläche Af und der Umfang Pf der Faser derart festgelegt sind, daß Af/Pf = 1,33 × 10-1 mm.
  9. Faser nach Anspruch 8, wobei das Metall Stahl ist.
  10. Faser nach Anspruch 9, wobei der Stahl vom Typ C1018 mit einer Zerreißfestigkeit σu von etwa 1030 MPa und einer Streckbarkeit εf von etwa 0,60% ist, und wobei die Sinusform eine optimale Amplitude Ao,opt von etwa 0,7 mm aufweist.
  11. Faser nach Anspruch 9, wobei der Stahl ein Martensitstahl mit einer Zerreißfestigkeit σu von etwa 1550 MPa und einer Streckbarkeit εf von etwa 1% ist, und wobei die Sinusform eine optimale Amplitude Ao,opt von etwa 1,2 mm aufweist.
  12. Faser nach Anspruch 9, wobei der Stahl ein hochfester Stahl mit niedrigem Aluminiumgehalt mit einer Zerreißfestigkeit σu von etwa 1350 MPa und einer Streckbarkeit εf von etwa 3,5% ist, und wobei die Sinusform eine optimale Amplitude Ao,opt von etwa 1,5 mm aufweist.
  13. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Endabschnitte (14, 14') jeweils einen Endwinkel  von unter 20° aufweisen, wobei der Winkel  definiert ist durch:  = tan-1 4(Ao,opt)Ls .
  14. Faser nach Anspruch 13, wobei der Winkel  in einem Bereich von etwa 12° bis etwa 15° liegt.
  15. Metalltaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis, welches ein Material auf Zementbasis mit einer Beimischung von Metallfasern (10) umfaßt, wobei die Metallfasern (10) jeweils einen länglichen, im wesentlichen geraden Mittelabschnitt (12) und sinusförmige Endabschnitte (14, 14') aufweisen, wobei die Sinusform jedes Endabschnitts (14, 14') eine optimale Amplitude Ao,opt aufweist, welche definiert ist durch: Ao,opt = [k1(σc)k2 ][σu αεf β][Af / Pf] wobei
    k1
    = 2,025 × 10-2,
    σc
    = Druckfestigkeit des Materials auf Zementbasis in MPa,
    k2
    = 3,19 × 10-1,
    σu
    = Zerreißfestigkeit des Metalls in MPa,
    α
    = 6,60 × 10-1,
    εf
    = Streckbarkeit des Metalls in Prozent, und
    β
    = 3,20 × 10-1,
    Af
    = Querschnittsfläche der Faser in mm2, und
    Pf
    = Umfang der Faser in mm,
    wobei die Sinusform ferner eine Wellenlänge Ls aufweist, welche definiert ist durch: Ls = (Lf - Lm)/2 wobei
    Lf
    = Länge der Faser,
    Lm
    = Länge des Mittelabschnitts,
    und wobei 0,5 Lf < Lm < 0,75 Lf.
  16. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 15, wobei die Länge Lf der Fasern (10) in einem Bereich von etwa 25 bis etwa 60 mm liegt.
  17. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 15, wobei der Mittelabschnitt (12) und die Endabschnitte (14, 14') einen einheitlichen rechteckigen Querschnitt aufweisen.
  18. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 17, wobei der Mittelabschnitt (12) und die Endabschnitte (14, 14') eine Dicke von etwa 0,4 mm und eine Breite von etwa 0,8 mm aufweisen, und wobei die Länge Lf der Fasern (10) etwa 50 mm beträgt und die Länge Lm des Mittelabschnitts (12) etwa 25 mm beträgt.
  19. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 15, wobei der Mittelabschnitt (12) und die Endabschnitte (14, 14') einen einheitlichen kreisförmigen Querschnitt aufweisen.
  20. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 15, wobei das Material auf Zementbasis eine Druckfestigkeit σc aufweist, welche in einem Bereich von etwa 30 bis etwa 60 MPa liegt, und wobei k 1(σc ) k 2 in einem Bereich von etwa 6 × 10-2 bis etwa 7,5 × 10-2 liegt.
  21. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 20, wobei k1(σc)k2 etwa 7 × 10-2 beträgt.
  22. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 21, wobei die Querschnittsfläche Af und der Umfang Pf der Fasern (10) derart festgelegt sind, daß Af/Pf = 1,33 x 10-1 mm.
  23. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 22, wobei das Metall Stahl ist.
  24. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 23, wobei der Stahl vom Typ C1018 mit einer Zerreißfestigkeit σu von etwa 1030 MPa und einer Streckbarkeit εf von etwa 0,60% ist, und wobei die Sinusform eine optimale Amplitude Ao,opt von etwa 0,7 mm aufweist.
  25. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 23, wobei der Stahl aus Martensitstahl mit einer Zerreißfestigkeit σu von etwa 1550 MPa und einer Streckbarkeit εf von etwa 1% besteht, und wobei die Sinusform eine optimale Amplitude Ao,opt von etwa 1,2 mm aufweist.
  26. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 23, wobei der Stahl ein hochfester Stahl mit niedrigem Aluminiumgehalt mit einer Zerreißfestigkeit σu von etwa 1350 MPa und einer Streckbarkeit εf von etwa 3,5% ist, und wobei die Sinusform eine optimale Amplitude Ao,opt von etwa 1,5 mm aufweist.
  27. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 15, wobei die Endabschnitte (14, 14') jeweils einen Endwinkel  von unter 20° aufweisen, wobei der Winkel  definiert ist durch:  = tan-1 4(Ao,opt)Ls .
  28. Metallfaserverstärktes Material auf Zementbasis nach Anspruch 27, wobei der Winkel  in einem Bereich von etwa 12° bis etwa 15° liegt.
EP95915725A 1994-08-31 1995-04-21 Metallfaser mit optimierter geometrie zur verstärkung von zementmaterialien Expired - Lifetime EP0725871B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2131212 1994-08-31
CA002131212A CA2131212C (en) 1994-08-31 1994-08-31 Metal fiber with optimized geometry for reinforcing cement-based materials
PCT/CA1995/000225 WO1996006995A1 (en) 1994-08-31 1995-04-21 Metal fiber with optimized geometry for reinforcing cement-based materials

Publications (2)

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EP0725871A1 EP0725871A1 (de) 1996-08-14
EP0725871B1 true EP0725871B1 (de) 2000-06-28

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EP (1) EP0725871B1 (de)
KR (2) KR100353732B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE194198T1 (de)
AU (1) AU688031B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2131212C (de)
DE (1) DE69517668T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0725871T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2151059T3 (de)
MX (1) MX192955B (de)
WO (1) WO1996006995A1 (de)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2367749C1 (ru) * 2008-02-15 2009-09-20 Иван Федорович Вострецов Арматурный элемент с высокими анкерующими свойствами для дисперсного армирования
KR101711842B1 (ko) * 2015-09-11 2017-03-07 주식회사 금강 콘크리트용 보강재
WO2024178491A1 (en) * 2023-02-27 2024-09-06 Optimet Concrete Products Inc. Fibre for concrete reinforcement with cross deformation

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US2677955A (en) * 1943-02-12 1954-05-11 Constantinesco George Reinforced concrete
BE892468A (fr) * 1982-03-12 1982-09-13 Eurosteel Sa Procede et installation pour l'obtention d'elements filiformes
WO1984002732A1 (fr) * 1982-12-30 1984-07-19 Eurosteel Sa Elements filiformes utilisables pour le renforcement de materiaux moulables en particulier pour le beton

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KR100353732B1 (ko) 2003-01-24
MX9601504A (es) 1998-06-30
DE69517668T2 (de) 2001-02-22
DE69517668D1 (de) 2000-08-03
WO1996006995A1 (en) 1996-03-07
ATE194198T1 (de) 2000-07-15
AU688031B2 (en) 1998-03-05
AU2251795A (en) 1996-03-22
CA2131212C (en) 1996-11-26
DK0725871T3 (da) 2000-11-06
ES2151059T3 (es) 2000-12-16
KR960706001A (ko) 1996-11-08
MX192955B (es) 1999-08-10
EP0725871A1 (de) 1996-08-14

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