EP0748149B1 - Lichtbogenplasmabrenner mit Wassereinspritzung-Düsenanordnung - Google Patents

Lichtbogenplasmabrenner mit Wassereinspritzung-Düsenanordnung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0748149B1
EP0748149B1 EP96302863A EP96302863A EP0748149B1 EP 0748149 B1 EP0748149 B1 EP 0748149B1 EP 96302863 A EP96302863 A EP 96302863A EP 96302863 A EP96302863 A EP 96302863A EP 0748149 B1 EP0748149 B1 EP 0748149B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nozzle
nozzle assembly
bore
annular
base
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96302863A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0748149A1 (de
Inventor
Valerian Nemchinsky
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ESAB Group Inc
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ESAB Group Inc
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3405—Arrangements for stabilising or constricting the arc, e.g. by an additional gas flow
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3421—Transferred arc or pilot arc mode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3436—Hollow cathodes with internal coolant flow
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3442—Cathodes with inserted tip
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3468—Vortex generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3478—Geometrical details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3484—Convergent-divergent nozzles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a nozzle assembly adapted for use with a plasma arc torch having an improved water injection nozzle assembly.
  • Plasma arc torches are commonly used for the working of metals, including cutting, welding, surface treatment, melting, and annealing. Such torches include an electrode which supports an arc which extends from the electrode to the workpiece in the transferred arc mode of operation. It is also conventional to surround the arc with a swirling vortex of gas which forms the plasma arc, and in some torch designs the gas and arc are enveloped with a swirling jet of water. The injection of water serves to constrict the plasma jet and thus increase its cutting ability. The water is also helpful in cooling the nozzle assembly and thus increasing the life of the assembly. Such a torch is known from US-A-5,124,525.
  • a nozzle assembly for a plasma arc torch which comprises a nozzle base having a bore therethrough which defines a longitudinal axis and through which the plasma arc is adapted to be ejected.
  • the nozzle base further includes an outer side which includes an annular outer surface which is coaxial with the longitudinal axis.
  • a lower nozzle member is mounted to the outer side of the nozzle base and includes a discharge opening aligned with the longitudinal axis and positioned adjacent the bore of the nozzle base.
  • the lower nozzle member includes an annular inner surface which is spaced from and coaxial with the outer surface of the nozzle base so as to define an annular passageway therebetween.
  • the annular passageway defines an angle with the longitudinal axis which is less than about 30 degrees.
  • the torch as claimed in claim 13 includes the assembly as claimed in claims 1-12 further includes an electrode having a discharge end which is mounted in longitudinal alignment with the nozzle base and the lower nozzle member, and means for generating an electrical arc which extends from the electrode and through the bore and the discharge opening to a workpiece located adjacent and below the lower nozzle member. Means are also provided for generating a vortical flow of gas between the electrode and the nozzle base so as to create a plasma flow outwardly through the bore and the discharge opening and to the workpiece, and means are also provided for introducing a liquid, such as water, into the annular passageway of the nozzle assembly so that the water flows outwardly therefrom and envelopes the plasma flow as it passes through the discharge opening.
  • a liquid such as water
  • the water injection nozzle includes a frusto conical passageway, which forms a relatively large angle, typically at least about 45°, with respect to the longitudinal axis of the torch.
  • this angle so as to be less than about 30°, the above-stated objects of the present invention can be achieved.
  • the smaller angle has been found to permit the wall of the base member to be more thin, which in turn permits the assembly to be more efficiently cooled with less water, and in addition, there is less over cooling of the plasma arc flow.
  • the annular outer surface of the nozzle base and the annular inner surface of the lower nozzle are both frusto conical, so as to define a frusto conical passageway with a uniform gap width along its length.
  • the outer and inner surfaces are essentially cylindrical, so as to define an essentially cylindrical passageway.
  • the plasma arc torch 10 includes a nozzle assembly 12 and a tubular electrode 14 defining a longitudinal axis.
  • the electrode 14 is preferably made of copper or a copper alloy, and it is composed of an upper tubular member 15 and a lower member or holder 16 which is threadedly connected to the upper member 15 .
  • the holder 16 also is of tubular construction, and it includes a transverse end wall 18 which closes the front end of the holder 16 and which defines an outer front face.
  • An emissive insert 20 is mounted in a cavity in the transverse end wall 18 and is disposed coaxially along the longitudinal axis of the torch.
  • a relatively non-emissive sleeve 21 may be positioned coaxially about the insert 20 , as is conventional.
  • the electrode 14 is mounted in a plasma arc torch body 22 , which has gas and liquid passageways 24 and 26 .
  • the torch body 22 is surrounded by an outer insulated housing member 28 .
  • a tube 30 is suspended within the central bore of the upper tubular member 15 for circulating a liquid medium such as water through the interior of the electrode structure.
  • the tube 30 has an outer diameter which is smaller than the inner diameter of the bore to provide a space 32 for the water to flow upon discharge from the tube 30 .
  • the water flows from a source (not shown) through the tube 30 , and back through the space 32 to an opening of the torch body and to a drain hose (not shown).
  • the gas passageway 24 directs gas from a suitable source (not shown), through a conventional gas baffle 34 of any suitable high temperature ceramic material and into a gas plenum chamber 35 via several radial inlet holes 36 in the wall of the baffle 34 .
  • the inlet holes 36 are arranged so as to cause the gas to enter the plenum chamber 35 in a swirling fashion as is well-known.
  • the nozzle assembly 12 is mounted adjacent and below the discharge end wall 18 of the electrode, and it includes a nozzle base 40 and a lower nozzle member 42 .
  • the nozzle base 40 is preferably formed from copper or a copper alloy, and it has a bore 44 therethrough that is aligned with the longitudinal axis and through which the plasma is ejected.
  • the nozzle base 40 further includes an outer side which includes an outer frusto conical surface 46 which tapers toward and is coaxial with the longitudinal axis, and an exterior mounting shoulder 47 positioned longitudinally above the outer frusto conical surface 46 .
  • the nozzle base 40 also includes a frusto conical interior surface 48 which tapers toward and is coaxial with the longitudinal axis.
  • the bore 44 includes a first bore section 44a positioned closest to the electrode and a second bore section 44b defining the exit end of the bore and having a diameter slightly greater than the diameter of the first bore section 44a .
  • the lower nozzle member 42 which also may be formed of copper or copper alloy, is mounted to the outer side of said nozzle base and includes a discharge opening 50 which is aligned with the longitudinal axis and positioned adjacent the bore 44 of said nozzle base.
  • the lower nozzle member 42 further includes an inner frusto conical surface 52 spaced from and coaxial with the frusto conical surface 46 of the nozzle base so as to define a frusto conical passageway 53 therebetween.
  • the lower nozzle member 42 also has an annular collar 54 which is closely fitted upon the mounting shoulder 47 of the nozzle base and so as to define an annular open chamber 56 between the nozzle base and the lower nozzle member which communicates with the frusto conical passageway 53 .
  • the frusto conical passageway 53 defines an angle ⁇ with longitudinal axis which is less than about 30 degrees.
  • a plurality of radial ducts 58 extend through the annular collar 54 of the lower nozzle member and communicate with the annular open chamber 56 .
  • a water flow path is defined by the housing member 28 and which extends from the water delivery passageway 26 to the area surrounding the annular collar 54 , so that the water flows through the ducts 58 and thus into and through the frusto conical passageway 53 .
  • the ducts 58 in the annular collar 54 may be tangentially inclined so as to impart a swirling movement to the water as it enters the frusto conical passageway 53 .
  • the nozzle base 40 and the lower nozzle member 42 each define a lower terminal end, and the terminal end of the lower nozzle member is longitudinally below the terminal end of the base member a distance G of less than about .05 inches.
  • the bore 44 of the base member has a diameter of between about .06 and .16 inches at the second bore portion 44b , and the discharge opening 50 in the lower nozzle member has a diameter of between about .10 and .22 inches.
  • a ceramic insulator is secured onto the lower nozzle member 42 and extends substantially along the outer surface of the lower nozzle member.
  • the ceramic insulator 60 helps prevent double arcing and insulates the lower nozzle member 42 from heat and plasma generated during torch operation.
  • the ceramic insulator 60 may be glued onto the outer surface of the lower nozzle member 42 , and an O-ring 62 is positioned to create a seal between the ceramic insulator and the lower nozzle member.
  • the outer housing member 28 of the torch has a lip 64 at its forward end, which engages an annular shoulder of the insulator 60 , thereby securing the lower nozzle member and nozzle base in position adjacent the electrode 14 .
  • a power source (not shown) is connected to the torch electrode 14 in a series circuit relationship with a metal workpiece W , which typically is grounded.
  • an electrical arc is generated between the emissive insert of the torch 10 and which extends through the bore 44 and the discharge opening 50 to a workpiece W located adjacent and below the lower nozzle member.
  • the plasma arc is started in conventional manner by momentarily establishing a pilot arc between the electrode 14 and the nozzle assembly 12 .
  • the arc then is transferred to the workpiece and is ejected through the arc restricting bore 44 and opening 50 .
  • the vortical flow of gas which is formed between the electrode and the inner surface 48 of the nozzle base, surrounds the arc and forms a plasma jet, and the swirling vortex of water exiting from the passageway 53 envelopes the plasma jet as it passes through the opening.
  • FIGs 2 and 3 compare the present invention with the prior art construction.
  • the frusto conical water passageway 53' of the prior art torches of the water injection type forms an angle ⁇ ' of about 45° with the longitudinal axis.
  • Further information regarding a prior art torch of this type may be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,023,425 and 5,124,525, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • the angle ⁇ is less than about 30°. As indicated above, it has been found that the smaller angle of the present invention has been found to permit the wall of the nozzle base 40 to be more thin, which promotes more efficient cooling of the nozzle assembly and without unduly cooling the plasma arc flow with the attendant reduction in its cutting effectiveness.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a second embodiment of a nozzle assembly which embodies the present invention, with corresponding components being designated with the same numeral as in the first embodiment with a subscript "a".
  • the second embodiment includes a nozzle base 40a , a lower nozzle member 42a , and a ceramic insulator 60a .
  • the nozzle base 40a includes an outer side which includes an outer essentially cylindrical surface 46a which is coaxial with the longitudinal axis.
  • the lower nozzle member 42a includes an inner essentially cylindrical surface 52a which is coextensive with the discharge opening 50a of the lower nozzle member.
  • the surface 52a is also spaced from and coaxial with the outer surface 46a to define an essentially cylindrical passageway 53a therebetween, which communicates with the discharge opening 50a of the lower nozzle member.
  • the water exits the passageway 53a in the form of an annular tube which is essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis.
  • the passageway 53a may however be slightly frusto conical, so as to define an angle with the longitudinal axis of between about 0 and 10°.
  • a 350 amp torch is provided, and the nozzle base 40 of the torch has a bore diameter of about .12 inches at its lower end.
  • the discharge opening 50 of the lower nozzle member of the torch has a diameter of about .18 inches, and the longitudinal gap G between the terminal end of the lower nozzle member and the terminal end of the nozzle base is about .018 inches.
  • the water passageway 53 defines an angle of about 0° with respect to the longitudinal axis, and the opposing surfaces 46, 52 are separated a distance of about .013 inches uniformly along the length of the passageway. In operation, the water flow rate is about 1/2 gallons per minute.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Arc Welding In General (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Düsen-Baugruppe zur Verwendung mit einem Plasmalichtbogenbrenner, mit:
    einem Düsen-Grundteil (40), durch das sich eine Bohrung (44) hindurcherstreckt, die eine Längsachse festlegt und durch die hindurch Plasma ausgestoßen werden kann, wobei das Düsen-Grundteil (40) ferner eine Außenseite aufweist, die eine ringförmige Außenfläche (46) enthält, die koaxial zur Längsachse verläuft, und mit
    einem unteren Düsen-Bauteil (42), das an der Außenseite des Düsen-Grundteils (40) befestigt ist und eine Ausströmöffnung (50) aufweist, die mit der Längsachse ausgerichtet und nahe der Bohrung (44) des Düsen-Grundteils (40) angeordnet ist, und ferner eine ringförmige Innenfläche (52) aufweist, die mit Abstand zur Außenfläche (46) des Düsen-Grundteils (40) und koaxial zu dieser angeordnet ist, um einen ringförmigen Durchlaß (53) zwischen diesen zu bilden, der mit der Ausströmöffnung in Verbindung steht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Durchlaß (53) mit der Längsachse einen Winkel bildet, der weniger als ungefähr 30 Grad beträgt.
  2. Düsen-Baugruppe nach Anspruch 1, bei der der ringförmige Durchlaß (53) kegelstumpfförmig ist und eine im wesentlichen gleichmäßige Spaltweite längs seiner Länge aufweist.
  3. Düsen-Baugruppe nach Anspruch 1, bei der der ringförmige Durchlaß (53) im wesentlichen zylindrisch ist.
  4. Düsen-Baugruppe nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei der das Düsen-Grundteil (40) und das untere Düsen-Bauteil (42) jeweils eine untere Endstirnseite bilden, und bei der die Endstirnseite des unteren Düsen-Bauteils (42) in Längsrichtung unter der Endstirnseite des Düsen-Grundteils (40) liegt.
  5. Düsen-Baugruppe nach Anspruch 4, bei der der Abstand weniger als ungefähr 1,27 mm (0,05 Inch) beträgt.
  6. Düsen-Baugruppe nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei der die Bohrung des Düsen-Grundteils (40) einen Durchmesser aufweist, der kleiner als der Durchmesser der Ausströmöffnung in dem unteren Düsen-Bauteil (42) ist.
  7. Düsen-Baugruppe nach Anspruch 6, bei der die Bohrung des Düsen-Grundteils (40) einen Durchmesser aufweist, der zwischen ungefähr 1,524 mm und 4,064 mm (0,06 und 0,16 Inch) liegt, und bei der die Ausströmöffnung in dem unteren Düsen-Bauteil (42) einen Durchmesser aufweist, der zwischen ungefähr 2,54 mm und 5,588 mm (0,10 und 0,22 Inch) liegt.
  8. Düsen-Baugruppe nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, ferner mit einem keramischen Isolator (60), der an der Seite des unteren Düsen-Bauteils (42) befestigt ist, die von dessen Innenfläche abgewandt ist.
  9. Düsen-Baugruppe nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei der das Düsen-Grundteil (40) eine kegelstumpfförmige Innenfläche (48) aufweist, die zur Längsachse hin konisch zuläuft und zu dieser koaxial ist.
  10. Düsen-Baugruppe nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei der die Außenseite des Düsen-Grundteils (40) ferner eine äußere, ringförmige Befestigungsschulter (47) aufweist, die in Längsrichtung oberhalb seiner Außenfläche (46) angeordnet ist, und bei der das untere Düsen-Bauteil (42) einen ringförmigen Bund (54) aufweist, der auf der Befestigungsschulter (47) eng anliegend angebracht ist, um eine offene Ringkammer (56) zwischen dem Düsen-Grundteil (40) und dem unteren Düsen-Bauteil (42) zu bilden, die mit dem Durchlaß (53) in Verbindung steht.
  11. Düsen-Baugruppe nach Anspruch 10, ferner mit wenigstens einem radialen Kanal (58), der den ringförmigen Bund (54) durchläuft und mit der offenen Ringkammer (56) in Verbindung steht.
  12. Düsen-Baugruppe nach Anspruch 1, bei der der ringförmige Durchlaß (53) einen Winkel mit der Längsachse zwischen ungefähr 0 und 10° bildet.
  13. Plasmalichtbogenbrenner mit einer Düsen-Baugruppe nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, einer Elektrode (14), die in das Düsen-Grundteil (40) eingepaßt ist und ein Ausströmende nahe der Bohrung (44) des Düsen-Grundteils (40) aufweist, wobei die Längsachse der Elektrode (14) mit der Bohrung (44) ausgerichtet ist, ferner mit
    Einrichtungen zum Erzeugen eines elektrischen Lichtbogens, der sich von der Elektrode (14) aus durch die Bohrung und die Ausströmöffnung (50) hindurch zu einem Werkstück erstreckt, das nahe und unter dem unteren Düsen-Bauteil (42) angeordnet ist,
    Einrichtungen (24, 36, 35) zum Erzeugen einer wirbelförmigen Gasströmung zwischen der Elektrode (14) und dem Düsen-Grundteil (40), um einen Plasmastrom zu erzeugen, der nach außen durch die Bohrung und die Ausströmöffnung (50) hindurch und zum Werkstück gerichtet ist, und
    Einrichtungen (26) zum Zuführen einer Flüssigkeit in den Durchlaß (53), so daß die Flüssigkeit von dort nach außen strömt und den Plasmastrom umhüllt, wenn er die Ausströmöffnung (50) durchläuft.
EP96302863A 1995-06-05 1996-04-24 Lichtbogenplasmabrenner mit Wassereinspritzung-Düsenanordnung Expired - Lifetime EP0748149B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US464241 1995-06-05
US08/464,241 US5660743A (en) 1995-06-05 1995-06-05 Plasma arc torch having water injection nozzle assembly

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0748149A1 EP0748149A1 (de) 1996-12-11
EP0748149B1 true EP0748149B1 (de) 1999-08-11

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EP96302863A Expired - Lifetime EP0748149B1 (de) 1995-06-05 1996-04-24 Lichtbogenplasmabrenner mit Wassereinspritzung-Düsenanordnung

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Country Link
US (1) US5660743A (de)
EP (1) EP0748149B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2849573B2 (de)
KR (1) KR100199782B1 (de)
CA (1) CA2174019C (de)
DE (1) DE69603673T2 (de)

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US6156995A (en) * 1998-12-02 2000-12-05 The Esab Group, Inc. Water-injection nozzle assembly with insulated front end
US6096992A (en) * 1999-01-29 2000-08-01 The Esab Group, Inc. Low current water injection nozzle and associated method
US6498316B1 (en) 1999-10-25 2002-12-24 Thermal Dynamics Corporation Plasma torch and method for underwater cutting
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US7622693B2 (en) 2001-07-16 2009-11-24 Foret Plasma Labs, Llc Plasma whirl reactor apparatus and methods of use
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CA2174019C (en) 1998-10-27
EP0748149A1 (de) 1996-12-11
US5660743A (en) 1997-08-26
DE69603673D1 (de) 1999-09-16
KR970000423A (ko) 1997-01-21
KR100199782B1 (ko) 1999-06-15
JPH08339894A (ja) 1996-12-24
JP2849573B2 (ja) 1999-01-20
CA2174019A1 (en) 1996-12-06
DE69603673T2 (de) 2000-03-09

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