Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
  • A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
  • A01N33/08—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds containing oxygen or sulfur
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
  • A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
  • A01N33/12—Quaternary ammonium compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of particular compounds as activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents, to rest- breaking compositions comprising these additives and to the use of these compositions for rest-breaking of bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees.
• Measures to reduce the symptoms of delayed foliation include treatment with high volumes of chemical rest-breaking agents during later winter and various physical manipulations such as pruning.
• DNOC dinitro-ortho-cresol
• winter-oil emulsion a lipophilic agent
• DNOC is a non-systemic stomach poison and contact insecticide, ovicidal to the eggs of certain insects. It is strongly phytotoxic and its permissable use as an insecticide is limited to dormant sprays or on waste ground. Further, DNOC is known to act as a cumulative poison in man. Although DNOC is relatively inexpensive and effective as a rest-breaking agent, it is toxic enough to limit its continued use and it is currently on the European Red List of agricultural chemicals which will be prohibited in the future. DNOC is also banned in the United States for use as an agricultural chemical.
• Hydrogen cyanamide is a skin and eye irritant and is especially acute when used in combination with the consumption of alcohol.
• the toxicity and relatively high price limit its market acceptance and hydrogen cyanamide has also been placed on the European Red List.
• the response of a plant to a rest-breaking agent is dependent upon the chemical composition of the agent, its application rate and timing and on the nutritional status of the plant according to Terblanche, J.H. and Strydom, D.K., "Effects of Autumnal Nitrogen Nutrition, ⁇ Urea Sprays and a Winter Rest-Breaking Spray on Budbreak and Blossoming of Young 'Golden Delicious" Trees Grown in Sand Culture," Deciduous Fruit Grower, 23 pp. 8-14 (1973).
• One of the milder rest-breaking agents is potassium nitrate which has been shown to have a positive effect on peaches.
• fruit trees having a lower chill requirement, such as peaches also require lower concentrations of rest-breaking agents, whereas fruits with a higher chill requirement, such as apples, require excessive concentrations of a mild rest-breaking agent.
• Articles demonstrating the effects of thiourea, potassium nitrate and combinations thereof include, Wolak, R.J. and Couvillon, G.A., "Time of Thiourea-KN ⁇ 3 Application on the Rest Requirement and Bud Development in 'Loring' Peach," HortScience, 11(4), pp. 400-402, (1976) and Fernandez-Escobar, R.
• the present invention relates to a process for enhancing the rest- breaking in bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees which comprises the step of applying to at least one of these plants, before blossom, an effective amount of at least one rest-breaking agent and a compound selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated amines represented by the following general formula:
• n is an integer from 1 to 50
• A represents an alkylene group and when n>l, each A may be the same or different alkylene groups
• R is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms and groups represented by the formula:
• m is an integer from 1-50
• A*_ represents an alkylene group and when n>l, each A]_ may be the same or different alkylene groups
• x is an integer from 1-6
• R 2 is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms
• R3 is selected from hydrogen, 1-8 carbon atom straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups and aryl groups having up to 8 carbon atoms
• Ri is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups having 1-22 carbon atoms, a group represented by the formula:
• n' is an integer from 1 to 50 and A 2 represents an alkylene group and when n'>l each A may be the same or different alkylene groups; and alkoxylated quaternary ammonium compounds represented by the following general formula:
• n, A, Rj and R3 are as defined above, X is an anion, R5 is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and benzyl, or R5X- is carboxy- methyl as in betaines or oxygen as in a ine oxides; R4 is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups having 8-22 carbon atoms and groups represented by the formula:
• X may be halides such as Cl", Br ⁇ , CH3SO4", and C2H5SO4 " , among others.
• the anion associated with these quaternary ammonium compounds is not critical to the process of the present invention.
• the preferred alkylene oxides for use in the present invention are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, isobutylene oxide and butylene oxide.
• the compounds of the present invention are made in such a way as to introduce varying numbers of alkylene oxide units onto the amino nitrogen.
• these alkylene oxide groups may be all the same, such as, for example, one or more ethylene oxide units, or the groups may be different to form, for example, block copolymer chains of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide units, random copolymer chains consisting of several units of each of two or more different alkylene oxides, or alternating units of two or more alkylene oxides. Any conceivable combination of alkylene oxide units up to 50 units long may be employed at each location on the amino nitrogen which is to contain such units. In addition, a single amino nitrogen may contain two different alkylene oxide chains attached thereto or two chains which are the same.
• block copolymer chains of ethylene oxide and one or more of propylene oxide or butylene oxide are employed.
• the molar weight of the compounds used in the present invention is less than 8000 though higher molecular weight compounds can be employed in some circumstances.
• the amino compounds can also be quaternized by known quaternization methods to produce quaternary ammonium compounds which are also useful in the process of the present invention.
• the fourth substituent added to the amino nitrogen by quaternization may be an alkyl, aryl or alkenyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• the anion associated with such quaternary ammonium compounds is not critical to the process of the present invention.
• Typical compounds suitable for use in the process of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cocobis (2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene (15) cocomethylammonium chloride, oleylbis (2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene (15) stearylmethylammonium chloride, cocobis (2-hydroxyethyl )amine, polyoxyethylene(5)cocoamine, polyoxyethylene(15)cocoamine, tallowbis (2-hydroxyethyl)amine, polyoxyethylene(5)tallowamine, polyoxyethylene(15)tallowamine, tal1ow/oleylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, oleylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, polyoxyethylene(5)oleylamine, polyoxyethylene(15)oleylamine, hydrogenated tal1owbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene(5)tallowamine, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene(15)tallowamine, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene(50)tallowamine
• N,N' ,N' -polyoxyethylene(15)-N-tallow-l,3-diaminopropane N,N' ,N' -polyoxyethylene(15)-N-tallow-l,3-diaminopropane.
• the process of the present invention is useful for rest-breaking of bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees to produce improvements advancing the time of bloom, budbreak and/or leaf cover and fruit set.
• the present process also enables the use of either milder rest-breaking agents or smaller quantities of harsher rest-breaking agents thus providing considerable advantages in toxicity to man and insect populations as well as safety advantages in the application of these agents.
• Examples of the types of plants to which the present invention is applicable are grape vines, olive trees, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, loganberries, blackcurrants, redcurrants and any non-deciduous fruit trees.
• Nuts include, but are not limited to, almonds, walnuts and chestnuts.
• the optimum time to break rest for a particular plant will depend upon several factors including the type of fruit, the cultivar, the climatic conditions and the type and amount of rest-breaking agent being applied. For some fruit or cultivar species, the best rest-breaking effects are accomplished by early application of the rest-breaking agent to the plants whereas for others it is best to wait until just before blossom. In general, the rest-breaking agent will be applied at some point between the time when winter has peaked and the time when blossoming begins.
• One of the effects of the rest-breaking agents of the present invention is to accelerate the blossoming of the plants. Accordingly, in the application of these rest-breaking agents consideration should be given to this effect and the agents should not be applied too early such that blooming occurs when there is still a risk of harsh weather.
• the process of the present invention is carried out by the application of an effective amount of at least one rest-breaking agent in combination with an amount of at least one compound as defined herein to enhance the rest-breaking activity of said rest-breaking agent.
• the rest-breaking compositions are preferably applied in the form of an aqueous solution in a concentration of 0.25 to 30% and more preferably from 0.5 to 10%.
• the lower limit is generally determined by the upper limit on application volume for the particular application equipment being employed, as well as by the type of fruit, the cultivar and the particular rest-breaking composition.
• the upper concentration limit will generally be dictated by phytotoxicity considerations since higher concentrations of certain compounds have a localized phytotoxic effect on the trees. Thus, a concentration should be selected which provides adequate rest-breaking without unwanted phytotoxic effects on the remainder of the plant. Such concentrations can be selected by routine experimentation with the particular species of plant.
• the activity promoting additive of the present invention is generally employed in a concentration of 0.1-10.0% in the aqueous solution and more preferably, 0.2-5.0%. Again, the amount of activity promoting additive required will depend on the fruit, the cultivar and the particular rest-breaking agent, as well as the quantity of rest-breaking agent to be employed.
• Rest-breaking agents which may be used in the process and composition of the invention include any known rest-breaking agent. Examples include hydrogen cyanamide, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, the potassium salt of gibberellic acid, kinetin, indoleacetic acid, thiourea, and combinations thereof.
• the most preferred rest-breaking agents for use in the present invention are calcium ammonium nitrate and urea ammonium nitrate, especially when used on grapes. Also preferred is potassium nitrate. These nitrates are milder agents for which the activity can be enhanced to the desired level by the adjuvants of the present invention.
• the composition is preferably applied in a manner similar to the manner in which commercial insecticides are applied. More particularly, conventional equipment such as knapsack sprayers, hand held spray guns, mist blowers, and aerial spraying equipment among others may be used. The composition is applied the same way as in pesticide application. The compositions may also be applied directly to the plant by hand, if desired. 11
• the process of the present invention has the significant advantages that it breaks rest to the extent that the use of known, highly toxic rest-breaking agents can be eliminated or considerably reduced, it can be done in a manner which is safe for the crops and the treatment has no long term phytotoxic effect on the plants, if carried out correctly. Further, the rest-breaking process will cause significantly less harm to beneficial insects when applied within the normal application volume, and the process appears to be envi onmentally acceptable, non-hazardous to operators of the application equipment, and non-corrosive to the equipment.
• ArmobreakTM which is a tallowamine containing fives moles of ethylene oxide derived units and a total of 12 moles of propylene oxide units, can be represented by the general formula:
• Comparative Examples A-C are the control examples where only Dormex'" was applied.
• *UAN32 is a commercially available solution of urea ammonium nitrate
• CAN17 is a commercially available solution of calcium ammonium nitrate.
• Example M The use of nitrates alone, at the concentrations employed, causes little advance in budbreak relative to control (Example M) .
• the addition of 2% Armobreak causes an improvement in the advance of budbreak with all nitrates tested.
• particular nitrates combined with 2% Armobreak can provide especially large improvements in advance of budbreak.
• Calcium ammonium nitrate/Armobreak (Example 28) can be seen to provide equal advance of budbreak to the use of 4% Dormex alone (Example N) .
• the combination of Armobreak with urea ammonium nitrate also effects a large advance of budbreak, and the combination of Armobreak with potassium or calcium nitrates also provides some improvement in advance of budbreak relative to the control.
• the CAN17/Armobreak combination is particularly preferred for use on grapevines. Examples 29-32 and Comparative Example M (control)
• the following table shows the effect of ArmobreakTM, used with potassium nitrate dormancy breaking agent, upon budbreak of kiwi fruit vines.
• the data are from an experiment in which the treatment solutions were applied to dormant vines about 6 weeks prior to anticipated budbreak, at a solution spray volume of 1600 1/ha. In kiwi fruit it is desirable that any budbreaking treatment also reduce the number of side flowers so as to avoid excessive hand labour.
• Table 5 shows the results.
• Armobreak enhances the effect of potassium nitrate upon budbreak, and upon the reduction of undesirable side flowers.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Dentistry (AREA)
• Plant Pathology (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
• Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Environmental Sciences (AREA)
• Toxicology (AREA)
• Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

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• 1995
  • 1995-07-03 EP EP95924966A patent/EP0768820A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1995-07-03 AU AU29266/95A patent/AU2926695A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1995-07-03 MX MX9700029A patent/MX9700029A/es unknown
  • 1995-07-03 BR BR9508227A patent/BR9508227A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1995-07-03 WO PCT/EP1995/002575 patent/WO1996001049A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 1995-07-04 ZA ZA955543A patent/ZA955543B/xx unknown
  • 1995-07-05 TR TR95/00811A patent/TR199500811A2/xx unknown
  • 1995-07-05 IL IL11446295A patent/IL114462A0/xx unknown

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