EP0793403A1 - Verbesserung von LED-Schaltungen, insbesondere für Kraftfahrzeuge, Stoplichter und Steuerungspanele - Google Patents

Verbesserung von LED-Schaltungen, insbesondere für Kraftfahrzeuge, Stoplichter und Steuerungspanele Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0793403A1
EP0793403A1 EP97101399A EP97101399A EP0793403A1 EP 0793403 A1 EP0793403 A1 EP 0793403A1 EP 97101399 A EP97101399 A EP 97101399A EP 97101399 A EP97101399 A EP 97101399A EP 0793403 A1 EP0793403 A1 EP 0793403A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
light
circuit
circuit according
series
emitting diodes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97101399A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0793403B1 (de
Inventor
Paul Monard
Azédine Hamzaoui
Jean Rit
Michel Andrieu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Electronique SA
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Valeo Electronique SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Valeo Electronique SA filed Critical Valeo Electronique SA
Publication of EP0793403A1 publication Critical patent/EP0793403A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0793403B1 publication Critical patent/EP0793403B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
    • F21S43/10—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by the light source
    • F21S43/13—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by the light source characterised by the type of light source
    • F21S43/14—Light emitting diodes [LED]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/40—Details of LED load circuits

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an improvement to light-emitting diode illumination circuits, in particular for motor vehicles, as well as a device such as a signaling light or a control panel, incorporating it.
  • a light source in a motor vehicle equipment a set of light emitting diodes to replace one or more filament lamps used conventionally. It may in particular be a complementary brake light, a side repeater or a signaling light, in particular a traditional rear light.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown an electrical diagram of an illumination circuit according to the prior art.
  • the illumination circuit comprises an array of LED light-emitting diodes, which is supplied by the battery voltage through a supply circuit, via two connection terminals 28 and 29.
  • the array of LED light-emitting diodes comprises in this case sixteen diodes connected in a mixed parallel / series arrangement comprising, in series, four groups of four light-emitting diodes in parallel.
  • Such an assembly makes it possible to reduce the overall consumption of the circuit compared to an assembly which would include the sixteen diodes in parallel, and allows the illumination circuit to continue to function correctly in the event of failure of one of the light-emitting diodes, which would not be the case in an assembly which would include the sixteen diodes in series.
  • the supply circuit conventionally comprises a VDR varistor connected in parallel between the connection terminals 28 and 29, a diode D and a resistor R in series, as well as a Zener diode DZ and a capacitor C in parallel.
  • light-emitting diodes are components which exhibit a high current excursion for small voltage excursions around a nominal conduction voltage.
  • the voltage at the terminals of the battery is liable to vary quite considerably as a function of its state of charge and of the ambient temperature, conventionally between 11 and 16 volts.
  • the nominal conduction voltage of commercially available light-emitting diodes presents, by construction, a dispersion which can be significant over a given set of components, since it is for example guaranteed by the manufacturer only between 1, 9 and 2.7 volts.
  • the current in the light-emitting diodes can vary appreciably according to the light-emitting diodes used and according to the operating conditions, which generates variations in light intensity which can go up to a ratio of 1 to 3. .
  • the present invention aims to propose means for carrying out an assembly of light-emitting diodes of the type of a mixed parallel / series network having an illumination characteristic that is slightly variable as a function of the excursion of the voltage across the terminals of the battery and of the dispersion on the nominal conduction voltage of the light-emitting diodes used.
  • the mixed parallel / series network 30 of FIG. 1 is made up of "rows” and “columns” of light-emitting diodes LED, by analogy with the mathematical concept of matrix.
  • N twelve three-row and four-column light-emitting diodes
  • the minimum number of light-emitting diodes which must be used in the application envisaged is determined as a function of the overall illumination required, and a number N of diodes is chosen which is just greater than said minimum number and which s' write as the product of two natural integers i and j. It is in fact generally limited to the first number N which is suitable for reasons of cost of the components, of spatial space in the equipment, and of electrical consumption of the illumination circuit.
  • the invention aims to overcome the drawbacks of the aforementioned state of the art by proposing means making it possible to reconcile all of the construction rules set out above.
  • the invention relates to an illumination circuit with light-emitting diodes supplied by a direct voltage through a supply circuit, in particular for motor vehicles, which is characterized in that it comprises a number N of light-emitting diodes arranged in a mixed parallel / series network comprising i rows and j columns, the product ij being equal to a number M which is greater than said number N, the MN branches of said network which do not comprise a light-emitting diode comprise either an open circuit or a first dipole essentially resistive.
  • the invention also relates to a signaling light for a motor vehicle, comprising an illumination circuit as described above.
  • control panel in particular for a heating, ventilation and / or air conditioning installation for a motor vehicle, comprising an illumination circuit as above.
  • the value of the resistance R is determined as j times the value of the nominal current In which must flow in the light-emitting diodes LED. This resistance must be chosen so as to be able to dissipate by a Joule effect a relatively large power, of the order of 7 Watts (W).
  • Such a resistor is a relatively expensive and bulky component, and, for reasons of space in the case for example of a light bar like a complementary brake light for a vehicle, must often be mounted by insertion on a separate printed circuit from the one on which the LED light-emitting diodes are mounted.
  • resistors Ri of smaller value and having to dissipate much lower powers (of the order of 0.25W or 0.5W), which are connected in series with the LED light-emitting diodes in each branch of the network 30 comprising such a diode.
  • the resistors Ri are components for surface mounting (SMD) which are very small and which exist at relatively low prices on the market.
  • SMD surface mounting
  • This circuit is supplied via two connection terminals 28 and 29. It comprises a network 30 produced according to a mixed parallel / series arrangement, some branches of which comprise a light-emitting diode LED in series with a resistance Ri, and of which d other branches include an essentially resistive dipole 22 or 23, the exact nature of which will be explained below with reference in particular to FIGS. 3a to 3d.
  • the supply circuit includes a diode D connected in series for protection against reverse polarity between the connection terminals 28 and 29, as well as a VDR varistor connected in parallel and making it possible to protect the illumination circuit against variations in the battery voltage applied between connection terminals 28 and 29.
  • the supply circuit may also but not necessarily include a Zener diode DZ as well as a capacitor C connected in parallel with the network 30 of light-emitting diodes LED.
  • CMS surface-mount components
  • the network therefore comprises N branches which comprise a light-emitting diode LED possibly but not necessarily in series with a resistor Ri, and comprises M-N branches which comprise an essentially resistive dipole referenced 22 and 23 in FIG. 2.
  • the M-N branches of the network which do not include a light-emitting diode LED comprise an open circuit instead of any dipole, that is to say that they do not understand anything.
  • the illumination circuit is used in a light comprising optical means such as prisms or lenses which attenuate the differences in illumination of the diodes to produce a uniform overall illumination.
  • FIGS. 3a to 3d various possible, but nonlimiting, embodiments have been shown of the dipole 22 or 23 which can be arranged in certain branches of the network 30 to replace the MN light-emitting diodes missing to complete this network with M branches .
  • the dipole comprises a simple resistor 31.
  • FIG. 3b it comprises two resistors 32 and 33 in series, which, in a preferred embodiment, each have the same value as the resistors Ri connected in series with the N light-emitting diodes LED in the N other branches of the network.
  • the programmable automatic machine store which places the components on the printed circuit during assembly in the factory advantageously only includes a reference of resistors. This limits the multiplicity of references during procurement and allows consumption of a larger quantity of the same components, therefore obtaining lower prices from suppliers.
  • the dipole comprises a resistor 34 in series with a diode (a conventional junction diode).
  • the dipole comprises a resistor 36 of the same value as the N resistors Ri, in series with a Zener diode 37 whose conduction voltage will advantageously be chosen close to the conduction voltage of the light emitting diodes LED used in the N others branches of the network.
  • This term ⁇ translates the dependence of the total current Itot consumed by the circuit with respect to variations in the voltage Vbat at the terminals of the battery. It can be shown, for example by plotting the curve of the above function of ⁇ as a function of the variable i, that, in the interval [1; 6], the coefficient ⁇ reaches a minimum for i close to three.
  • the first circuit consumes a current I1 equal to approximately 220mA and the second circuit consumes a current I2 equivalent to approximately 330mA because it has six columns of diodes instead of four.
  • the straight line 42 is more flattened than the straight line 41, which reflects the lower dependence of the total current Itot on variations in the voltage Vbat at the terminals of the battery.
  • the straight line 42 is capable of moving parallel to itself as a function of the dispersion of the conduction voltage Vd of the light-emitting diodes with an excursion E2 smaller than the corresponding excursion E1 of the straight line 41, which translates the lower dependence of the total current Itot on variations in said voltage Vd.
  • the total current Itot of the first circuit can vary between a minimum value Imin1 and a maximum value Imax1, while the second circuit can vary between a minimum value Imin2 greater than said value Imin1 and a maximum value Imax2 less than said value Imax1.
  • the advantages of the invention can be summarized by saying that the operating point Vbat / Itot of the illumination circuit according to the invention can move as a function of the excursion of the voltage across the terminals of the battery and of the dispersion of the conduction voltage of light-emitting diodes in a parallelogram 52 whose surface is much smaller than the corresponding surface of the parallelogram 51 of a circuit according to the prior art.
  • the principle of the invention applies to an illumination circuit which can contain any number N of light-emitting diodes, and that the MN circuits open or dipoles completing M the parallel / serial network can be arranged in any branches of said network.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Lighting Device Outwards From Vehicle And Optical Signal (AREA)
  • Led Devices (AREA)
  • Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
EP97101399A 1996-02-28 1997-01-29 Verbesserung von LED-Schaltungen, insbesondere für Kraftfahrzeuge, Stoplichter und Steuerungspanele Expired - Lifetime EP0793403B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9602469A FR2745458B1 (fr) 1996-02-28 1996-02-28 Perfectionnement aux circuits d'illumination a diodes electroluminescentes, notamment pour vehicules automobiles, feu de signalisation et tableau de commande l'incorporant
FR9602469 1996-02-28

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0793403A1 true EP0793403A1 (de) 1997-09-03
EP0793403B1 EP0793403B1 (de) 2001-12-19

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EP97101399A Expired - Lifetime EP0793403B1 (de) 1996-02-28 1997-01-29 Verbesserung von LED-Schaltungen, insbesondere für Kraftfahrzeuge, Stoplichter und Steuerungspanele

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0793403B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69709206T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2170290T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2745458B1 (de)

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001095673A1 (en) * 2000-06-06 2001-12-13 911 Emergency Products, Inc. Led compensation circuit
US6472996B1 (en) 1997-10-21 2002-10-29 911 Emergency Products, Inc. Led warning signal light and light support
WO2002096161A1 (de) * 2001-05-25 2002-11-28 Michael Kohls Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb lichtemittierender dioden
US6789930B2 (en) 1999-06-08 2004-09-14 911Ep, Inc. LED warning signal light and row of LED's
US6814459B2 (en) 1999-08-04 2004-11-09 911Ep, Inc. LED light bar
US6879263B2 (en) 2000-11-15 2005-04-12 Federal Law Enforcement, Inc. LED warning light and communication system
US6989743B2 (en) 1999-04-06 2006-01-24 911Ep, Inc. Replacement LED lamp assembly and modulated power intensity for light source
US7163324B2 (en) 1999-06-08 2007-01-16 911Ep, Inc. Led light stick assembly
FR2936927A1 (fr) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-09 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Circuit electrique comprenant des cellules lumineuses a diode electroluminescente.
US7906915B2 (en) 2008-04-19 2011-03-15 Aerospace Optics, Inc. Enhanced trim resolution voltage-controlled dimming LED driving circuit
DE10025810B4 (de) * 2000-05-24 2014-01-23 SMR Patents S.à.r.l. Leuchteneinheit, insbesondere für Außenrückblickspiegel von Fahrzeugen, vorzugsweise von Kraftfahrzeugen
WO2014041187A1 (fr) 2012-09-17 2014-03-20 Valeo Vision Support à led étalonnable, module et dispositif d'éclairage et/ou de signalisation équipé dudit support
US9654163B2 (en) 2009-04-01 2017-05-16 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Visible light transceiver glasses
US9655189B2 (en) 2013-03-13 2017-05-16 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light control and management system
US9660726B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2017-05-23 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light broad band over power line communication system
US10051714B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2018-08-14 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light control assembly and system
US10205530B2 (en) 2013-05-06 2019-02-12 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Network security and variable pulse wave form with continuous communication
US10250329B1 (en) 2007-05-24 2019-04-02 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light fixture
US10448472B2 (en) 2015-08-11 2019-10-15 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Function disabler device and system
US11265082B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2022-03-01 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light control assembly and system
US11783345B2 (en) 2014-01-15 2023-10-10 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Cyber life electronic networking and commerce operating exchange

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US6590502B1 (en) 1992-10-12 2003-07-08 911Ep, Inc. Led warning signal light and movable support
US6462669B1 (en) 1999-04-06 2002-10-08 E. P . Survivors Llc Replaceable LED modules
US6700502B1 (en) 1999-06-08 2004-03-02 911Ep, Inc. Strip LED light assembly for motor vehicle
US6547410B1 (en) 2000-07-28 2003-04-15 911 Emergency Products, Inc. LED alley/take-down light
US6623151B2 (en) 1999-08-04 2003-09-23 911Ep, Inc. LED double light bar and warning light signal
US8188878B2 (en) 2000-11-15 2012-05-29 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light communication system
US7439847B2 (en) 2002-08-23 2008-10-21 John C. Pederson Intelligent observation and identification database system
JP4080843B2 (ja) 2002-10-30 2008-04-23 株式会社東芝 不揮発性半導体記憶装置
DE102007001716B4 (de) 2007-01-11 2015-11-05 Hella Kgaa Hueck & Co. Leuchtdioden-Schaltungsanordnung sowie Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Leuchtdioden-Schaltungsanordnung
US9294198B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2016-03-22 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Pulsed light communication key
US9258864B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2016-02-09 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light control and management system
DE102008010000A1 (de) 2008-02-19 2009-08-20 Hella Kgaa Hueck & Co. Beleuchtungsschaltung und -vorrichtung für Kraftfahrzeuge
DE102009012690B4 (de) * 2009-03-11 2018-03-01 Minebea Mitsumi Inc. Spannungswandler und handgeführtes Elektrowerkzeug mit einem Spannungswandler
DE102009053418A1 (de) 2009-11-19 2011-05-26 Hella Kgaa Hueck & Co. Beleuchtungsvorrichtung und Schaltungsverfahren für Kraftfahrzeuge sowie Signalleuchte
WO2012097291A1 (en) 2011-01-14 2012-07-19 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Method of providing lumens and tracking of lumen consumption

Citations (3)

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EP0633163A1 (de) * 1993-07-07 1995-01-11 Valeo Vision Signalleuchte mit elektrolumineszenten Dioden
EP0660648A1 (de) * 1993-12-27 1995-06-28 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Dimmerschaltung für eine LED
EP0695112A1 (de) * 1994-07-29 1996-01-31 Vibrachoc Lumineszenzdiodenvorrichtung

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0633163A1 (de) * 1993-07-07 1995-01-11 Valeo Vision Signalleuchte mit elektrolumineszenten Dioden
EP0660648A1 (de) * 1993-12-27 1995-06-28 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Dimmerschaltung für eine LED
EP0695112A1 (de) * 1994-07-29 1996-01-31 Vibrachoc Lumineszenzdiodenvorrichtung

Cited By (47)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6930615B2 (en) 1997-10-21 2005-08-16 911Ep, Inc. LED warning signal light and light support
US6472996B1 (en) 1997-10-21 2002-10-29 911 Emergency Products, Inc. Led warning signal light and light support
US7394398B2 (en) 1997-10-21 2008-07-01 911Ep, Inc. LED warning signal light and light support having at least one sector
US6788217B2 (en) 1997-10-21 2004-09-07 911Ep, Inc. LED warning signal light and light support having at least one sector
US6989743B2 (en) 1999-04-06 2006-01-24 911Ep, Inc. Replacement LED lamp assembly and modulated power intensity for light source
US7080930B2 (en) 1999-06-08 2006-07-25 911Ep, Inc. LED warning signal light and row of LED's
US6789930B2 (en) 1999-06-08 2004-09-14 911Ep, Inc. LED warning signal light and row of LED's
US7153013B2 (en) 1999-06-08 2006-12-26 911Ep, Inc. LED warning signal light and moveable row of LED's
US7163324B2 (en) 1999-06-08 2007-01-16 911Ep, Inc. Led light stick assembly
US6814459B2 (en) 1999-08-04 2004-11-09 911Ep, Inc. LED light bar
DE10025810B4 (de) * 2000-05-24 2014-01-23 SMR Patents S.à.r.l. Leuchteneinheit, insbesondere für Außenrückblickspiegel von Fahrzeugen, vorzugsweise von Kraftfahrzeugen
WO2001095673A1 (en) * 2000-06-06 2001-12-13 911 Emergency Products, Inc. Led compensation circuit
US6879263B2 (en) 2000-11-15 2005-04-12 Federal Law Enforcement, Inc. LED warning light and communication system
WO2002096161A1 (de) * 2001-05-25 2002-11-28 Michael Kohls Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb lichtemittierender dioden
US9768868B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2017-09-19 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light dongle communication system
US11265082B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2022-03-01 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light control assembly and system
US11664895B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2023-05-30 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light control assembly and system
US11664897B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2023-05-30 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light fixture
US11201672B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2021-12-14 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light fixture
US10911144B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2021-02-02 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light broad band over power line communication system
US9660726B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2017-05-23 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light broad band over power line communication system
US9755743B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2017-09-05 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light global positioning and routing communication system
US10820391B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2020-10-27 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light control assembly and system
US9967030B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2018-05-08 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Building illumination apparatus with integrated communications, security and energy management
US10050705B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2018-08-14 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light interior room and building communication system
US10051714B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2018-08-14 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light control assembly and system
US10812186B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2020-10-20 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light fixture
US10250329B1 (en) 2007-05-24 2019-04-02 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light fixture
US10374706B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2019-08-06 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light broad band over power line communication system
US7906915B2 (en) 2008-04-19 2011-03-15 Aerospace Optics, Inc. Enhanced trim resolution voltage-controlled dimming LED driving circuit
FR2936927A1 (fr) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-09 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Circuit electrique comprenant des cellules lumineuses a diode electroluminescente.
US9654163B2 (en) 2009-04-01 2017-05-16 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Visible light transceiver glasses
US10763909B2 (en) 2009-04-01 2020-09-01 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Visible light communication transceiver glasses
US10411746B2 (en) 2009-04-01 2019-09-10 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Visible light communication transceiver glasses
US11424781B2 (en) 2009-04-01 2022-08-23 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Visible light communication transceiver glasses
WO2014041187A1 (fr) 2012-09-17 2014-03-20 Valeo Vision Support à led étalonnable, module et dispositif d'éclairage et/ou de signalisation équipé dudit support
FR2995659A1 (fr) * 2012-09-17 2014-03-21 Valeo Vision Support a led etalonnable, module et dispositif d'eclairage et/ou de signalisation equipe dudit support et procede d'etalonnage correspondant
US9655189B2 (en) 2013-03-13 2017-05-16 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. LED light control and management system
US11552712B2 (en) 2013-05-06 2023-01-10 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Network security and variable pulse wave form with continuous communication
US11018774B2 (en) 2013-05-06 2021-05-25 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Network security and variable pulse wave form with continuous communication
US10205530B2 (en) 2013-05-06 2019-02-12 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Network security and variable pulse wave form with continuous communication
US11824586B2 (en) 2013-05-06 2023-11-21 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Network security and variable pulse wave form with continuous communication
US11783345B2 (en) 2014-01-15 2023-10-10 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Cyber life electronic networking and commerce operating exchange
US11200794B2 (en) 2015-08-11 2021-12-14 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Function disabler device and system
US10932337B2 (en) 2015-08-11 2021-02-23 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Function disabler device and system
US11651680B2 (en) 2015-08-11 2023-05-16 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Function disabler device and system
US10448472B2 (en) 2015-08-11 2019-10-15 Federal Law Enforcement Development Services, Inc. Function disabler device and system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69709206T2 (de) 2002-08-22
FR2745458A1 (fr) 1997-08-29
ES2170290T3 (es) 2002-08-01
DE69709206D1 (de) 2002-01-31
EP0793403B1 (de) 2001-12-19
FR2745458B1 (fr) 1998-04-10

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