EP0806896A1 - Verfahren zur kontrolle von ammoniak arthropodenbefall und tierischem stress bei tierhaltung auf geengtem raum - Google Patents

Verfahren zur kontrolle von ammoniak arthropodenbefall und tierischem stress bei tierhaltung auf geengtem raum

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Publication number
EP0806896A1
EP0806896A1 EP96942283A EP96942283A EP0806896A1 EP 0806896 A1 EP0806896 A1 EP 0806896A1 EP 96942283 A EP96942283 A EP 96942283A EP 96942283 A EP96942283 A EP 96942283A EP 0806896 A1 EP0806896 A1 EP 0806896A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
thiosulfate
environment
animal
ammonia
containing composition
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP96942283A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
William Moseley Archer, Iii
Joseph Paige Straley
David Lee Wilson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Clariant Finance BVI Ltd
Original Assignee
Clariant Finance BVI Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Clariant Finance BVI Ltd filed Critical Clariant Finance BVI Ltd
Publication of EP0806896A1 publication Critical patent/EP0806896A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/01—Deodorant compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
    • A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • A01N59/02—Sulfur; Selenium; Tellurium; Compounds thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of treating an ammonia- an ⁇ Vor arthropod population-containing environment, comprising applying to a surface or substrate in contact with the environment, a thiosulfate-containing composition.
  • the method can be used to reduce the concentration of ammonia in an ammonia-containing environment, to reduce the arthropod population in an arthropod population-containing environment and/or to reduce stress of an animal in an ammonia- and/or arthropod-containing environment.
  • the present invention also relates to compositions comprising thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and optionally sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, and to the use of said compositions, particularly in the reduction of the concentration of ammonia, pH, animal stress and arthropod infestation in an environment.
  • the present invention relates to animal litter comprising a thiosulfate- and, optionally elemental sulfur-, containing composition.
  • Physiologically toxic or unpleasant malodors occur widely in the living environment of man, for example, in the production, processing, repacking, filling, storing, freshness- retaining, transportation, discarding, etc. of various products common to the industries of agriculture, farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishing.
  • sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds are responsible for such malodors, and effective treatments are still being sought.
  • urea or uric acid are excreted by animals as a result of normal metabolism and are rapidly converted into ammonia by biological action, primarily bacterial action.
  • fish and other aquatic animal life excrete urea directly into the water, where it is rapidly converted into ammonia.
  • Non-aquatic animals, including humans, also excrete urea into natural habitats and, in the particular case of domestic animals and livestock, into artificial habitats, such as stalls, coops, cages, litter pans and other indoor- and outdoor-housing structures.
  • Ammonia is also produced as a result of the decay of solid animal waste and uneaten food, or undigested food in fecal matter.
  • ammonia is a gaseous environmental contaminant which has an undesirable pungent odor.
  • concentrated animal populations typically found in commercial animal production units common to hog and poultry, such as chicken (Gallus domesticus). turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). gease (Anser spp.), Coturnix quail (Cortunix cortunix or C. Cortunix iaponica).
  • ammonia accumulations exert severe physiological stress on the animal population.
  • ammonia concentrations typically found in confined growing conditions cause stress symptoms such as respiratory distress, increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, decreased weight gain, blindness and in severe cases mortality.
  • an embodiment of the present invention treats a surface or substrate in contact with an ammonia- and/or arthropod population-containing environment, e.g., a chicken or turkey house with a thiosulfate-containing composition.
  • an ammonia- and/or arthropod population-containing environment e.g., a chicken or turkey house with a thiosulfate-containing composition.
  • an ammonia- and/or arthropod population-containing environment e.g., a chicken or turkey house with a thiosulfate-containing composition.
  • an ammonia- and/or arthropod population-containing environment e.g., a chicken or turkey house with a thiosulfate-containing composition.
  • Such a composition is non-acidic and accordingly does not suffer from the disadvantages discussed above.
  • the present invention may be practiced in treating an environment used in the production of any of the abovementioned animals.
  • an environment will be referred to as an animal environment.
  • Broiler house stocking densities typically range from about 1 1 to 16.5 birds/m 2 ( 1.0 to 1.5 birds/ft 2 ), depending on weather, environmental conditions and the target market weight of the birds. Typical stocking densities in southeast USA range from about 13.2 to 14.3 birds/m 2 ( 1.2 - 1.3 birds/ft 2 )
  • Stocking densities for turkeys vary, since the very young birds (poults) are grown in separate buildings for the first month. Poult brooder buildings are stocked at about 33 - 44 birds/m 2 (3-4 birds/ft 2 ).
  • Grow-out buildings are stocked at a lower density, typically about 22 - 33 birds/m 2 (2-3 birds/ft 2 ) or less if it is desired to grow a large bird full grown 13 6 kg (301b) toms, may require 0 45 - 0.63 m 2 /b ⁇ rd (5-7 ft 2 b ⁇ rd)
  • arthropod pests found in modern high density PPf are: (a) ectoparasites mites, lice, and bedbugs, and (b) habitat pests darkling (litter) beetles and filth flies (house fly and other species) Integrated arthropod pest management programs must counter all of these pests.
  • the major arthropod pest species of concern and the pest management strategies vary with the animal, housing and production systems
  • arthropod pests The ecology of arthropod pests is tied to the artificial environment in which they and the animals exist, and changes in the environment which reduce arthropod populations can only be made if they are not detrimental to the animals Since the environments of the ⁇ a ⁇ ous types of production facilities differ, so too does the arthropod pest population as does the adverse effect on the animal host caused by the particular arthropod population
  • arthropod ectoparasites on poultry involves the stressing of the bird, feeding on the bird, and/or vecto ⁇ ng of disease organisms harmful to the bird Pests that are not ectoparasites may nevertheless lower the quality of the birds' environment and thereby also cause stress to the birds
  • Common ectoparasites that cause stress to poultry include the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus, the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, and the bedbug, Cimex lectularius
  • a diversity of insects and mites will be found in the accumulated poultry manure (in caged-layer houses and beneath the slats in breeder houses) and litter (feces mixed with wood shavings or other plant materials in broiler and turkey grow-out houses and portions of breeder houses)
  • arthropods are mainly species of beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and mesostigmatid mites
  • the two major pest species of litter beetles are Alphitobius diapermus (Teneb ⁇ onidae), the darkling beetle, and Dermestes maculatus (Dermestidae), the hide beetle
  • the darkling beetles are both reservoirs and vectors for a wide variety of pathogens, including several that are threats to poultry production They harbor fungi (Aspergillus), bacteria (Escherichia, Salmonella, Bacillus, Streptococcus), and viruses causing leukosis (Marek's disease) and infectious bursitis (Gumboro disease)
  • fungi Aspergillus
  • bacteria Esscherichia, Salmonella, Bacillus, Streptococcus
  • viruses causing leukosis Marek's disease
  • infectious bursitis Gaboro disease
  • organophosphate, carbamate, and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and borates are toxic to the beetles as residues on the structure or in the litter, but although effective in laboratory tests, they yield only temporary arthropod population reductions in the poultry house.
  • insect growth regulators, juvenile hormone analogues, and avermectin and similar anti-parasitics have effects in laboratory tests but have not been demonstrated to be effective in the field.
  • the present invention also relates to thiosulfate-containing compositions, comprising elemental sulfur and, optionally sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
  • the present invention is further directed to an animal litter comprising thiosulfate-, and optionally elemental sulfur-, containing compositions.
  • the present invention further provides a method of treating an ammonia- and/or arthropod population-containing environment, comprising applying to a surface or substrate in contact with the environment, a non-toxic or thiosulfate-containing composition in an amount effective to reduce the concentration of ammonia and/or arthropod population in the environment.
  • the ammonia may be both airborne and/or trapped in or on a surface or substrate in the environment, e.g., animal waste in the form of ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH).
  • the method of the present invention is suitable for treating an ammonia- and/or arthropod population-containing environment such as closed and open environments which are naturally occurring or man-made including, but not limited to, animal litter, animal litter containers, cages, crates, stalls, coops, pens, houses, public toilets and other environments where ammonia and/or arthropod pests may be found
  • an ammonia- and/or arthropod population-containing environment such as closed and open environments which are naturally occurring or man-made including, but not limited to, animal litter, animal litter containers, cages, crates, stalls, coops, pens, houses, public toilets and other environments where ammonia and/or arthropod pests may be found
  • ammonia concentration and/or arthropod infestation-inducing stress may be su ⁇ risingly reduced by adding to the environment a thiosulfate-containing composition in an amount effective to reduce the ammonia concentration and/or arthropod infestation in the environment
  • a thiosulfate-containing composition in an amount effective to reduce the ammonia concentration and/or arthropod infestation in the environment
  • Such a treatment has been discovered to reduce stress (which can be measured by mortality or weight gain), decrease airborne ammonia concentrations and decrease in arthropod pest infestation in animals grown in confined or crowded conditions
  • Observed benefits include better food utilization resulting in increased weight gain and thus increased production, in addition to reductions in deleterious bacteria in the litter, reduction of animal eye irritation and blindness, reduced animal buccal and/or tracheal irritation, greater viability of animal populations, and generally, better overall health
  • the method of the present invention may be used on its own or in combination with any other method known for reducing the ammonia concentration of an ammonia-containing environment, with the proviso that said other method is practical with respect to considerations such as toxicity, irritancy, dosage requirement and corrosivity
  • the method of the present invention may be used in summer, in combination with ventilation means, whereby ventilation cools the environment and reduces the airborne ammonia concentration
  • a method of reducing stress of an animal confined in an ammonia- and/or arthropod-population- containing environment comprising applying to a surface or substrate in contact with the environment a non-toxic, thiosulfate-containing composition in an amount effective to reduce stress, wherein the stress reduction is determined by a reduction in animal mortality and/or an increase in animal weight gain relative to the mortality and/or weight gain observed in an animal housed in the same environment to which no thiosulfate-salt- containing composition has been applied.
  • same environment is meant an environment which is the same or substantially the same with respect to temperature, density of animals, and diet regimen administered to the animals
  • the increase of weight gain will be dependent on the particular animal species, the period over which the weight gain is measured, the stage of development of the animal and the diet administered. Both significant weight increases and decreases in mortality rate have been observed in the practice of the present invention.
  • the thiosulfate compounds used in accordance with any one of the embodiments of the present invention are non-irritating and non-toxic to animals, including humans, and non-corrosive.
  • Preferred thiosulfate-containing compositions are thiosulfate salts, and include alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium, and alkaline earth metals, such as calcium and magnesium.
  • a particularly preferred thiosulfate-salt-containing composition is a composition comprising sodium thiosulfate.
  • Such thiosulfate-salt-containing compounds are commercially available (e.g., from PVS, General Chemical or Calabrian) and are often used in photography, scale prevention, dechlorination and mining.
  • Sodium thiosulfate in fact, has been used as a food additive for chicken rations and may even be sourced from the waste liquor of sulfur dye manufacture.
  • ease of handling and mild nature of the chemical compounds useful in the present invention represents a significant advance in protecting workers, animals, and equipment, while providing efficient reduction of airborne ammonia, arthropod pests and animal stress in confined growth animal husbandry environments.
  • the amount of the thiosulfate-containing composition effective to reduce the ammonia and/or the arthropod pest population and/or animal stress will vary depending on the concentration of ammonia and/or size of the arthropod population present in the environment, and method of application of the thiosulfate-salt-containing composition to the environment.
  • the thiosulfate-salt-containing composition is suitably introduced as a spray directed downward towards the litter at greater than 100 ppm, typically greater than 10,000 ppm.
  • the thiosulfate-salt-containing composition may be applied at a dose of between about 0.048 to 9.764 Kg/m 2 (0.01 to 2 lbs./ft.
  • the composition is introduced as an aqueous spray.
  • the composition may also be applied to the bedding area, e.g., to the litter, and adjusted as necessary to reduce the concentration of airborne ammonia in the environment, the arthropod pest population and to lower the pH of the moisture present in the litter.
  • the stability of the association between water and ammonia, which together form, NH 4 OH is increased. Accordingly NH 4 OH is less likely to dissociate into ammonia and water.
  • references hereinabove to a reduction in the concentration of ammonia are to be understood in the sense that the concentration of ammonia in the atmosphere of the environment is less than the amount which would otherwise be present in the atmosphere of the environment in the absence of application of the thiosulfate- containing composition of the present invention or alternatively expressed, the ammonia is being fixed
  • an effective amount of thiosulfate-containing composition in relation to the embodiment of the invention dealing with reducing stress of an animal is meant an amount to reduce animal mortality and/or to cause an increase in animal weight gain relative to the mortality and/or weight gain observed in an animal housed in the same environment to which no thiosulfate-containing composition has been applied
  • the pH of litter on which confined growth poultry and other animals reside when treated according to the process of the present invention, decreases up to 2 or more pH units Untreated, the litter typically reaches pH levels in excess of 8 where bacteria flourish Low pH has been shown to decrease the number of deleterious and pathogenic bacteria, thus decreasing the overall stress on the flock or herd Salmonella, particularly, are beneficially reduced by low pH such that incidence of Salmonella contamination is decreased at slaughter This effect is of benefit to processors for whom reduction or control of Salmonella contamination, e g., in chicken products, is of great importance
  • the process of the present invention also provides environmental conditions within the pen, coop, bedding, litter, etc which, in addition to reducing the concentration of ammonia, reduce, discourage, inhibit and/or eliminate the infestation of arthropods and/or parasites commonly found in such areas, including darkling beetles
  • control or "arthropod control” will be used generically with respect to application of the thiosulfate-containing composition to reduce, discourage, inhibit and/or eliminate the infestation of arthropods and/or parasites in an ammonia- and/or arthropod population- containing environment treated according to the process of the present invention
  • the instant process enables the control of such beetles, parasites and pests, as pathogenic vectors.
  • This trap is a 10 in. long piece of 1.5 in. diameter PVC pipe with an insert of rolled corrugated cardboard (such as used for brooder guard). Holes near the end of the pipe allow staking with gutter nails to prevent the birds from moving the tube. After the tube trap is on the litter for one week, the cardboard insert is removed and the beetles (larvae and adults) counted. A new cardboard insert should be used each week. At least 10 of these traps should be used per house.
  • the effective rate of application of the thiosulfate- containing composition to control the arthropod pests may be routinely adjusted according to the size and vitality of the arthropod population to be treated in accordance with known methods.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process of treating animal or fowl bedding or litter material with an amount of thiosulfate-containing composition effective to achieve and maintain the animal or fowl bedding or litter at a pH of less than 7.5, preferably between 4 and 7, most preferably between 5 and 6.5.
  • the thus treated animal or fowl bedding or litter can be used in a confined environment or holding tank for animals or fowl.
  • the animal or fowl bedding or litter material can be organic waste material, for example, straw, such as wheat, barley, oats, rice, stover, such as corn and milo, cotton waste, grape pomice, vegetable wastes, wood shavings, sawdust, bagasse, peanut hulls, peat tobacco stems, cocoa shells, rice hulls, or any other waste organic material.
  • the preferred animal or fowl bedding or litter material is sawdust or some other adsorbent material onto which the thiosulfate-containing composition has been applied.
  • an aqueous sodium thiosulfate-containing solution may be compounded with emulsified elemental sulfur.
  • Surfactants, dispersants, and thickening agents may also be used, along with a small particle-size (preferably 5 microns or less) form of elemental sulfur in order to produce a stable suspension of up to 15%, preferably between 8.0% and 12%, by weight sulfur in the final composition, preferably in a dispersion, that is suitable for application by standard agricultural spray equipment.
  • the small size of the sulfur particles, and the presence of one or more conventional surfactants in the dispersion aids in dispersing the sulfur and promotes the efficient utilization of the mixture by the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
  • the elemental sulfur may be introduced at a concentration of about 0.005 to 5 kg/m 2 (0.001 to 1 lb/ft 2 ), preferably 0.025 to 2.5 kg/m 2 (0.005 to 0.5 lb/ft 2 ), most preferably 0.05 to 1.25 kg/m 2 (0.01 to 0.25 lg/ft 2 ), either together with, in sequence with, or independently from, the thiosulfate-containing composition.
  • the unexpected advantage of using elemental sulfur in the compositions of the invention is that the same group of microorganisms that convert thiosulfate to sulfate also oxidize elemental sulfur to sulfate. Although the biological process is slower, a given weight of sulfur will generate a greater amount of acid than thiosulfate. Accordingly, treatment with the elemental sulfur alone (i.e., in the absence of a thiosulfate-containing composition), e.g., up to 72%, preferably 10-25%, by weight in an aqueous dispersion thereof, also provides the bacteria with an effective pH reducing species to effect the described ammonia fixing reaction.
  • the mixture of thiosulfate and sulfur is in effect a two-stage product, wherein the thiosulfate reacts quickly to reduce the airborne ammonia, and the elemental sulfur provides the necessary acidity over a longer period of time.
  • the application of such a mixture can reduce the pH of litter in confined growth poultry houses by up to 3 pH units or more.
  • the aqueous thiosulfate composition stimulates the population of sulfur oxidizing bacteria so that utilization of the elemental sulfur begins promptly.
  • Such a mixture is also unexpectedly effective in reducing arthropod pests.
  • Thiosulfate is a preferred substrate to provide immediately available metabolic energy to sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
  • sulfur-containing anions e.g., sulfite, and bisulfite and metabisulfite individually or together, may also be used in a formulation with other substrates to form multi-stage products to provide energy for the bacteria. Accordingly, for the pu ⁇ oses of the present invention, it is to be understood that any reference herein to thiosulfate may be replaced by sulfite, metabisulfite, or bisulfite, unless the context indicates otherwise.
  • a further embodiment of the invention is to supplement the thiosulfate and/or sulfur application (especially the application of a liquor or aqueous dispersion thereof) with the concurrent and/or consecutive application of an effective pH reducing amount of sulfur oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobac ⁇ lus thwoxidans
  • an effective pH reducing amount of sulfur oxidizing bacteria such as Thiobac ⁇ lus thwoxidans
  • the thiosulfate is biologically oxidized in situ by bacteria, an active acidic species being produced in the litter thereby decreasing the pH of the litter
  • an enrichment culture of sulfur oxidizing bacteria is applied in the form of an inoculum
  • enrichment culture is meant a culture of selected bacteria isolated from particular environments, e g , litter from poultry houses, by a technique of supplying specialized substrates, thus encouraging the relative abundance of those bacteria best able to utilize the substrate
  • a concentrate can be made of such enrichment, which concentrate is stable for storage and transportation The concentrate can be recultured to make a large- volume preparation
  • alkaline earth metals such as calcium
  • sodium (or potassium) in the thiosulfate-containing composition or solution used in the invention Such divalent cations interact with soluble phosphate to form salts which have reduced solubility Accordingly, when used litter containing alkaline earth metals is spread on fields to realize its fertilizer value, a lesser amount of soluble phosphate escapes to local waterways du ⁇ ng precipitation Thus, reducing phosphate solubility retains fertilizer value on the field as well as reducing the degradation of water quality in adjacent water bodies
  • dyes or colorants may be added to the active thiosulfate-contammg composition or solution so that the applicator can easily visualize the location of the active mate ⁇ al on the substrate, e g , litter, to ensure total substrate coverage
  • the thiosulfate-containing composition of the invention may contain other additives, such as dispersants, surfactants, perfumes, coloring agents, adsorbents, etc , which do not adversely affect the stress- or ammonia concentration-reducing properties of the thiosulfate or thiosulfate/sulfur mixture
  • the environment will be free or substantially free of ammonia
  • the ammonia concentration will be at or below the level generally causing stress to the animal species, ⁇ e , ⁇ t will be at a level hereinafter referred to as a non-stress-causing ammonia concentration
  • the compositions of the present invention also reduce the stress of animals confined in such environments, the stress reduction being indicated by a lower rate of mortality or a higher average body weight of the animals compared to control animals In such environments the stress is as a result of non-ammonia factors, e g , the presence of an arthropod population
  • a method of reducing stress of an animal confined in an environment in which the ammonia is at a non-stress-causing concentration comprising applying to a surface or substrate in contact with the environment a non-toxic, thiosulfate-salt-containing composition in an amount effective to reduce stress, wherein the stress reduction is determined by a reduction in animal mortality and or an increase in animal weight gain relative to the mortality and/or weight gain observed in an animal housed in the same environment to which no thiosulfate-salt-containing composition has been applied
  • the thiosulfate-containing composition may be added to an environment which is free or substantially free of ammonia, to an environment containing ammonia; or it may be added to an environment which will contain ammonia at a future date.
  • the thiosulfate-containing composition may be added to an environment which has little or no arthropod population, already contains an arthropod population, or an environment which will contain such a population at a future date.
  • references hereinabove to an ammonia-containing environment are to be understood as encompassing environments which it is anticipated will, at some time contain ammonia.
  • references herein to an arthropod population-containing environment encompass environments which, at some time will contain such a population.
  • an effective amount of thiosulfate-salt-containing composition is an amount sufficient to reduce the estimated or anticipated amount of ammonia, and/or to control the infestation of arthropod pests in the environment and/or in an amount to lower pH.
  • the thiosulfate-salt-containing composition is in the form of an aqueous solution.
  • aqueous solutions are typically 10-50% by weight, preferably 20-40%, most preferably 25-30% thiosulfate by weight based on the weight of the solution. Solutions may have a lower concentration of thiosulfate by weight, however, and still produce a measurable beneficial effect. Solutions of greater than 50%, e.g., up to 95 % or higher, though obviously effective, are believed to be unnecessary.
  • compositions of the present invention are added to the environment to be treated, as a dilute aqueous solution, for example, by being sprayed onto a surface or substrate in contact with the environment, e.g., animal litter. After drying, the resulting thiosulfate crystals are very small and the physicochemical mixing and the microbial oxidation proceed immediately, albeit at different rates.
  • the biologically-mediated oxidation of the thiosulfate depends on the relative numbers of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Many variations of application may be used in order to produce a prompt effect.
  • litter is treated before each new poultry flock is introduced into the environment. In commercial broiler houses, a single application is sufficient to carry the flock through about 40 days of reduced ammonia concentration and/or reduced pH and/or reduced stress and/or reduced arthropod population.
  • the thiosulfate-containing composition may be applied directly to the environment, e.g., to an environmental surface or into environmental substrates (e.g., animal litters, latrines, earth, etc.) by any suitable method, for example, by spraying or by applying with a brush or mop.
  • the surface or substrate may be manufactured with the thiosulfate-containing composition in association therewith, e.g., cage board.
  • the active solution to the environment in an amount sufficient to wet or coat the area with the solution until the portion of the environment contacted with the active solution is damp.
  • the environment need not be soaked or saturated with the thiosulfate-containing active solution.
  • the amount of active solution or crystals necessary to treat an ammonia- and/or arthropod population-containing environment will depend upon the size of the area to be treated, the method of application, the composition of the substrate (such as litter, bedding, hard wood, tile, concrete, or ca ⁇ eted floors, or walls, or ceilings or other components of structures, clay, metal, cage board, zeolite, etc.), to be contacted with the thiosulfate-containing composition, the amount and rate of ammonia production estimated or anticipated in the environment, the concentration of the active solution and the ammonia-controlling capacity of the thiosulfate-containing composition used, the arthropod population, among other factors.
  • the composition of the substrate such as litter, bedding, hard wood, tile, concrete, or ca ⁇ eted floors, or walls, or ceilings or other components of structures, clay, metal, cage board, zeolite, etc.
  • the high surface area and high adso ⁇ tivity of the sawdust generally requires a relatively larger amount of the composition togetherwith mixing of the litter to fully cover or coat the available surface area of the litter.
  • the thiosulfate and/or thiosulfate- sulfur treatment may be effectively used in portable latrines or bathrooms, such as are commonly found in public places, e.g., at parades, concerts, sporting events, and the like, where many people gather.
  • portable latrines or bathrooms such as are commonly found in public places, e.g., at parades, concerts, sporting events, and the like, where many people gather.
  • Example 1 The present invention will now be illustrated by the following examples, it being understood that the examples are non-limiting.
  • Example 1 The present invention will now be illustrated by the following examples, it being understood that the examples are non-limiting.
  • a method of treating an ammonia-containing environment in which the ammonia concentration is at a stress causing level
  • Each broiler house measures about 12 x 150 m (fourty x 500 ft )
  • the ventilation in all houses is at the same level
  • the birds are monitored over a 42 day period.
  • the houses had only been used once before

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
  • Disinfection, Sterilisation Or Deodorisation Of Air (AREA)
EP96942283A 1995-11-30 1996-11-29 Verfahren zur kontrolle von ammoniak arthropodenbefall und tierischem stress bei tierhaltung auf geengtem raum Withdrawn EP0806896A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US56549195A 1995-11-30 1995-11-30
US565491 1995-11-30
PCT/EP1996/005307 WO1997019598A1 (en) 1995-11-30 1996-11-29 Method for controlling ammonia, arthropod infestation and reducing animal stress in confined room animal husbandry

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EP0806896A1 true EP0806896A1 (de) 1997-11-19

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EP96942283A Withdrawn EP0806896A1 (de) 1995-11-30 1996-11-29 Verfahren zur kontrolle von ammoniak arthropodenbefall und tierischem stress bei tierhaltung auf geengtem raum

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EP (1) EP0806896A1 (de)
JP (1) JPH10513482A (de)
CN (1) CN1195969A (de)
BR (1) BR9606813A (de)
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US20170143861A1 (en) * 2015-11-24 2017-05-25 Dooley Chemical, LLC Ammonia Reducing Agent for Commercial Aviary

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BR9606813A (pt) 1997-12-30
CN1195969A (zh) 1998-10-14
JPH10513482A (ja) 1998-12-22
MX9705720A (es) 1997-11-29
WO1997019598A1 (en) 1997-06-05

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