EP0815917A1 - Equipement pour séparer des particules solides de gaz ou des fumées génerées dans des procédés industriels - Google Patents

Equipement pour séparer des particules solides de gaz ou des fumées génerées dans des procédés industriels Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0815917A1
EP0815917A1 EP96830379A EP96830379A EP0815917A1 EP 0815917 A1 EP0815917 A1 EP 0815917A1 EP 96830379 A EP96830379 A EP 96830379A EP 96830379 A EP96830379 A EP 96830379A EP 0815917 A1 EP0815917 A1 EP 0815917A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
swirler
gas
equipment
dust
separating
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP96830379A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Francesco Repetto
Matgorzata Drozdz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Leonardo SpA
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Finmeccanica SpA
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Publication date
Application filed by Finmeccanica SpA filed Critical Finmeccanica SpA
Priority to EP96830379A priority Critical patent/EP0815917A1/fr
Publication of EP0815917A1 publication Critical patent/EP0815917A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D45/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours by gravity, inertia, or centrifugal forces
    • B01D45/12—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours by gravity, inertia, or centrifugal forces by centrifugal forces
    • B01D45/14—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours by gravity, inertia, or centrifugal forces by centrifugal forces generated by rotating vanes, discs, drums or brushes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to equipment for separating dust from fumes and gases exhausted from industrial processing plants.
  • the present invention relates to equipment for the hot separation of dust resulting from processes for gasifying biomasses, from the incineration of solid urban refuse, industrial refuse and water treatment sludges.
  • the cleansing of high-temperature fumes and gases is extremely important in industrial processes since the fumes usually contain large quantities of solid pollutant particles (even as much as 1000 kg/m 3 ) constituted mainly by carbon or non-combustible inorganic materials such as silica, alumina etc. These particles must then be separated from the fumes before they are released into the atmosphere. It is particularly advantageous for this separation to occur immediately after the combustion chamber, that is when the fumes are still hot, for at least two fundamental reasons:
  • the document EP 659 462 describes an axial cyclone constituted by a cylindrical duct which houses a fixed helix, also termed a swirler, traversed by the entire flow of fumes and capable of operating at the temperatures of the gas output from the combustion chamber (800-900°C), thus making it possible to recover the energy by means of heat-exchangers, and with sufficient efficiency to allow the expensive electrostatic filters to be omitted.
  • the swirler imposes a vortical motion on the gas flow in the duct, the tangential velocity being caused by the deflection of the particles by the blades. The dust in the gas is thus subjected to centrifugal forces and becomes concentrated in an annular peripheral region of the axial cyclone.
  • a device for capturing the dust is located at the outlet end of the cyclone and is constituted by a tube concentric with the cyclone duct and inside this latter.
  • the cleansed gas which flows through the central region of the axial cyclone is thus conveyed in the inner tube while the peripheral flow, rich in dust, is captured and flows through the outer tube and is then treated by further filter means.
  • the efficiency of the axial cyclone is thus strictly dependent on the characteristics of the flow, or the flow rate of the gas, and hence on its velocity, on the concentration of dust in the gas and the dimensions of the particles constituting the dust. If one or other of these parameters differs from a nominal value for which the axial cyclone has been dimensioned, the latter's efficiency falls considerably. It is in fact clear that the tangential component of the velocity which the gas is given is uniquely correlated with the flow rate, and hence the velocity, of the gas at the input to the cyclone by the fixed geometry of the cyclone, and varies with the latter. Moreover the centrifugal effect causes a non-uniform distribution of the gas pressure in the outlet section, this being greater at the periphery of the outlet section and varying with the velocity and hence with the flow rate of the gas.
  • the fraction of gas captured thus varies with the flow rate and, in dependence on the concentration of solid particles, may be insufficient or excessive to achieve a predetermined capture efficiency.
  • the dimensions of the particles constituting the dust is also a parameter which influences the capture efficiency: it is in fact known that the finer the solid particles, the higher is the centrifugal force to which they must be subjected to achieve a predetermined capture yield.
  • the problem at the root of the present invention is that of devising equipment for the hot separation of dust from exhaust gases from industrial processing plants which achieves extremely good separation whatever the flow rate of the gas and the concentration and dimensions of its dust content, which allows auxiliary filter means, such as electrostatic filters etc., to be omitted and enables maintenance to be minimised and which can be used effectively in variable operative conditions and can be adapted for optimum use of the equipment in various operative conditions so that the requirements of various plants can be satisfied with the same equipment which can be produced in series.
  • auxiliary filter means such as electrostatic filters etc.
  • equipment for separating dust from a gas flow comprising an axial cyclone having a swirler traversed by the gas flow, a device for separating the cleansed gas from the dust-saturated gas, characterised in that it further includes a shaft which supports the swirler and drive means for rotating the shaft and the swirler.
  • means are provided for displacing the swirler axially relative to the capture device so as to locate it further from or closer to this latter in order to vary the fraction of the gas captured and to adapt it to the varying concentrations of solid particles.
  • this shows schematically an axial cyclone constituted by a cylindrical duct 1 which houses a swirler 2, shown schematically as an helix, having blades of variable curvature with an inlet angle of substantially zero to the axial direction of a gas flow (represented by the vector Vi) fed into the duct 1 and an outlet angle a to the axis of the helix and to the direction of the inlet flow.
  • This angle is determined so as to achieve an optimum effect for a predetermined nominal flow rate (and hence axial velocity of the fumes, concentration, dimensions and mass of the particles).
  • the gas flow on encountering the obstacle constituted by the bladed swirler, is deflected and follows a helical path, leaving the blades in a direction set by the outlet angle ⁇ .
  • Vi is the axial velocity of the gas on the inlet side
  • the velocity of the gas leaving the blades is represented by the vector Vu which may be decomposed into an axial component Va and a tangential component Vt.
  • the outlet section as shown by the schematic drawing of Figure 1, is the same as the inlet section, the axial component Va must be at least equal to Vi and the outlet velocity Vu is greater than the inlet velocity.
  • the axial component Va of the outlet velocity Vu may also be equal to or less than Vi.
  • the principle of continuity in stationary running conditions the mass entering a duct must be the same as that leaving
  • the swirler In order to correct the tangential velocity Vt, which varies with the flow rate, and so as to have a predetermined value, the swirler is rotated at a velocity which may be concordant with or opposed to the helical trajectory imposed on the flow.
  • the outlet angle of the blades is virtually increased and the tangential velocity (represented by the vector Vtr) is increased and the axial velocity represented by Var is reduced.
  • the tangential velocity, represented by the vector Vtr is reduced while the axial velocity, represented by Var, is increased.
  • the magnitude of the increase/decrease in the vector components is obviously determined by the rate of rotation of the blades.
  • the centrifugal force applied to the particles which depends on the tangential component of velocity Vt ⁇ Vtr at the outlet from the swirler may be varied in order to achieve the optimum separation of the particles from the gas flow. More particularly, for a given concentration and dimension of the particles, if the gas flow rate is less than a nominal value, concordant rotation of the swirler enables the gas flow to be given a tangential velocity equal to that which it would have if the swirler were stationary, and the gas were flowing at a nominal gas flow rate.
  • the peripheral region of the flow, rich in dust may thus be captured by means of a capture device constituted by a tube 4 concentric with and within the duct 1 and downstream of the swirler ( Figure 1) exactly as described in the document EP 659 462.
  • FIG 4 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the equipment for separating particles from fumes, having a rotary swirler according to the present invention.
  • the various elements of the equipment corresponding to those of Figure 1 are identified by the same reference numbers.
  • the equipment comprises an axial cyclone constituted by a cylindrical duct 1 which houses a swirler 2 which is free to rotate about its axis and is mounted on a rotary shaft 5 arranged co-axially with the duct 1.
  • the swirler 2 is rotated by drive members 6 (electric, hydraulic and pneumatic), controlled by suitable regulating devices 7 of conventional type supplied with a flow-rate signal Q such that the swirler 2 rotates at an angular velocity correlated in amplitude and direction with the flow rate signal Q.
  • the fumes or gases to be cleansed of dust represented by the arrow 8 are introduced into the duct 1 through a second duct 9 arranged at a convenient angle to the duct 1 to minimise load losses caused by the change in direction of the flow.
  • the angle between the two ducts may be 30° or less.
  • a capture device Downstream of the swirler 2 relative to the inlet of fumes into the duct 1, and coaxially within the duct 1, is a capture device constituted by a tube 4 which separates the outlet section for the fumes and gases into a central portion in which the fumes and gases are conveyed by the tube 4 to apparatus which utilizes them, and an annular portion constituted by the interspace between the duct 1 and the tube 4.
  • This interspace communicates with a volute extraction device 10 which conveys the portion of the fumes and particles therein to auxiliary separating apparatus known per sé and irrelevant for the purposes of the present invention.
  • the axial distance of the swirler 2 from the capture tube 4 is not fixed and predetermined but variable.
  • the rotary shaft 5 is housed and supported by a telescopic tube system, that is, a sleeve 11 fixed against rotation but slidable axially in the duct 1 and guided therein by suitable spoked bearings such as 12 (to allow the flow of fumes), the shaft 5 having a threaded end 13 which projects from the duct 1 and has a support flange for the drive members 6.
  • the threaded end 13 engages a nut in the form of a threaded drive gear 14 coupled to drive members 15 and fixed in a predetermined axial position relative to the duct 1 by a ring nut 16 fixed to the end of a tubular guide and housing support 17 coupled by flanges to the duct 1.
  • the axial distance of the swirler 2 from the capture tube 4 may thus be varied by means of the drive members 15.
  • the pressure distribution in the outlet section of the duct 1 is uniform and, for a given axial component of velocity and a given volumetric flow rate captured by the device 4, the maximum flow rate captured falls the greater the distance of the swirler from the capture device. It should be noted that, as the distance of the swirler from the capture device increases, the efficiency of capture of the finer particles increases as the centrifugal force developed is able to cause the particles to move a greater radial distance overall.
  • protection is also provided against any occlusion of the exhaust duct.
  • occlusion may occur whenever, for example, particularly large particles are present unforseeably in the gas or whenever there is any unforseeable temporary reduction in the flow.
  • Such an eventuality may be controlled automatically by the introduction of a differential thrust meter 18 activated by the difference between pressures measured upstream and downstream of the expulsion device.
  • the signal output by the thrust meter 18 and received by the regulating devices 7 causes the motor to rotate suddenly for several seconds in one sense and then immediately for a few seconds in the opposite sense, thus creating an effect similar to a "water hammer" , on a small scale, which unblocks the occluded exhaust opening.
  • Figure 5 shows a particular embodiment of the equipment according to the present invention which can be used, for example, for incinerators for solid urban refuse in which the gas flow exceeds 5000 Nm 3 /h.
  • the main exhaust duct into a set of sub-ducts, each of which houses a filter device.
  • a "cellular" device in which each duct of the cell is, for all intents and purposes, an axial cyclone as described in the embodiment above.
  • the axial cyclone with rotary swirler according to the invention may be applied to very different gas flow rates of between 1000 and 200,000 Nm 3 /h at standard temperature and pressure, and thus can be applied to gasification plants with relatively modest flows (1000-2000 Nm 3 /h), and also to solid urban refuse incinerators (30,000-200,000 Nm 3 /h).
  • the shape of the blades of the swirler is optimised by means of a suitably devised law of calculation and is thus effective for a very wide range of flow rates and for dust of various dimensions.
  • the shape of the blades is such as to cause the movement of the flow to change from axial to helical, as a result of the swirler, in a progressive manner, the velocity vector of the fumes increasing from 0 to 54° relative to the axis of the cyclone. It is necessary for the particles to be deflected in a progressive manner to avoid disordered turbulence which would cause the particles in the fumes to move with a motion which is not purely helical with laminar flow.
  • a gas flow at a temperature of 900°C coming from a combustion chamber having the following characteristics:
  • Table 1 illustrates the concentration of particles in the gas as a function of their diameters before and after the separating treatment by the equipment just described. Diameter of particles ( ⁇ m) Inlet (g/m 3 ) Outlet (g/m 3 ) 2 0.31 0.20 7 0.26 0.03 15 0.33 0.01 25 0.31 0.00 35 0.20 0.00 45 0.20 0.00 55 0.95 0.00
  • the equipment for separating solid particles from fumes or gas according to the present invention enables the heat exchange process in components downstream thereof to be improved substantially, with a reduction in the erosion of the materials and in the reformation of micro-polluting organic compounds due to the presence of metals in the solid particles, which act as catalysts.
  • the swirler may be constituted by blades having an attack edge which, instead of being at a zero angle of incidence to the axis of the swirler, are at a predetermined angle of incidence which, for a predetermined velocity (and hence flow rate) of the inlet fumes and velocity of rotation of the swirler, corresponds to a zero relative angle of incidence of the blades to the fumes on its inlet side.
  • the two-directional velocity control of the motor which drives the swirler may be simplified to a single-direction velocity control which, according to the displacements of a measured flow rate from a nominal flow rate, modulates the rate of rotation of the motor about a nominal value other than zero.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Cyclones (AREA)
EP96830379A 1996-07-04 1996-07-04 Equipement pour séparer des particules solides de gaz ou des fumées génerées dans des procédés industriels Withdrawn EP0815917A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP96830379A EP0815917A1 (fr) 1996-07-04 1996-07-04 Equipement pour séparer des particules solides de gaz ou des fumées génerées dans des procédés industriels

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP96830379A EP0815917A1 (fr) 1996-07-04 1996-07-04 Equipement pour séparer des particules solides de gaz ou des fumées génerées dans des procédés industriels

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EP0815917A1 true EP0815917A1 (fr) 1998-01-07

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EP96830379A Withdrawn EP0815917A1 (fr) 1996-07-04 1996-07-04 Equipement pour séparer des particules solides de gaz ou des fumées génerées dans des procédés industriels

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101402883B (zh) * 2008-11-04 2011-09-21 中国科学院广州能源研究所 一种生物质燃气除灰装置
CN101402882B (zh) * 2008-11-04 2011-12-28 中国科学院广州能源研究所 一种生物质燃气净化的装置和方法
CN103567087A (zh) * 2013-10-30 2014-02-12 森松(江苏)海油工程装备有限公司 一种y型旋流过滤器
CN108905484A (zh) * 2018-09-26 2018-11-30 陕西富兴环保科技有限公司 工业窑炉可调式烟气预降尘装置
CN117848787A (zh) * 2023-11-21 2024-04-09 华能临沂发电有限公司 一种基于旋转分离的多点式氮氧化物测量装置

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS62277169A (ja) * 1986-05-26 1987-12-02 Kazuteru Shinohara 集じん器
US5149345A (en) * 1989-10-12 1992-09-22 Gec Alsthom Sa Centrifuge purifier for a gas flow
EP0558091A1 (fr) * 1992-02-27 1993-09-01 Atomic Energy Corporation Of South Africa Limited Dispositif de filtration
EP0659462A1 (fr) * 1993-12-22 1995-06-28 FINMECCANICA S.p.A. AZIENDA ANSALDO Système pour le depoussierage à chaud des gaz de rejet d'incinérateur et de stations thermiques

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS62277169A (ja) * 1986-05-26 1987-12-02 Kazuteru Shinohara 集じん器
US5149345A (en) * 1989-10-12 1992-09-22 Gec Alsthom Sa Centrifuge purifier for a gas flow
EP0558091A1 (fr) * 1992-02-27 1993-09-01 Atomic Energy Corporation Of South Africa Limited Dispositif de filtration
EP0659462A1 (fr) * 1993-12-22 1995-06-28 FINMECCANICA S.p.A. AZIENDA ANSALDO Système pour le depoussierage à chaud des gaz de rejet d'incinérateur et de stations thermiques

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 012, no. 165 (C - 496) 18 May 1988 (1988-05-18) *

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101402883B (zh) * 2008-11-04 2011-09-21 中国科学院广州能源研究所 一种生物质燃气除灰装置
CN101402882B (zh) * 2008-11-04 2011-12-28 中国科学院广州能源研究所 一种生物质燃气净化的装置和方法
CN103567087A (zh) * 2013-10-30 2014-02-12 森松(江苏)海油工程装备有限公司 一种y型旋流过滤器
CN103567087B (zh) * 2013-10-30 2015-10-07 上海森松化工成套装备有限公司 一种y型旋流过滤器
CN108905484A (zh) * 2018-09-26 2018-11-30 陕西富兴环保科技有限公司 工业窑炉可调式烟气预降尘装置
CN108905484B (zh) * 2018-09-26 2023-12-22 佛山市伊清环保工程技术有限公司 工业窑炉可调式烟气预降尘装置
CN117848787A (zh) * 2023-11-21 2024-04-09 华能临沂发电有限公司 一种基于旋转分离的多点式氮氧化物测量装置

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