EP0819185B1 - Procede de preparation d'un film d'oxyde ou d'hydroxyde d'un element des colonnes ii ou iii de la classification, et les structures composites comprenant un tel film - Google Patents
Procede de preparation d'un film d'oxyde ou d'hydroxyde d'un element des colonnes ii ou iii de la classification, et les structures composites comprenant un tel film Download PDFInfo
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- EP0819185B1 EP0819185B1 EP96911017A EP96911017A EP0819185B1 EP 0819185 B1 EP0819185 B1 EP 0819185B1 EP 96911017 A EP96911017 A EP 96911017A EP 96911017 A EP96911017 A EP 96911017A EP 0819185 B1 EP0819185 B1 EP 0819185B1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- process according
- film
- chosen
- oxide
- metal
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 47
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title description 14
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 for example Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910004613 CdTe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002259 gallium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003842 bromide salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004675 formic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002472 indium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004694 iodide salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003893 lactate salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013703 M(OH)x Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 8
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Cd]Cl YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000001941 electron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 4
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- DOBUSJIVSSJEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 1,3-dioxa-2$l^{6}-thia-4-mercuracyclobutane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound [Hg+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DOBUSJIVSSJEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910005191 Ga 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- PLLZRTNVEXYBNA-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Cd+2] PLLZRTNVEXYBNA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000370 mercury sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001451 molecular beam epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003752 zinc compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001111 Fine metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910007541 Zn O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VVTSZOCINPYFDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[Ar] Chemical compound [O].[Ar] VVTSZOCINPYFDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ga+3].[Ga+3] AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021513 gallium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001195 gallium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000373 gallium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DNUARHPNFXVKEI-UHFFFAOYSA-K gallium(iii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Ga+3] DNUARHPNFXVKEI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- SBDRYJMIQMDXRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium;sulfuric acid Chemical compound [Ga].OS(O)(=O)=O SBDRYJMIQMDXRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940039748 oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WKMKTIVRRLOHAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);thallium(1+) Chemical compound [O-2].[Tl+].[Tl+] WKMKTIVRRLOHAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium oxalate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940039790 sodium oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003438 thallium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGZADUVQMDAIAO-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Zn+2] UGZADUVQMDAIAO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910021511 zinc hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940007718 zinc hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
- C25D9/04—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a preparation process a film of a metal oxide or a metal hydroxide an element from columns II or III of the classification, deposited on a substrate.
- Thin film metallic oxides are materials very important in various technological fields of made of their optical, electrical and catalytic characteristics. Among their many applications, we can cite for example the use of zinc oxide for the preparation conductive and transparent electrodes in the batteries solar.
- Thin layers of metal oxide are generally obtained by vacuum deposition techniques such as sputtering, or chemical sputtering in vapor phase, or by depositing successive layers by molecular beam epitaxy (MLE). All these processes use expensive equipment.
- Switzer (supra) and R. T. Coyle, et al., (US-A-4,882,014) further describe the preparation of oxide powders and of metal hydroxides, as precursors of ceramics. These powders are formed by precipitation in the vicinity of the cathode of an electrochemical cell, caused by the reduction of nitrate ions. These powders are then dried and sintered at high temperature to obtain the materials ceramics. Any deposits formed on the cathode are scraped off to be recovered as a powder. The goal therefore is the obtaining of powder, and neither the obtaining direct of an oxide or hydroxide film on a substrate, nor its use as such is described. In addition, no mention is made of a reduction reaction oxygen for the formation of an oxide or hydroxide film.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method which does not have the disadvantages of the the prior art, to obtain a film of a metal oxide or a metal hydroxide on an electrochemical support, said film with good mechanical strength and good adhesion to the support.
- the method is characterized in that dissolves oxygen in the electrolyte and a cathode potential is imposed on the electrochemical cell lower than the oxygen reduction potential and greater than the metal M deposit potential in the electrolyte considered.
- the process of the present invention can be implemented works to prepare a film of a single metal compound. he can also be used to prepare a film of a mixed compound containing at least two metallic elements.
- we introduce in the electrolyte at least one precursor salt of each of the desired metallic species and the potential imposed on the electrochemical cell is greater than the potential for deposits metallic in the considered bath.
- the process of the present invention can be implemented work for the preparation of a film of a compound of at least a metal M chosen from the metallic elements of the columns II and III of the periodic table, and more specifically for the preparation of a film of a zinc compound, cadmium, gallium or indium.
- the electrochemical cell used for the implementation of the process of the invention comprises an electrode which works as a cathode and serves as a support for the film of compound of M electrodeposited, a counter electrode and a reference electrode.
- the electrode consists of any conductive material which can be used as a cathode material.
- metallic materials such as for example iron, steels, copper or gold, conductive metallic oxides such as for example tin oxide SnO 2 , oxide d indium In 2 O 3 , mixed indium tin oxide (ITO) or titanium oxide TiO 2 , or semiconductor materials such as silicon, GaAs, InP, Cu (In, Ga ) (S, Se) 2 or CdTe.
- conductive metallic oxides such as for example tin oxide SnO 2 , oxide d indium In 2 O 3 , mixed indium tin oxide (ITO) or titanium oxide TiO 2
- semiconductor materials such as silicon, GaAs, InP, Cu (In, Ga ) (S, Se) 2 or CdTe.
- the counter electrode can be an unassailable electrode such as for example a platinum or gold electrode, or of a material coated with these metals. It can also be an electrode constituted by the metal M of the compound of which seeks to form a film. In this case, the oxidation of the metal M of the counter-electrode keeps the concentration constant metal M of the electrolyte.
- the reference electrode is chosen from the electrodes usually used as such, especially the electrode mercury sulfate (ESM) or the chloride electrode mercury (ECS).
- ESM electrode mercury sulfate
- ECS chloride electrode mercury
- the corresponding potentials are respectively of +0.65 V and +0.25 V with respect to the normal electrode with hydrogen (ENH).
- the electrolyte contains at least one precursor salt of at least minus one metallic species M and one solvent.
- the solvent of the electrolyte is chosen from water and polar nonaqueous solvents commonly used in electrochemical cells, among which we can cite alcohols, more particularly isopropanol, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide and propylene carbonate. Water is a particularly preferred solvent.
- the precursor salt of the metallic element M can be chosen from the salts soluble in the solvent used for the electrolyte.
- these salts mention may be made of inorganic salts such as halides, sulfates, nitrates and perchlorates, and organic salts such as acetates.
- the electrolyte may optionally contain at least one second salt, known as support salt.
- This second salt is a dissociable salt in the solvent used and has for main function ensure good electrical conductivity of the electrolyte, especially in the case where the concentration of the precursor salt of metal M is weak.
- This salt can be chosen from the salts sodium, potassium or ammonium, the anion of which will not cause not precipitation of an insoluble compound with the metal cation M.
- inorganic salts such as halides, sulfates, nitrates and perchlorates, or organic salts such as acetates, lactates and formates.
- this second salt is advantageously potassium chloride, preferably at a concentration about 0.1 mole / l.
- the electrolyte may also contain, in addition or at the place of the second salt, a complexing compound with respect to cation M, to adapt the conditions of formation of the compound from M to the window allowed by the reduction of oxygen.
- a complexing compound with respect to cation M
- the addition complexing agents chosen for example from oxalates, citrates, fluorides, chlorides, iodides and bromides, makes it possible to dissolve the precursor salt of the metal by weakly acid medium (pH ⁇ 5-4).
- the electrolysis is carried out in the presence of oxygen dissolved in the electrolyte.
- the oxygen concentration is fixed between very low values, of the order of 10 -5 mole / l, and the solubility limit of oxygen in the electrolyte, (of the order of 10 -3 mole / l in aqueous medium).
- Oxygen can be dissolved advantageously by introducing into the electrolyte a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and a neutral gas.
- the neutral gas can be argon or nitrogen.
- a suitable choice of the oxygen concentration of the gas mixture and the gas flow in the electrolyte makes it possible to impose a predetermined concentration of oxygen in the electrolyte.
- the oxygen / neutral gas volume ratio is between 1 and 2.
- the potential imposed on the electrochemical cell is maintained constant at a predetermined value between the potential of depositing the metal M in the electrolyte considered and the oxygen reduction potential.
- the deposit potential of metal M in the considered electrolyte can be easily determined by the skilled person by noting the intensity in potential function in an analog electrochemical cell to that in which the process of the invention is put in use, in the absence of oxygen.
- the reduction potential oxygen is provided by the literature.
- the potential for the deposition of a zinc oxide film on a SnO2 cathode can be fixed between -0.75 V and -0.1 V vs ENH and for depositing a film of cadmium hydroxide on a gold cathode between -0.24 V and -0.05 V vs ENH.
- the implementation of the process according to the invention produces generally a linear growth in the thickness of the deposit as a function of time.
- the thickness of a film can therefore be predetermined by adjusting the amount of electricity used for filing. Thicknesses from a few nm to a few ⁇ m can be obtained.
- the filing speed particularly favorable is between about 0.5 and 1 ⁇ m / h.
- the nature of the compound constituting the film deposited on the electrochemical cell electrode can be chosen by appropriately setting the reaction conditions.
- the process of the invention should be carried out under conditions in which the oxide is thermodynamically more stable than the hydroxide.
- favorable conditions are obtained with relatively low deposition rates and high temperatures. Therefore, for obtaining oxides from aqueous solutions, low concentrations of M (i) will be used.
- a Zn (II) concentration is preferably used, less than 10 -2 mole / l, more particularly less than 5.10 - 3 mole / l, a temperature at least equal to 50 ° C, and an oxygen concentration lower than the saturating concentration in the solution.
- the process of the invention should be carried out with a relatively high deposition rate and at a relatively low temperature. These conditions are met when using high M (i) concentrations.
- a concentration of Zn (II) greater than 2.10 -2 mole / l is used, a temperature less than 50 ° C and an oxygen concentration less than or equal at saturating concentration.
- the process of the invention leads the deposition of oxide layers.
- the anion A is the anion introduced into the electrolyte by the precursor salt of the metal M, or else the anion of the second dissociable salt introduced into the electrolyte to increase its conductivity.
- the anion A is chosen as a function of its propensity to form compounds defined with the metal M and with the hydroxyl ions, and as a function of the properties expected for the film deposited. Thus, it may be advantageous to obtain zinc oxide films doped with halides.
- the films obtained by the process of the invention are very adherent to the substrate, which is a criterion fundamental for applications.
- their structure can vary from a very open made of the growth of crystals separated from each other whose crystal quality is, moreover, remarkable, a dense structure made of coalesced grains.
- a type particular structure can be obtained by choosing to appropriately the site density setting of nucleation on the substrate, and the potential electrolysis parameter. The lower the density of nucleation sites, the more the structure will be open. Conversely, the higher the density the higher the nucleation sites, the more structure compact. In addition, the more negative the potential, the more the structure will be compact.
- a treatment electrochemical prior to the substrate in the absence of metal ions, by reduction of oxygen for example, allows for more compact deposits.
- Another process to activate the substrate is to deposit an undercoat of very fine metal M, of the order of a few nanometers, by application for a very short time (e.g. around 30 seconds) of a more cathodic potential, before to apply the deposition potential of the compound of M.
- the method of the present invention makes it possible to obtain a multilayer structure constituted by a conductive support layer and a film of oxide or hydroxide M (OH) x A y , which constitutes another object of the present invention.
- the composite structure has various applications.
- Multilayer structures comprising a compact film are generally useful for applications requiring continuous layers. Such structures can be used for example as a chemical or electrochemical sensor or as a catalyst.
- the composite structures can also be used as a transparent electrode in solar cells, in flat luminescent devices, and more generally, in various optoelectronic devices.
- the support layer consists of a thin layer of a material chosen from iron, steels, copper or gold, conductive metal oxides such as for example oxide tin SnO 2 , indium oxide In 2 O 3 , mixed indium tin oxide (ITO) or titanium oxide TiO 2 , semiconductor materials such as silicon, GaAs, InP, Cu (In, Ga) (S, Se) 2 or CdTe.
- the support layer consists of a thin layer of one of the preceding materials, deposited on a glass plate.
- Multi-layer structures comprising a structured film open are used for applications requiring large developed areas.
- applications include chemical sensors or electrochemicals, and catalysts.
- the device used comprises an electrolysis tank, an electrode, a counter electrode and a reference electrode, all three being connected to a potentiostat.
- Tank of electrolysis is provided with a stirring system and means to introduce a gas mixture with a predetermined flow rate argon / oxygen having a predetermined composition. Temperature is kept constant at 80 ° C using a bath of water.
- the electrode consists of a film of SnO 2 deposited on glass.
- the counter electrode consists of a platinum plate.
- the reference electrode is a mercury sulfate electrode.
- the SnO 2 electrode was subjected to a treatment which consists in maintaining it for 20 minutes under a potential of -1.3 V / ESM included in the oxygen reduction field, in a KCl solution (0.1 mol / l) not containing the metallic element of which the oxide is to be deposited, in the presence of dissolved oxygen at saturation.
- an electrolyte is introduced consisting of an aqueous solution of KCl (0.1 M) and zinc chloride (5.10 -3 M).
- the gas mixture is continued to bubbled through the electrolyte and the cell is applied to a potential of -1.3 V relative to the reference electrode (corresponding to a potential of -0 , 65 V vs ENH).
- the reaction is stopped after 1 h 30, and the film obtained has a thickness of 1 ⁇ m, determined using a mechanical profilometer. This thickness is related to the amount of electricity consumed during the deposit ( ⁇ 7 C for 5 cm 2 ).
- the oxide film obtained was characterized according to different methods.
- X-ray diffraction diagram of oxide film zinc obtained preferably oriented along the ⁇ 002> axis, presents only the characteristic lines of the phase hexagonal zinc oxide (20.1 °) and lines corresponding to the substrate.
- the infrared spectrum of the zinc oxide film obtained shows the band lying around 450-550 cm -1 , characteristic of ZnO. No characteristic band of the hydroxyl ions is visible.
- the film obtained is compact, transparent, smooth and homogeneous.
- transmission is high, in agreement with the transparency of the film to the eye.
- Capacitive measurements carried out in an electrolytic medium have shown that the ZnO film obtained was conductive, of n type, and that the apparent doping rate is high, of the order of 10 18 -10 19 cm -3 .
- the method of the invention was implemented under conditions analogous to those of Example 1, but omitting the prior treatment of the SnO 2 electrode, the latter being simply degreased.
- the oxide deposit obtained consists of a multitude of needles with a hexagonal section, the bases of which are fixed to the substrate. These needles are well separated from each other and therefore constitute an open structure having a large developed surface.
- the height of the needles can reach several ⁇ m for a base surface of the order of ⁇ m 2 . It increases with the duration of the deposit.
- the device used is analogous to that used for the preparation of an oxide film and the operating conditions are identical, except as regards the composition of the electrolyte.
- the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of KCl (0.1 M) and zinc chloride (3.10 -2 M).
- the film obtained has a thickness of 0.5 ⁇ m, determined at using a mechanical profilometer. This thickness is related the amount of electricity consumed during the deposit.
- the hydroxide film obtained was characterized according to different methods.
- the X-ray diffraction diagram of the hydroxide film has a preferential orientation along the 6.5 ° line of the compound Zn 5 (OH) 8 Cl 2 .
- the infrared spectrum of the zinc hydroxide film obtained has a dominant band located around 3500 cm -1 , characteristic of hydroxyl ions.
- the characteristic band of the Zn-O bonds of the oxide around 500 cm -1 is not present.
- the film obtained is covering and consists of hexagonal grains well defined.
- the film obtained has a thickness of 0.3 ⁇ m, determined under electron microscopy.
- the hydroxide film obtained was characterized according to different methods.
- the film obtained has an open structure.
- the film obtained has a thickness of 0.4 ⁇ m, determined under electron microscopy.
- the complex hydroxide film obtained has a covering structure.
- the composition Cd (OH) x Cl 1-x was confirmed by an X-ray analysis and by an analysis by electron spectroscopy.
- the film obtained after one hour has a thickness of 0.5 ⁇ m, determined under electron microscopy. It is transparent and covering.
- the Ga / O stoichiometric ratio determined using a Ga 2 O 3 standard is 0.324.
- the gallium compound obtained therefore corresponds to gallium hydroxide Ga (OH) 3 or to hydrated gallium oxide Ga 2 O 3 .3H 2 O.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Description
- le potentiel appliqué à la cathode est de -0,9 V /réf. (-0,3 V vs ENH) ;
- l'électrolyte est une solution aqueuse contenant NaClO4 (0,1 M) et CdCl2 (5.10-4 M), saturée en oxygène, à une température de 80 °C ;
- la durée de la réaction est d'une heure.
- le potentiel appliqué à la cuve est de -0,15 V vs ENH.
- l'électrolyte est une solution aqueuse contenant KCl (0,1 mole/l) et CdCl2 (10-2 mole/l), saturée en oxygène, à une température de 50 °C ;
Le film d'hydroxyde complexe obtenu a une structure couvrante.
La composition Cd(OH)xCl1-x a été confirmée par une analyse aux rayons X et par une analyse par spectroscopie d'électrons.
- le potentiel appliqué à la cuve est de -0,65 V vs ENH.
- l'électrolyte est une solution aqueuse à pH 3 contenant du chlorure de potassium (0,1 mole/l), du sulfate de gallium (7,7x10-3 mole/l) et de l'oxalate de sodium (6x10-3 mole/l) saturée en oxygène, à une température de 50 °C ;
Claims (23)
- Procédé pour le dépôt sur un support, d'un film d'un oxyde métallique ou d'un hydroxyde métallique de formule M(OH)xAy, M représentant au moins une espèce métallique au degré d'oxydation i choisie parmi les éléments des colonnes II ou III de la classification, A étant un anion dont le nombre de charges est n, 0<x≤i et x+ny=i, dans une cellule électrochimique qui comprend une électrode constituée par le dit support et fonctionnant en tant que cathode, une contre-électrode, une électrode de référence et un électrolyte constitué par une solution conductrice d'au moins un sel du métal M, ledit procédé étant caractérisé en ce qu'on dissout de l'oxygène dans l'électrolyte et on impose à la cellule électrochimique un potentiel de cathode inférieur au potentiel de réduction de l'oxygène et supérieur au potentiel de dépôt du métal M dans l'électrolyte considéré.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que M est choisi parmi Zn, Cd, Ga ou In.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le solvant de l'électrolyte est choisi parmi l'eau et les solvants polaires.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le sel du métal M est choisi parmi les halogénures, les sulfates, les nitrates, les perchlorates et les acétates.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'oxygène dissous dans l'électrolyte est apporté par un mélange de gaz neutre et d'oxygène.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la contre-électrode est une électrode constituée par le métal M.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'électrolyte contient au moins un sel support dissociable choisi parmi les sels organiques et les sels inorganiques de sodium, de potassium ou d'ammonium, dont l'anion ne provoquera pas la précipitation d'un composé insoluble avec le cation métallique M.
- Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que le sel support est choisi parmi les halogénures, les sulfates, les nitrates, les perchlorates, les acétates, les lactates, les formiates, les oxalates et les citrates.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, pour la préparation d'un film d'oxyde, caractérisé en ce que ce que l'on utilise un milieu aqueux contenant KCl dans lequel la concentration en Zn(II) est inférieure à 10-2 mole/l, la température est au moins égale à 50 °C, et la concentration en oxygène est inférieure à la concentration saturante dans la solution.
- Procédé selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que la concentration en Zn(II) est inférieure à 5.10-3 mole/l.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, pour la préparation d'un film de Zn(OH)xAy, caractérisé en qu'on utilise un milieu aqueux contenant KCl dans lequel la concentration en Zn(II) est supérieure à 2.10-2 mole/l, la température est inférieure à 50°C et la concentration en oxygène est inférieure ou égale à la concentration saturante.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'électrolyte contient au moins un sel précurseur d'espèces métalliques M différentes.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'électrode est constituée par un matériau métallique choisi parmi le fer, les aciers, le cuivre ou l'or, un oxyde métallique conducteur tel que par exemple l'oxyde d'étain SnO2, l'oxyde d'indium In2O3, l'oxyde mixte d'indium et d'étain (ITO) ou l'oxyde de titane TiO2, un matériau semi-conducteur tel que le silicium, GaAs, InP, Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 ou CdTe.
- Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que le matériau métallique ou le matériau semi-conducteur est sous forme de couche mince déposée sur un support isolant.
- Procédé selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce que le support isolant est transparent.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'électrolyte contient au moins deux seuls métalliques, M représentant plus d'une espèce métallique.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'électrolyte contient, en plus ou à la place du deuxième sel, un composé complexant vis à vis du cation M.
- Procédé selon la revendication 17, caractérisé en ce que, pour les composés de gallium ou d'indium, le complexant est choisi parmi les oxalates, les citrates et les fluorures, les chlorures, les bromures et les iodures.
- Structure multi-couche constituée par une couche support portant un film d'un oxyde métallique ou d'un hydroxyde métallique de formule M(OH)xAy, M représentant au moins une espèce métallique au degré d'oxydation i choisie parmi les éléments des colonnes II ou III de la classification, A étant un anion dont le nombre de charges est n, 0<x≤i et x+ny=i, la couche support étant une couche d'un matériau conducteur choisi parmi le fer, les aciers, le cuivre ou l'or, les oxydes métalliques conducteurs ou les matériaux semi-conducteurs.
- Structure multi-couche selon la revendication 19, caractérisé en ce que la couche de matériau conducteur ou de matériau semi-conducteur est portée par une plaque isolante.
- Structure multi-couche selon la revendication 19, caractérisé en ce que l'oxyde métallique conducteur est choisi parmi l'oxyde d'étain SnO2, l'oxyde d'indium In2O3, l'oxyde mixte d'indium et d'étain (ITO) ou l'oxyde de titane TiO2.
- Structure multi-couche selon la revendication 19, caractérisé en ce que le matériau semi-conducteur est choisi parmi le silicium, GaAs, InP, Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 et CdTe.
- Electrode pour photopile, constituée par une structure multi-couche selon l'une des revendications 19 à 22.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9504088A FR2732696B1 (fr) | 1995-04-06 | 1995-04-06 | Procede de preparation d'un film d'oxyde ou d'hydroxyde d'un element des colonnes ii ou iii de la classification, et les structures composites comprenant un tel film |
| FR9504088 | 1995-04-06 | ||
| PCT/FR1996/000495 WO1996031638A1 (fr) | 1995-04-06 | 1996-04-02 | Procede de preparation d'un film d'oxyde ou d'hydroxyde d'un element des colonnes ii ou iii de la classification, et les structures composites comprenant un tel film |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0819185A1 EP0819185A1 (fr) | 1998-01-21 |
| EP0819185B1 true EP0819185B1 (fr) | 2000-12-06 |
Family
ID=9477815
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP96911017A Expired - Lifetime EP0819185B1 (fr) | 1995-04-06 | 1996-04-02 | Procede de preparation d'un film d'oxyde ou d'hydroxyde d'un element des colonnes ii ou iii de la classification, et les structures composites comprenant un tel film |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6030517A (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0819185B1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE69611162T2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2732696B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1996031638A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US6387771B1 (en) * | 1999-06-08 | 2002-05-14 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Low temperature oxidation of conductive layers for semiconductor fabrication |
| DE10016024A1 (de) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-04 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Aktives Anodenmaterial in elektrochemischen Zellen und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| JP2002356400A (ja) * | 2001-03-22 | 2002-12-13 | Canon Inc | 酸化亜鉛の針状構造体の製造方法及びそれを用いた電池、光電変換装置 |
| AU2002314847A1 (en) | 2001-05-31 | 2002-12-09 | Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. | Dermatological compositions and methods comprising alpha-hydroxy acids or derivatives |
| DE10245509B3 (de) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-06-03 | Sustech Gmbh & Co. Kg | Elektrochemisches Verfahren zur Steuerung der Teilchengröße bei der Herstellung nanopartikulärer Metalloxide |
| EP1548157A1 (fr) * | 2003-12-22 | 2005-06-29 | Henkel KGaA | Protection contre la corrosion par des couches d'oxide de métal électrochimiquement déposées sur des substrats métalliques |
| US20080280030A1 (en) * | 2007-01-31 | 2008-11-13 | Van Duren Jeoren K J | Solar cell absorber layer formed from metal ion precursors |
| WO2009103286A2 (fr) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-08-27 | Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Für Materialien Und Energie Gmbh | Procédé d'électrodéposition pour la production de zno nanostructuré |
| US8882983B2 (en) * | 2008-06-10 | 2014-11-11 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Embedded thin films |
| EP2138608A1 (fr) * | 2008-06-24 | 2009-12-30 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO | Procédé de préparation d'un film transparent et conducteur sur un substrat |
| US20100059385A1 (en) * | 2008-09-06 | 2010-03-11 | Delin Li | Methods for fabricating thin film solar cells |
| FR2982422B1 (fr) * | 2011-11-09 | 2013-11-15 | Saint Gobain | Substrat conducteur pour cellule photovoltaique |
| US9899694B2 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2018-02-20 | Lockheed Martin Advanced Energy Storage, Llc | Electrochemical energy storage systems and methods featuring high open circuit potential |
| US8691413B2 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2014-04-08 | Sun Catalytix Corporation | Aqueous redox flow batteries featuring improved cell design characteristics |
| US9382274B2 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2016-07-05 | Lockheed Martin Advanced Energy Storage, Llc | Aqueous redox flow batteries featuring improved cell design characteristics |
| US9768463B2 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2017-09-19 | Lockheed Martin Advanced Energy Storage, Llc | Aqueous redox flow batteries comprising metal ligand coordination compounds |
| US9559374B2 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2017-01-31 | Lockheed Martin Advanced Energy Storage, Llc | Electrochemical energy storage systems and methods featuring large negative half-cell potentials |
| US10164284B2 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2018-12-25 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Aqueous redox flow batteries featuring improved cell design characteristics |
| US9692077B2 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2017-06-27 | Lockheed Martin Advanced Energy Storage, Llc | Aqueous redox flow batteries comprising matched ionomer membranes |
| US9865893B2 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2018-01-09 | Lockheed Martin Advanced Energy Storage, Llc | Electrochemical energy storage systems and methods featuring optimal membrane systems |
| US8753761B2 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2014-06-17 | Sun Catalytix Corporation | Aqueous redox flow batteries comprising metal ligand coordination compounds |
| WO2016086163A1 (fr) | 2014-11-26 | 2016-06-02 | Lockheed Martin Advanced Energy Storage, Llc | Complexes métalliques de catécholates substitués et batteries rédox les contenant |
| US10253051B2 (en) | 2015-03-16 | 2019-04-09 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Preparation of titanium catecholate complexes in aqueous solution using titanium tetrachloride or titanium oxychloride |
| US10316047B2 (en) | 2016-03-03 | 2019-06-11 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Processes for forming coordination complexes containing monosulfonated catecholate ligands |
| US10644342B2 (en) | 2016-03-03 | 2020-05-05 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Coordination complexes containing monosulfonated catecholate ligands and methods for producing the same |
| US9938308B2 (en) | 2016-04-07 | 2018-04-10 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Coordination compounds having redox non-innocent ligands and flow batteries containing the same |
| US10377687B2 (en) | 2016-07-26 | 2019-08-13 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Processes for forming titanium catechol complexes |
| US10343964B2 (en) | 2016-07-26 | 2019-07-09 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Processes for forming titanium catechol complexes |
| US10065977B2 (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2018-09-04 | Lockheed Martin Advanced Energy Storage, Llc | Concerted processes for forming 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene from hydroquinone |
| US10930937B2 (en) | 2016-11-23 | 2021-02-23 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Flow batteries incorporating active materials containing doubly bridged aromatic groups |
| US10497958B2 (en) | 2016-12-14 | 2019-12-03 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Coordinatively unsaturated titanium catecholate complexes and processes associated therewith |
| US10741864B2 (en) | 2016-12-30 | 2020-08-11 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Aqueous methods for forming titanium catecholate complexes and associated compositions |
| US10320023B2 (en) | 2017-02-16 | 2019-06-11 | Lockheed Martin Energy, Llc | Neat methods for forming titanium catecholate complexes and associated compositions |
| JP2023143691A (ja) * | 2022-03-24 | 2023-10-06 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 触媒層付酸化スズ積層膜およびその形成方法 |
| DE102024130162A1 (de) | 2024-10-17 | 2026-04-23 | Minebea Mitsumi Inc. | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Wälzlagerkäfigs und Wälzlagerkäfig |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2313454A (en) * | 1938-05-24 | 1943-03-09 | Kansas City Testing Lab | Electrodeposition of cuprous oxides and baths therefor |
| US4414064A (en) * | 1979-12-17 | 1983-11-08 | Occidental Chemical Corporation | Method for preparing low voltage hydrogen cathodes |
| US4392920A (en) * | 1981-06-10 | 1983-07-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method of forming oxide coatings |
| US4495046A (en) * | 1983-05-19 | 1985-01-22 | Union Oil Company Of California | Electrode containing thallium (III) oxide |
| US4882014A (en) * | 1988-02-24 | 1989-11-21 | Union Oil Company Of California | Electrochemical synthesis of ceramic films and powders |
| JP2994812B2 (ja) * | 1991-09-26 | 1999-12-27 | キヤノン株式会社 | 太陽電池 |
| DE69218102T2 (de) * | 1991-10-22 | 1997-10-09 | Canon Kk | Photovoltaisches Bauelement |
| US5804466A (en) * | 1996-03-06 | 1998-09-08 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for production of zinc oxide thin film, and process for production of semiconductor device substrate and process for production of photoelectric conversion device using the same film |
| US5616437A (en) * | 1996-06-14 | 1997-04-01 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Conductive metal oxide coated current collector for improved adhesion to composite electrode |
-
1995
- 1995-04-06 FR FR9504088A patent/FR2732696B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-04-02 US US08/930,624 patent/US6030517A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-02 DE DE69611162T patent/DE69611162T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-02 WO PCT/FR1996/000495 patent/WO1996031638A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1996-04-02 EP EP96911017A patent/EP0819185B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2732696A1 (fr) | 1996-10-11 |
| DE69611162T2 (de) | 2001-06-07 |
| FR2732696B1 (fr) | 1997-06-20 |
| EP0819185A1 (fr) | 1998-01-21 |
| WO1996031638A1 (fr) | 1996-10-10 |
| US6030517A (en) | 2000-02-29 |
| DE69611162D1 (de) | 2001-01-11 |
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