Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G83/00—Macromolecular compounds not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G81/00
  • C08G83/002—Dendritic macromolecules
  • C08G83/003—Dendrimers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
  • H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
  • H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
  • H01B1/121—Charge-transfer complexes

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to novel polymers exhibiting electrical conductivity and electrically conductive films formed therefrom, and more particularly to peripherally ' 5 modified polymers which exhibit isotropic electrical conductivity.
• electrically conducting polymers have certain significant advantages over metallic and other non-polymeric electrical conductors and semiconductors.
• some of the more commonly employed polymeric conductors such as polypyrrole, polythiophenes, polyanilines, polyacetylenes and 10 polyarylenes have certain disadvantages such as lower than desired electrically conductivities, air-sensitivity, moisture-sensitivity, and do not always exhibit the desired elasticity and plasticity properties.
• polyacetylene the most popular electrically conductive polymer, polyacetylene, does not exhibit good electrical conductivity unless it is doped, i.e., reacted with electron acceptors or donors and the resulting highly electrically 15 conductive polyacetylene derivatives are in general highly sensitive to the environment and rapidly loose their initial electrical conductivity in the presence of air and/or moisture. Additionally, polyacetylene is insoluble and infusible and therefore cannot be easily formed into desired shapes.
• Doping of the substituted polyacetylenes such as with iodine improves the conductivity up to the range of from about 10" 6 to about 10 "3 S cm “1 , but these values are much inferior to those of doped polyacetylene.
• Other conducting polymers generally have electrical conductivities which are considerably lower than that of doped polyacetylene and/or have other important j ⁇ O disadvantages. Accordingly, there remains a need for electrically conductive polymers which have electrical conductivities comparable to that of doped polyacetylene, and which are castable and environmental stable.
• U.S. Patent 5,272,217 discloses a polymeric complex comprised of a quaternized cationic polyamine which is combined with N,N-bis(4,-hydroxysulfonylphen-l'-yl)-l, 4,5,8- naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide disodium salt.
• the complex is precipitated as a solid or deposited as a film by electro-precipitation.
• the resulting complex exhibits highly anisotropic electrical conductivity which is generally several orders of magnitude lower than that of doped polyacetylene.
• the invention provides a novel polymer exhibiting isotropic electrical conductivity which is comparable to that of doped polyacetylene and which exhibits excellent oxygen and moisture stability. Additionally, the electrically conductive polymers of the invention are soluble in various organic solvents and can be readily cast into films or other solid forms. The invention thereby provides a polymer having an electrical conductivity which is comparable to that of the most highly conductive polymers previously known and which overcomes many of the problems of non-conductive polymers.
• the invention broadly comprises dendrimers which have been peripherally modified with imide electrophores and subsequently reduced, either chemically or electrochemically, to form soluble polymers which can be cast into flexible films or other forms to produce organic solids exhibiting unusually high electrical conductivity of an isotropic nature.
• the invention also provides a method for preparing isotropic, highly electrically conductive dendrimers in solution, and to solid conductive dendrimers cast from such solutions. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• the dendrimers which can be used in the preparation of the conductive polymers of the invention include generally any of the known dendrimers having a polyvalent core which is covalently bonded to at least two ordered dendritic branches which extends through at least two generations.
• Dendrimers comprise a core, plural generations or layers of branches, wherein each generation extends from the core or from a prior generation of branches, and wherein each branch in each generation has the same number of reactive sites (at least 2), from which the branches in the next succeeding generation (if any) extend, or which serve as ter-Tiinal reactive sites in the last generation of branches. In so called dense star polymers, the reactive sites are symmetrically located at the end of each branch.
• the reactive sites are unsymmetrically located on a given branch, e.g., one might be located along the length of the branch while another might be located at the end of the branch.
• dendrimers as used herein is intended to include dendrons.
• a dendron is a species of dendrimer having branches emanating from a focal point which is or can be joined to a core, either directly or through a linking moiety.
• An ammonia core dendrimer might be thought of as an ammonia molecule having 3 dendrons radiating from the core.
• dendrimers are formed by a series of reiterative or generational reactions, they are typically identified by the number of generations to which they have been reacted, e.g. G5, G10, etc. Under current nomenclature, a dendrimer core with a first set of branches attached thereto is referred to as a "zero generation” or GO dendrimer. Once the second set of branches it attached to the first set of branches, it is a first generation or Gl Starburst® dendrimer. Dendrimers are identified herein in accordance with this generational nomenclature scheme.
• Suitable dendrimers are generically described and specifically disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,558,120.
• suitable dendrimers include those having any of the variety of functionally active terminal moieties such as carboxyl, aziridinyl, oxazolinyl, haloalkyl, oxiranyl, hydroxy, isocyanato, amine and carboxylic ester moieties.
• amidoamine dendrimers, polysulfide dendrimers, polyaminosulfide dendrimers, polyether dendrimers, and the like may be utilized in the practice of the present invention, with poly__mido__mine dendrimers (PAMAM dendrimers) being most preferred.
• Dendrimers having generally any number of dendritic branches and any number of generations can be utilized in the practice of the invention, with generations 2 through 12 being preferred.
• the dendrimers can be prepared by any known method such as by the excess reactant method.
• amidoamine dendrimers can be prepared by reacting a nucleophilic core compound such as ammonia with methyl acrylate under conditions sufficient to cause the Michael addition of one molecule of the ammonia to three molecules of the methyl acrylate to form an adduct of the formula N(CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 CH) 3 .
• the above adduct is then reacted with excess ethylenediamine under conditions such that one amine group of the ethylenediamine molecule reacts with the methyl carboxylate group of the core adduct to form a zero generation adduct having three amidoamine moieties.
• the ratio of excess ethylenediamine to methyl carboxylate moieties is preferably from about 2:1 to about 120:1.
• the zero generation adduct is then reacted with excess methyl acrylate under Michael's addition conditions to form a second generation adduct having terminal methyl ester moieties, which are subsequently reacted with excess ethylenediamine under amide forming conditions to produce a polyamidoamine dendrimer having ordered, first generation dendritic branches with terminal amine moieties.
• the excess of co-reactant to reactive moieties is preferably from about 2:1 to about 120:1.
• Second and higher ordered dendrimers can be formed by alternatively reacting the te ⁇ ninal amine moieties with excess methyl acrylate to form terminal methyl carboxylate groups, removing excess methyl acrylate and reacting the terminal carboxylate groups with excess ethylenediamine.
• Other amidoamine dendrimers can be made using different organic amines as the core compound. For example, ethylenediamine can be used to produce a tetra-branched dendrimer or diemylenetriamine can be used to produce a penta-branched amidoamine dendrimer.
• Other dendrimers and methods for producing the same are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,558,120.
• Suitable electrophores for use with the invention include naphthalene diimide compounds which are formed during the reaction of an imide anhydride with an amino terminated dendrimer, such as by the following reaction:
• suitable mono-anhydride mono-imide compounds include those having the general formula:
• R is as follows:
• R' is an alkyl such as n-C 12 H 23 .
• R' is an alkyl such as n-C 12 H 23 .
• the dendrimer and the chosen electrophore are chemically reacted to covalently bond the electrophore to the terminal functional groups on the dendrimer.
• the resulting peripherally modified dendrimer has electrophoric moieties which can be reduced in a polar solvent to form anion radical groups which aggregate into ⁇ -stacks which can form electrically conductive pathways.
• a polyamidoamine dendrimer can be reacted with a naphthalene diimide having the above formula I to form a dendrimer having the following structure:
• D represents a PAMAM dendrimer and n represents the number of mono-imide compounds reacted with terminal functional moieties of the dendrimer.
• the modified dendrimer can be reduced in aqueous or polar solution to form conductive ⁇ -stacks.
• the selected dendrimers and selected electrophores can be reacted in various polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, formamide and the like.
• the amount of imide anhydride which is reacted with the selected dendrimer can vary greatly depending on the desired properties.
• the electrophores are utilized in amounts and reacted for a sufficient period of time and at a sufficient temperature to achieve sufficient peripheral modification of the dendrimer so that it will exhibit electrical conductivity when reduced in a polar solution.
• complete reaction between 70% of the functionally active terminal amine groups of an amidoamine dendrimer and an equivalent amount of naphthalene mono-imide, mono-anhydride can be achieved at about 120°C in dry DMF in approximately 14 hours. Desirably at least 50%, and more desirably at least 70% of the functionally active terminal groups are reacted with an electrophore.
• conductive dendrimers having various conductive and semiconductive properties can be prepared as desired. Suitable conversion levels for achieving excellent conductive properties can be achieved by reacting from about 50 to 100% of the available terminal reactive sites of the dendrimer with a suitable electrophore.
• the resulting peripherally modified dendrimers are contacted with a reducing agent to convert the terminally bonded electrophore into anion radical groups which form ⁇ -stacks in polar solutions.
• a reducing agent to reduce the terminal electrophoric moieties to form anion moieties.
• suitable and appropriate reducing agents is well within the ability of those having ordinary skill in the art.
• a preferred reducing agent is a ⁇ , which can be utilized in varying amounts depending upon electric conductivity and other properties which are desired.
• Reduction of the electrophoric moieties can be achieved by adding the reducing agent directly to a solution containing peripherally modified dendrimer in a polar solvent such as formamide.
• the solution must be deoxygenated with argon before the addition of the reducing agent.
• the reduction occurs relatively rapidly at room temperature and does not require any special conditions, although mild agitation and heating of the solution is desirable.
• Films or other solid forms can be obtained by conventional casting techniques wherein the solvent is evaporated from the solution.
• the solvent is preferably evaporated under a flowing inert atmosphere such as argon. It has been determined that film quality is dependent upon the solvent from which the films are cast. For example, it has been determined that films cast from a very polar organic solvent such as formamide are smoother and more homogeneous than films cast from water.
• the films and other solid forms can be cast at a variety of suitable temperatures. However it has been discovered that films cast at lower temperatures (below 100°C) such as 60°C have higher electrical conductivities than film cast at higher temperatures (above 100°C) such as 120°C. It has also been discovered that films prepared from modified dendrimers which are partially reduced have higher electrical conductivities than films produced from modified dendrimers which are substantially completely reduced.
• the electrically conductive films of the invention have exhibited electrical conductivities within the range from ⁇ 10 -4 S cm “1 to about 1 x 10 "2 S cm “1 .
• the films have not exhibited any significant sensitivity to exposure to the atmosphere (i.e., are not sensitive to oxygen).
• the conductive films of the invention however exhibit reversible humidity dependant electrical conductivity. Specifically, it has been discovered that the electrical conductivity changes very quickly and reversibly in response to changes in humidity.
• the conductive films of the invention can be utilized as a detecting element in a humidity gauge.
• peripherally modified dendrimers had the following general formula,
• n represent the number of monoimide-monoanhydride units reacted with terminal functional moieties of the G3 PAMAM dendrimer.
• Equation 1-4 were used for the calculation. Note that small errors in determination of the amount of imide lead to large differences in the calculated loading.
• L Q Coulometric loading, L Q , was computed using eqn 3, derived from eqns 1 and 2, where L is loading percent, n is the number of diimides per molecule, "Th is the number of diimides on a fully loaded dendrimer, F is Faradays constant, MW D is molecular weight of the unmodified dedrimer, MW 1 is the molecular weight of modifier diimide plus iodide
• Films were cast from formamide (Aldrich 99.9%) solution (10% by weight) onto glass slides or a silicon wafer. Kept in a bell jar with a slow stream of argon flowing through it, the formamide was evaporated over a period of about 6 hr at 60°C or 2 hr at 120°C. The dark brown films were studied on the substrate. Vis-NIR and IR spectra were recorded as previously described. 2 The film properties were stable for about two weeks in the laboratory atmosphere, but over a longer period of time carbonyl IR bands due to the neutral diimide grew in. Four point conductivity measurements were made at 23 °C in the film plane under nitrogen in a controlled humidity atmosphere.
• Films cast at 60°C had an electrical conductivity of about 2 x 10 "3 S cm '1
• films cast at 120°C had an electrical conductivity of about 2 x 10 ⁇ S cm " '.
• the improved electrical conductivity is believed to be attributable to improved ⁇ -stacking at lower temperatures. Casting at lower temperatures did not appear to have any significant detrimental effect on polymer solubility or film homogeneity. For films reduced with 0.55 electrons per imide, and cast at 60°C, the conductivities were even higher, (about 6 x 10 "2 S cm '1 ). This strongly suggests mixed valence stacks.
• Films cast at 120°C had only a small absorbance near 2200 nm. Films cast at 60°C had a more intense ⁇ -stack peak, suggesting that ⁇ -aggregation is enhanced. Using only 0.55 equivalent of reducing agent diminished the ⁇ -dimer peak and increased the ⁇ -stack absorption. The maximum absorbance was in the IR region near 3000 nm. This shift in the optical conduction band is consistent with formation of mixed valence stacks containing both neutral diimide and anion radical diimide moieties. The IR spectrum also showed imide carbonyl bands at 1640 and 1527 cm "1 which are typical for these aggregated anion radicals. Visible spectra of the films showed a maximum absorbance near 450 nm as expected.
• the conductivities for the electrically conductive films of the invention are actually higher than the conductivities reported for pure diimide anion radical salts or those with ion radicals imbedded in polymers, and is only slightly lower than the conductivities of many conjugated chain polymers, like polypyrrole.

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• 1996
  • 1996-07-25 EP EP96926124A patent/EP0840932A4/de not_active Withdrawn
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