EP0898505A1 - Verfahren zum herstellen von holz-polymer-verbundwerkstoffen - Google Patents

Verfahren zum herstellen von holz-polymer-verbundwerkstoffen

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Publication number
EP0898505A1
EP0898505A1 EP97917490A EP97917490A EP0898505A1 EP 0898505 A1 EP0898505 A1 EP 0898505A1 EP 97917490 A EP97917490 A EP 97917490A EP 97917490 A EP97917490 A EP 97917490A EP 0898505 A1 EP0898505 A1 EP 0898505A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wood
water
temperature
salt solution
polymerisable monomer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP97917490A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Dag Morten Jahr
Keith Redford
Johan Felix
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Norske Skog Flooring AS
Original Assignee
Norske Skog Flooring AS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Norske Skog Flooring AS filed Critical Norske Skog Flooring AS
Publication of EP0898505A1 publication Critical patent/EP0898505A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
    • B27K3/02—Processes; Apparatus
    • B27K3/08—Impregnating by pressure, e.g. vacuum impregnation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
    • B27K3/02—Processes; Apparatus
    • B27K3/15—Impregnating involving polymerisation including use of polymer-containing impregnating agents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
    • B27K3/16—Inorganic impregnating agents
    • B27K3/20—Compounds of alkali metals or ammonium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
    • C08L97/02—Lignocellulosic material, e.g. wood, straw or bagasse
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
    • C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
    • C08L33/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
    • C08L33/12—Homopolymers or copolymers of methyl methacrylate

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method for the production of wood- polymer composites.
  • it relates to the impregnation of wood or wood based materials with polymerisable monomers and the use of an agueous salt solution as the heat transfer medium at the polymerization of the monomers.
  • wood-polymer composites over native wood include: improved hardness, toughness, abrasion resi ⁇ stance, dimensional stability and mechanical properties (tensile and compression); reduced anisotropy in mechanical properties; improved moisture exclusion; better fire retardant properties; improved decay resistance and improved weatherability.
  • the polymerization of polymerisable materials impregnated in wood can be initiated by methods well known in the art. Polymerization by high intensity irradiation from radioactive sources is relatively expensive, reduces the mechanical strength of the wood and also involves a potential hazard to workers, cf. Zesz. Probl. Postepow Nauk Roln. , volume 299, 1987, J. Raczkowski, "Effect of the gamma-radiation rate on styrene polymerization in wood and on some properties of the composite", p. 91-102. Electron beam irradiation can also be used, but the penetration depth of electrons is limited. Thermal initiation of radical polymerisable materials can be efficiently facilitated by the addition of free radical initiators, for example peroxides, azo compounds, or by redox systems.
  • free radical initiators for example peroxides, azo compounds, or by redox systems.
  • the temperature required to facilitate polymerization of a practical rate is system dependent in that initiators have differing decomposition temperatures and different monomers show different rates of polymerization.
  • the rate of cure is temperature dependent.
  • Polymerization processes are exothermic and it is often desirable to remove heat from the wood during polymerization hence limiting the peak in temperature from the exotherm. Wood begins to degrade at a temperature of 150 °C, cf. Carbon, Vol. 2, 1964, p. 211, and therefore, for many products, it is preferred that the peak temperature in the center of the wood does not exceed this temperature for extended periods of time.
  • GB 1.281.419 discloses the use of a hot press to facilitate the polymerization in a wood-polymer composite. Heat transfer is efficient, but items of complex geometry cannot be cured by this method. Further, the equipment is expensive.
  • US 4.009.150 utilises the wrapping of impregnated wood pieces in aluminium foil to reduce the loss of monomer from the wood surface during heating. This method though functional is labour intensive and not suited for commercial production.
  • FR 2 270 064 discloses the method of enclosing the impregnated wood with a wax coating followed by heat treatment under nitrogen at high pressure. Wax residues must be thoroughly cleaned from the wood surfaces as small traces can cause problems with subsequent painting or gluing.
  • EP 45 828 discloses the use of heated nitrogen under pressure to facilitate polymerization. Heat transfer from the gas to the wood is limited as the heat capacity of the gas is low, and a degree of evaporation of low boiling point monomers results in a drying out of the surface.
  • WO 93/03896 utilises a similar principle, but the gas is not circulated. This is claimed to reduce the loss of monomer from the wood surface. The problems are however essen- 5 tially the same.
  • DE 27 18 770 discloses the use water at 85 to 90 °C to polymerize acrylate and methacrylates in porous media such as stone, wood or metals.
  • EP-A-0.626.240 teaches the use of water as a heat ° transfer medium for the polymerization of wood-polymer com ⁇ posites. Preferably, the water is hot (40-200 °C) and pressuri ⁇ zed. Both patents take advantage of the excellent heat transfer properties of water to give good temperature control. Typical monomers have a low solubility in water and therefore the loss 5 of monomer is low. However, practical usage of this invention has shown that an unacceptable level of splitting of the final wood product will take place.
  • the present invention provides a method for the production of wood-polymer composites by impregnating solid wood or a material on the basis of wood with a polymerisable monomer by the use of vacuum and/or pressure, and then immersing the impregnated wood in a liquid regulated to a temperature sufficient to start the polymerization reaction, wherein there is used as said liquid an aqueous salt solution at curing temperature, which salt solution comprises an amount between 0.1 mole/liter and satura ⁇ tion at said temperature of one or more salts dissolved in water.
  • the wood-polymer composites obtained by said method can suitably be used in the manufacturing of construction materials, such as flooring, paneling, door or window frames, skirting boards, mouldings, thresholds, tubes, and sinks; leisure or sports articles, such as clubs, club heads, cues, bats, skis, toboggans, boathulls, masts, rudders and handles; households articles, such as furniture, ornaments, utensils, toys and buttons; and for materials used in direct contact with wet and soily environments; and for the preserving of articles.
  • construction materials such as flooring, paneling, door or window frames, skirting boards, mouldings, thresholds, tubes, and sinks
  • leisure or sports articles such as clubs, club heads, cues, bats, skis, toboggans, boathulls, masts, rudders and handles
  • households articles such as furniture, ornaments, utensils, toys and buttons
  • materials used in direct contact with wet and soily environments and for the preserving of articles.
  • Figure 1 shows the cupping of final polymer-impregnated solid birch samples at various temperatures and salinities.
  • Figure 2 shows the bow of final polymer-impregnated solid birch samples at various temperatures and salinities.
  • Figure 3 is a photograph of an end section of a birch sample not prepared according to the invention.
  • Figure 4 is a photograph of a section of the surface of a birch sample not prepared according to the invention.
  • Figure 5 is a photograph of an end section of a Canadian maple sample not prepared according to the invention.
  • Figure 6 is a photograph of a section of the surface of a
  • Figure 7 is a photograph of an end section of a birch sample prepared according to the invention.
  • Figure 8 is a photograph of a section of the surface of a birch sample prepared according to the invention.
  • Figure 9 is a photograph of an end section of a Canadian maple sample prepared according to the invention.
  • Figure 10 is a photograph of a section of the surface of a
  • any type of suitable wood or wood based material can in principle be used by the method of the present invention for the production of wood-polymer composites.
  • a prerequisite is that the wood material is able to absorb at least a minor quantity of a polymerisable monomer.
  • Soft and/or porous materials will obtain the greatest improvements in desired properties by the present method. It may be used solid wood from coniferous trees, such as spruce and pine; or from deciduous trees, such as birch, maple, ash, oak, elm and the like. Wood based materials like prefabric ⁇ ated boards, such as plywood and chipboards, may also be used. Moreover, prefabricated and manufactured articles may also be impregnated and hardened by the present method.
  • the polymerisable monomer impregnated in the wood material is preferably a free radical polymerisable monomer.
  • a mixture of different monomers may also be used.
  • Free radical polymerisable substances suitable for the impregnation of wood materials according to the present method comprise: vinyl monomers, such as (meth)acrylates, styrenes, maleic anhydride; macro monomers; polyfunctional monomers such as divinyl benzene, diallyl phthalate, triallyl phosphate, di- and tri-(meth)acrylates and unsaturated polyesters.
  • Suitable not free radical polymerisable substances comprise epoxy resins; phenol/formaldehyde, melamine- /formaldehyde and urea/formaldehyde resins; and polyisocyanates.
  • the wood or wood based material may be impregnated with the polymerisable substances by any method known in the art. Impregnation of wood is normally performed on seasoned wood. A large proportion of the water present in the original living material is removed and the wood optionally placed under vacuum in an autoclave to remove air from its cells. The polymerisable material is then introduced to the autoclave to a level that covers the material. An external pressure may be applied to accelerate the uptake of the substance. To assist in the absorption of the polymerisable substance the material may be dispersed in a non-polymerisable organic or inorganic solvent.
  • Non-limiting examples of such solvents are alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propanols, butanols and pentanols; ketones, such as acetone, methylethylketone and diethylketone; hydrocar ⁇ bons, such as pentanes, hexanes, heptanes, octanes and nonanes; acids, such as formic acid and acetic acid; water and dimethyl ⁇ sulfoxide. Impregnation is preferably performed at ambient temperature or lower. In the end excess polymerisable material is drained off and the impregnated wood subjected to conditions to initiate polymerization or hardening.
  • Curing is performed by immersing the impregnated wood in the salt solution either by submerging the impregnated wood into a bath containing the salt solution, by showering the impregnated wood with the salt solution or by pumping the salt solution into an enclosed tank or autoclave containing the impregnated wood, with the curing water at the desired temperature.
  • a closed tank or autoclave enable the use of excess pressure and thus temperatures in excess of 100 °C if desired.
  • the solubility of most polymeris- able materials suited for wood-polymer composites in water is low, but some polymerization or curing in the aqueous phase will occur. This polymer tends to flocculate in the salt solution and can be removed by filtration or another suitable method.
  • the excess salt on the product may be rinsed off with cold water and then the wood-polymer composite is dried. Drying may be carried out at ambient or elevated tempe ⁇ rature and may involve the use of reduced pressure, and/or microwave or infrared radiation.
  • the optimum polymerisation temperature is dictated by the used polymerization or curing system.
  • the salt solution in which the impregnated wood is immersed has a curing temperature preferably of 40 to 200 °C.
  • temperatures higher than 150 °C can lead to the onset of degradation of the cellulose in the wood and are not favoured unless the polymerisable material dictates a higher temperature.
  • the curing temperature should not be lower than approx. 40 °C.
  • a preferred curing temperature is therefore within the range of from 40 to 150 °C.
  • the salt solution may be comprised of a single salt or a mixture of salts dissolved in fresh water, or optionally sea water.
  • Preferred salts are halides of metals from group I and group II of the Periodic Table of the elements. A mixture comprising two or more such salts may also be used. More preferably a mixture of salts includes sodium chloride as the major salt component.
  • the most preferred salt is sodium chloride because of its low price and its availability. Sea water, optionally concentrated or diluted, is favoured for the same reasons of low price and availability. Advantages from the addition of salt to the water occur from very low concentrations, e.g. a 0.1 molar solution. However, higher concentrations result in better and more reliable results.
  • a preferred salt solution is an aqueous 1 molar NaCl solution.
  • Sodium chloride may be partly replaced by other salts, e.g. potassium chloride. Even ammonium chloride may be used with an acceptable result.
  • the upper concentration limit is the saturated aqueous solution.
  • the main purpose of adding salt to the aqueous heat transfer medium, here also called the curing water, is to achieve a salting-out effect which reduces the water uptake in the cells of the wood, thus avoiding splitting and cracking of the final wood product.
  • a salting-out phenomenon In the case of a free radical polymerization of electrically neutral monomers all the species involved will be non-electrolytes: the initial monomer, the propagating macro- radical and the produced polymer chain. In initiator systems comprising redox initiators the initiating species will carry charges and hence be electrolytes. This initiator is however present in only a minute amount and evenly distributed throughout the impregnated material.
  • Electrolytes and non-electrolytes will be solvated to different degrees in water, the electrolytes being capable of bonding the water molecules in its vicinity more tightly in a solvation sphere than the non-electrolyte molecules do.
  • the solvent will be preferentially solvating the electrolyte molecules. Consequently, the non-electrolyte solute will not experience as great a solvating power by the solvent as it would in a solvent void of any electrolyte ions. This effect, i.e.
  • the solubility of a non-electrolyte solute in water decreases in the presence of an electrolyte solute is known as a salting-out effect.
  • the solvent is water
  • the electrolyte solute is the salts being added to the water
  • the non-electrolyte solutes primarily of concern are the liquid or gaseous monomers and the growing macro- radicals. It is believed that a macro-radical that is precipi- tated or salted out while still being within the pores of the impregnated wood-based material will hamper the transport of liquid and gaseous monomer molecules out of, and water molecules into, the material. It is also believed that the lower the solubility of monomer in the curing water, the lower the driving force for the transport of monomer from the wood-based material into the curing water will be.
  • ⁇ the activity of the solute
  • p the vapour pressure of the solution
  • p* the vapour pressure of the pure solvent.
  • a series of preparations of birch wood-polymer composite and Canadian maple wood-polymer composite were investigated.
  • Five different salinities for the curing aqueous solution were utilized: 0, 0.4, 1, 2, and approx. 6.1 molar aqueous salt solutions.
  • Improved quality of the resulting wood-polymer composite was observed when saline water was utilized. After curing in circulating fresh water at 90 °C, all the samples had cracks, both in the core and on the surface.
  • the curing water was a 0.4 or 1 molar aqueous salt solution, a minority of the samples expe ⁇ rienced cracking of the core while the majority showed no signs of cracking what so ever.
  • the curing solution was a 2 molar or saturated aqueous sodium chloride aqueous solution, none of the wood-polymer composite veneers showed any signs of cracking.
  • Pieces of veneers approx. 500 mm long, 70 mm wide and 10 mm thick with a humidity content of approx. 6% by weight were placed in a stainless steel autoclave.
  • the autoclave was then closed and evacuated by the use of a single-stage oil-sealed rotary vane pump until a constant pressure of not higher than 20 kPa.
  • a polymerizing solution at approx. 8 °C consisting of technical grade methylmethacrylate containing approx. 0.5% by weight of dissolved azobisisobutyronitrile was then fed into the evacuated autoclave until the wood pieces were completely submerged.
  • the polymerizing solution was further forced into the wood by applying approx. 650 kPa pressurized air above the surface of the solution for approx.
  • the water was introduced into the autoclave at a higher tem ⁇ perature than the desired curing temperature to alleviate the heat loss to the stainless steel autoclave.
  • the circulating curing water was heated in the reservoir, and after the pre ⁇ determined curing temperature had been reached, the water was allowed to circulate at approx. constant temperature for 1 hour, after which the autoclave was drained for water and the wood- polymer composite samples were removed and quickly flushed under cold water.
  • the wood-polymer composite was wiped with tissue before weighing and recording the dimensions.
  • the obtained wood-polymer composites were visually examined for core and surface cracking.
  • the cupping and the bow were measured as the depth of the curvature across and along the surface of the veneer, respectively.
  • Experimental details and results are recorded in the table below.
  • the weights were determined after drying for at least 6 hours at 105 °C.
  • Examples 1 and 2 (Comparative examples ) Veneers of birch and Canadian maple were impregnated and cured according to the general procedure outlined above. The water contained no salt and the curing temperature was approx. 60 C C. All three birch samples and two out of three Canadian maple samples had core cracking.
  • Veneers of birch and Canadian maple were impregnated and cured according to the general procedure outlined above, with the exception that the impregnating liquid contained 85% by weight of methyl methacrylate and 5% by weight of styrene as polymer ⁇ isable components with 0.5% by weight of azobisisobutyronitrile, and 10% by weight of isopropanol as a non-polymerisable solvent.
  • the curing water had no salt, and the curing temperature was 80 °C. None of the samples showed clear cracking immediately after curing, but after being dried at 60 °C for 22.5 hours, all the samples showed clear core cracking. Examples 5 and 6 (Comparative examples)
  • Veneers of birch and Canadian maple were impregnated and cured according to the general procedure outlined above.
  • the water contained 1 mole per liter of NaCl, and the curing temperature was 90 °C.
  • Examples 11 to 15 veneers of birch, Canadian maple and spruce, and pieces of chipboard and plywood were submitted to the procedure of Examples 9 and 10, except that the curing temperature was 70 C C. None of the samples showed any cracking.
  • Veneers of birch and Canadian maple were impregnated and cured according to the general procedure outlined above.
  • the curing temperature was 80 °C in a saline solution consisting of approx. 6.11 moles NaCl per liter water. (A saturated aqueous NaCl solution at 25 °C will contain approx. 6.11 moles NaCl per liter water according to the Merck Index, volume 10, 8430. ) None of the samples showed any sign of cracking.
  • Examples 18 and 19 The procedure of Examples 3 and 4 was repeated for veneers of birch and Canadian maple, except that the curing water contained 1.5 moles sodium chloride (NaCl) and 0.5 mole potassium chloride (KCl) per liter water. None of the samples showed any sign of cracking immediately after curing or after being dried at 60 °C for 22.5 hours.
  • the curing temperature was 80 °C and the curing water was synthetic sea water having the composition of sea water from the North Sea.
  • the saline solution consisted of 373 mmoles of sodium chloride (NaCl), 1 mmole of sodium bicarbonate (NaHC0 3 ) , 7 mmoles of potassium chloride (KCl) , 1 mmole of potassium bromide (KBr), 6 mmoles of calcium sulphate (CaS0 4 ), 14 mmoles of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) and 8 mmoles of magnesium sulphate (MgS0 4 ) per liter water, giving a 0.4 molar salt solution. None of the samples showed any sign of cracking after impreg- nation and curing.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
EP97917490A 1996-04-19 1997-04-18 Verfahren zum herstellen von holz-polymer-verbundwerkstoffen Withdrawn EP0898505A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO961577A NO301969B1 (no) 1996-04-19 1996-04-19 Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av tre-polymer-kompositter
NO961577 1996-04-19
PCT/NO1997/000103 WO1997039864A1 (en) 1996-04-19 1997-04-18 A method for the production of wood-polymer composites

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0898505A1 true EP0898505A1 (de) 1999-03-03

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ID=19899278

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97917490A Withdrawn EP0898505A1 (de) 1996-04-19 1997-04-18 Verfahren zum herstellen von holz-polymer-verbundwerkstoffen

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0898505A1 (de)
AU (1) AU2579097A (de)
NO (1) NO301969B1 (de)
WO (1) WO1997039864A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BRPI0500293A (pt) 2005-01-28 2006-09-12 Ibf Ind Brasileira De Filmes L chapas de impressão litográfica e processo para sua produção
CN109354893A (zh) * 2018-09-26 2019-02-19 天长市正牧铝业科技有限公司 一种棒球杆及其制备方法

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2212305B1 (de) * 1973-01-02 1977-07-29 Eternit Nv Sa
PL132997B2 (en) * 1983-06-10 1985-04-30 Politechnika Krakowska Method of carrying out of polymerization of monomer in impregnated elements from porous building material,especially in ornamental elements

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9739864A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2579097A (en) 1997-11-12
WO1997039864A1 (en) 1997-10-30
NO961577D0 (no) 1996-04-19
NO961577L (no) 1997-10-20
NO301969B1 (no) 1998-01-05

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