EP0902828B1 - Compositions de graisses de lubrification - Google Patents

Compositions de graisses de lubrification Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0902828B1
EP0902828B1 EP97925984A EP97925984A EP0902828B1 EP 0902828 B1 EP0902828 B1 EP 0902828B1 EP 97925984 A EP97925984 A EP 97925984A EP 97925984 A EP97925984 A EP 97925984A EP 0902828 B1 EP0902828 B1 EP 0902828B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oil
hydrocarbon
grease
perfluorinated
mixture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97925984A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0902828A1 (fr
Inventor
Dirk Loderer
Dieter Sohn
Herbert Kardinal
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Klueber Lubrication Muenchen GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Klueber Lubrication Muenchen GmbH and Co KG
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/02Mixtures of base-materials and thickeners
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    • C10M105/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/32Esters
    • C10M105/36Esters of polycarboxylic acids
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    • C10M105/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
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    • C10M105/38Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
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    • C10M105/08Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/32Esters
    • C10M105/42Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at least three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compound: monohydroxy compounds, polyhydroxy compounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids and hydroxy carboxylic acids
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    • C10M115/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the thickener being a non-macromolecular organic compound other than a carboxylic acid or salt thereof
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    • C10M119/24Lubricating compositions characterised by the thickener being a macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
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    • C10M2201/041Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black
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    • C10M2207/301Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at leasst three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compounds: monohydroxyl compounds, polyhydroxy xompounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids or hydroxy carboxylic acids used as base material
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    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/22Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/2206Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds used as thickening agents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/22Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/225Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
    • C10M2215/227Phthalocyanines
    • C10M2215/2275Phthalocyanines used as thickening agents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/044Polyamides
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/045Polyureas; Polyurethanes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10NINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/02Bearings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to grease compositions from a Base oil mixture consisting of a hydrocarbon oil and a perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oil and a small proportion Thickener based on a diurea compound as well as usual additives, which are used at temperatures from more than 180 ° C up to 250 ° C a particularly noise-reducing Have behavior, as well as a procedure for the preparation of these grease compositions.
  • Lubricants are used in vehicle technology, conveyor technology, mechanical engineering, office technology and industrial Plants and machines, but also in the areas of household machines and consumer electronics.
  • a grease can when taking part in circulation (rollover, walk) vibrations in the Stimulate rolling bearings that appear as "lubricant noises" in the Frequency bands medium 300 to 1800 Hz and high 1800 to 10000 Hz, compared to the bearing noise in the low frequency band at 50 to 300 Hz.
  • the lubricant noise is from the noise peaks overlaid when rolling over hard Particles through the rolling elements in the form of shock pulses the bearing ring arise.
  • noise behavior takes place according to the SKF-Bequiet method, which is based on the statistical Evaluation of the noise peaks and the assignment based on noise classes BQ1 to BQ4.
  • the noise class deteriorates the noise behavior and the service life of the rolling bearing (H. Werries, E. Paland, FVA study on "Low-noise grease", University of Hanover 1994).
  • This is how they characterize 100% noise class BQ1 very good, and low percentages only very bad noise behavior in noise class BQ4.
  • a lubricant composition known to have a base oil, such as trimethylolpropane pelargonate, Pentaerythritol pelargonate, polyphenyl ether, perfluoroalkyl ether and mixtures thereof, and a thickening agent such as a Di- or polyurea.
  • the diurea can a diisocyanate and an amine, such as octylamine and aniline, be made.
  • the lubricant composition Boron nitride or polytetrafluoroethylene (solid lubricants) and contain additives.
  • Lubricating greases described on a mineral or Hydrocarbon-based synthetic oil mixed with a perfluorinated polyalkyl ether with an organic or an inorganic thickener are based.
  • the Weight ratios of lubricating oil and perfluorinated polyalkyl ether / thickener are in the range from 97: 3 to 80:20 and the ratio of lubricating oil / perfluorinated polyalkyl ether is in the range of 95: 5 to 60:40.
  • Low-noise greases are known from US Pat. No. 5,145,591. those on thermally stable polyphenyl ethers, alkylated Phenyl ethers, polyol esters and aromatic carboxylic acids based, with 5 to 30 wt .-% di- and / or polyureas are compressed at the upper operating temperatures of 180 ° C according to DIN 51 825 can be used. For service temperatures, which are above 180 ° C, must currently Greases are used that are completely based on perfluorinated Polyalkyl ethers based with PTFE, inorganic Thickeners such as bentonites, aerosols or metal soaps or metal complex soaps are thickened.
  • the invention aims to provide a lubricant composition to provide the above requirements corresponds, especially under high temperature conditions is applicable and has a very good noise behavior has, as well as long terms and essentially none Signs of wear of the rolling bearing causes.
  • a grease composition is used for this consisting of a mixture of a hydrocarbon-based oil, a perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oil and one Diurea as a thickener and conventional additives provided.
  • the hydrocarbon-based oil is made from an ester of an aromatic di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acid, with one or a mixture of C 7 to C 22 alcohols, a polyphenyl ether or alkylated polyphenyether, an ester of trimethylolopropane, pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol with aliphatic C 7 to C 22 carboxylic acids, C 18 dimeric acid esters with C 7 to C 22 alcohols, complex esters, prepared as individual components or in any mixture.
  • Preferred chain building blocks are - (CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 O) z -, - (CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 O) z - (CF 2 O) v , where z / v is approx. 40/1, - (CF 2 CF 2 O) w - (CF 2 o) v , where w / v is approx. 3/2 and - (CF 2 CF 2 O) w - (CF 2 O) v , where w / v is about 2/3.
  • the preferred perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oils are thermally stable oils with low evaporation rates at 200 ° C as commercially available Aflunox, Fomblin, Krytox or Demnum oils used in the invention Grease compositions are used. Only with perfluorinated The grease compositions can be poplyalkyl ether oils manufacture that meet the requirements in the high temperature range are enough.
  • the thickeners are the reaction product of a diisocyanate, preferably 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene, 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene, 4-4'-diisocyanate-diphenylmethane, 4-4'-diisocyanatodiphenyl, 4,4'-diisocyanato-3,3 '.
  • a diisocyanate preferably 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene, 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene, 4-4'-diisocyanate-diphenylmethane, 4-4'-diisocyanatodiphenyl, 4,4'-diisocyanato-3,3 '.
  • the grease compositions according to the invention also contain Common additives against corrosion, oxidation and to protect against metal influences that act as chelate compounds, Radical scavengers, UV converters, reaction layer formers and the like work.
  • the grease compositions according to the invention are in the ratio of greater than 60/40 of hydrocarbon-based oil and perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oil mixed with 5 up to 30 wt .-% of the diurea compound and contain up to 10% by weight of additives and / or up to 10% by weight of organic or inorganic solid lubricants.
  • These solid lubricants can e.g. Polyimides, PTFE, graphite, metal oxides, Boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide or phosphates.
  • the viscosity of the hydrocarbon-based oil is in the range from 100 to 500 mm 2 / s and that of the perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oil is 10 to 1500 mm 2 / s.
  • the grease compositions exhibit Drop points according to DIN ISO 2176 of> 240 ° C and are according to DIN 51825 suitable for upper service temperatures up to 250 ° C.
  • the grease compositions of the invention are either obtained by thickening with diurea Hydrocarbon-based oil with perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oil is mixed and then via a high pressure homogenizer and / or three-roll mill homogenized or in that the hydrocarbon-based oil with the perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oil is mixed and in this mixture by synthesis of the diurea compound thickened and then via a high pressure homogenizer and / or three-roll mill is homogenized.
  • the fat is homogenized by a single high-pressure homogenization and subsequent rolling on a three-roll mill. In this way, a grease of NLGI class 2 according to DIN ISO 2137 is obtained. This grease obtained is tested on a noise test bench. A particularly low-noise behavior was measured compared to standard lubricating greases.
  • the grease composition was prepared as in Example 2, with the exception that the oil mixture presented from 800 g ester oil and 800 g perfluorinated polyalkyl ether duration.
  • the grease composition was prepared as in Example 2, with the exception that the oil mixture presented from 800 g ester oil and 500 g perfluorinated polyalkyl ether duration.
  • the grease composition was prepared as in Example 2, with the exception that the oil mixture presented from 800 g ester oil and 200 g perfluorinated polyalkyl ether duration.
  • the grease composition was prepared as in Example 2, with the exception that the 800 g of ester oil no perfluorinated polyalkyl ether was added.
  • Man receives a grease of NLGI class 2 according to DIN ISO 2137 with particularly low-noise behavior.
  • the grease composition was prepared analogously to Example 6, except that instead of 800 g Esteröl from trimellitic acid and C 8 - and C 10 alcohols Esteröl 800 g of pyromellitic acid and C 8 - and C were used 10 alcohols.
  • PFPE perfluorinated polyalkyl ether
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • Table 1 shows the measurement results with regard to the noise test of the grease compositions according to DIN ISO 2137 prepared according to Examples 1 to 8.
  • Grease B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B6 B7 B8 FAG FE-9 DIN T2 test temperature (° C) (A, 6000, 1500) 220 220 220 220 220 200 180 200 240
  • Table 2 shows the weight ratios of the grease compositions of Examples 1 to 8.
  • Grease B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 % By weight lubricating oil based on CH 42 40 44.4 53.4 66.6 80 80 0 %
  • consistency agents and additives 18th 10 11.2 13.3 16.7 20th 20th 20th %
  • Table 3 shows the mixing ratios of hydrocarbon-based oil and perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oil.
  • Grease B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 % By weight lubricating oil based on CH 51.2 44.4 50 61.6 80 100 100 0 %
  • perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oil 48.8 55.6 50 38.4 20th 0 0 100
  • Tables 1 and 2 show that the grease B6 based on an ester oil that has been thickened with diurea exceeds the requirements for an upper operating temperature of 180 ° C according to DIN 51825 by a factor of 5, but the criterion of an L 50 running time of at least 100 hours according to DIN 51825 on the FAG FE-9 roller bearing testing machine at 200 ° C is not nearly fulfilled.
  • the criterion of an upper service temperature of 200 ° C is only met with thermally very stable diurea chains based on pyromellitic acid esters (B7).
  • Table 3 shows that by adding perfluorinated polyalkyl ether oil an upper service temperature of 220 ° C according to DIN 51825 can only be achieved if the mass fraction of perfluorinated polyalkyl ether in an oil mixture with lubricating oil based on hydrocarbons is over 40% by weight.
  • Table 1 shows that the inventive Grease compositions a better noise behavior show as a commercial grease composition (Comparative example B8).

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Compositions de graisses de lubrification contenant un mélange comportant
    (a) une huile à base d'hydrocarbure, qui est fabriquée à partir d'un ester d'un acide aromatique di-, tri- ou tétracarboxylique, avec un alcool en C7 à C22 ou un alcool en C7 à C22 existant dans le mélange, un polyphényléther ou un polyphényléther d'alcoyle, un ester de triméthylolopropane, de pentaérythrite ou dipentaérythrite avec un acide aliphatique carboxylique en C7 à C22, un ester acide dimère en C18 avec des alcools C7 à C22, un ester complexe, comme composants élémentaires ou dans un mélange quelconque,
    (b) une huile de polyalcoyléther perfluorée de formule générale A'- (O-CF2)v - (O-C2 F4)w - (O-C3F6)x - (O-C4F8)y - (O ― CF2(CF3))z - O-A" dans lequel A' est identique à ―CF3, -C2F5, -C3F7, - CF2T, où T représente H ou Cl, A" est identique à A' ou en est différent et représente ―CF3, -C2F5, -C3F7,-CF2T, où T représente H ou Cl, et v, w, x, y et z sont des nombres entiers positifs ou égaux à 0,
    (c) une diurée en tant qu'agent épaississant, qui est le produit de réaction entre un diisocyanate et un amide de formule générale (H2N)xR, où R est un reste alcoyle avec 6 à 2 atomes de carbone ou un reste aryle avec ― à 12 atomes de carbone, et x est égal à 1,
    (d) des additifs usuels, et
    (e) des lubrifiants solides organiques et inorganiques, choisis parmi des polyimides, des PTFE, du graphite, des oxydes métalliques, du nitrure de bore, du disulfure de molybdène, et du phosphate.
  2. Compositions de graisses de lubrification suivant la revendication 1, caractérisées en ce que la proportion en mélange des composants huileux d'huile d'hydrocarbure et d'huile de polyalcoyléther est supérieur à 60/40, qui sont épaissis avec de 5 à 30 % en poids de diurée et auxquels sont ajoutés jusqu'à 10 % en poids d'additifs et/ou jusqu'à 10 % en poids de lubrifiants solides organiques ou inorganiques.
  3. Compositions de graisses de lubrification suivant la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisées en ce que la viscosité de l'huile à base d'hydrocarbure va de 10 à 500 mm2/s et celle de l'huile de polyalcoyléther perfluorée va de 10 à 1500 mm2/s.
  4. Compositions de graisses de lubrification suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisées en ce que les points de suintement sont d'après la norme DIN ISO 2176 supérieurs à 240 °C.
  5. Compositions de graisses de lubrification suivant une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisées en ce que elles sont soit obtenues de façon que l'huile épaissie avec diurée à base d'hydrocarbures est mélangée avec l'huile de polyalcoyléther et ensuite sont homogénéisées par un homogénisateur sous pression et/ou d'un moulin à trois cylidres ou de façon que l'huile à base d'hydrocarbures est mélangée avec l'huile de polyalcoyléther perfluorée et épaissie, dans ce mélange, par la synthèse de liaison de diurée et ensuite est homogénéisée par un homogénisateur sous pression et/ou d'un moulin à trois cylindres.
  6. Compositions de graisses de lubrification suivant une des revendications 1 à 5 destinées à être utilisées à des températures d'utilisation élevées, de plus de 180 °C jusqu'à 250 °C, suivant la norme DIN 51825.
EP97925984A 1996-06-07 1997-06-05 Compositions de graisses de lubrification Expired - Lifetime EP0902828B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19622906A DE19622906A1 (de) 1996-06-07 1996-06-07 Schmierfettzusammensetzungen
DE19622906 1996-06-07
PCT/EP1997/002927 WO1997047710A1 (fr) 1996-06-07 1997-06-05 Compositions de graisses de lubrification

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0902828A1 EP0902828A1 (fr) 1999-03-24
EP0902828B1 true EP0902828B1 (fr) 2001-08-22

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US (1) US6265362B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP0902828B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4098831B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE204601T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU734890B2 (fr)
BG (1) BG63604B1 (fr)
BR (1) BR9709645A (fr)
CA (1) CA2257368C (fr)
DE (2) DE19622906A1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0902828T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2159867T3 (fr)
TW (1) TW509720B (fr)
WO (1) WO1997047710A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2021228442A1 (fr) 2020-05-13 2021-11-18 Klüber Lubrication München Se & Co. Kg Graisse hybride au complexe de lithium

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AU761760B2 (en) * 1998-02-17 2003-06-12 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Lubricating grease composition and preparation
GB9803367D0 (en) 1998-02-17 1998-04-15 Exxon Research Engineering Co Lubricating grease composition and preparation
NL1009410C2 (nl) * 1998-06-15 1999-12-16 Skf Eng & Res Centre Bv Smeersysteem.
JP4780363B2 (ja) * 2001-06-12 2011-09-28 株式会社ジェイテクト 潤滑グリース組成物
US7196042B2 (en) * 2002-03-07 2007-03-27 Nsk Ltd. Grease composition and rolling apparatus
DE60316041T2 (de) 2003-03-11 2008-06-05 Fujitsu Ltd., Kawasaki Phasenregelkreisschaltung
JP4515775B2 (ja) 2003-04-30 2010-08-04 Ntn株式会社 低高温用潤滑グリースおよび転がり軸受
EP1626061A1 (fr) * 2004-08-11 2006-02-15 Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH Procédé de fabrication de polyurées pulvérulentes.
JP4784092B2 (ja) * 2004-12-28 2011-09-28 Nokクリューバー株式会社 潤滑グリース組成物
WO2010098337A1 (fr) 2009-02-27 2010-09-02 Ntn株式会社 Composition de graisse, palier enduit de graisse, joint de cardan pour arbre de transmission, composition d'huile de lubrification, et palier fritté imprégné d'huile
WO2017029287A1 (fr) * 2015-08-20 2017-02-23 Setral Chemie Gmbh Compositions lubrifiantes
JP7298916B2 (ja) * 2020-02-07 2023-06-27 株式会社ニッペコ グリース組成物

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DE3918107A1 (de) * 1989-06-02 1990-12-06 Klueber Lubrication Schmierfettzusammensetzung
US5145591A (en) * 1989-07-07 1992-09-08 Nippon Oil Co., Ltd. Diurea grease composition
JP2799634B2 (ja) * 1991-03-07 1998-09-21 日本石油株式会社 等速ジョイント用グリース組成物
IT1251577B (it) * 1991-10-02 1995-05-17 Ausimont Spa Olii e grassi lubrificanti.
GB9205726D0 (en) * 1992-03-16 1992-04-29 British Petroleum Co Plc Lubricating oil composition
DE69417524T2 (de) * 1993-12-01 1999-07-15 Ausimont S.P.A., Mailand/Milano Schmierfette auf Basis von Wasserstoffenthaltenden Mineral- oder Syntheseölen mit verbesserten Eigenschaften

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2021228442A1 (fr) 2020-05-13 2021-11-18 Klüber Lubrication München Se & Co. Kg Graisse hybride au complexe de lithium
DE102020112993A1 (de) 2020-05-13 2021-11-18 Klüber Lubrication München Se & Co. Kg Lithiumkomplexhybridfett

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TW509720B (en) 2002-11-11
DK0902828T3 (da) 2001-10-01
US6265362B1 (en) 2001-07-24
BG63604B1 (bg) 2002-06-28
JP4098831B2 (ja) 2008-06-11
ES2159867T3 (es) 2001-10-16
EP0902828A1 (fr) 1999-03-24
DE59704374D1 (de) 2001-09-27
BG102993A (en) 1999-08-31
AU3093997A (en) 1998-01-07
DE19622906A1 (de) 1997-12-11
CA2257368A1 (fr) 1997-12-18
HK1018959A1 (en) 2000-01-14
WO1997047710A1 (fr) 1997-12-18
ATE204601T1 (de) 2001-09-15
CA2257368C (fr) 2002-10-08
AU734890B2 (en) 2001-06-28
JP2000514105A (ja) 2000-10-24
BR9709645A (pt) 2000-01-25

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