EP0908722A2 - Bestimmung einer geologischen Formation - Google Patents

Bestimmung einer geologischen Formation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0908722A2
EP0908722A2 EP98307459A EP98307459A EP0908722A2 EP 0908722 A2 EP0908722 A2 EP 0908722A2 EP 98307459 A EP98307459 A EP 98307459A EP 98307459 A EP98307459 A EP 98307459A EP 0908722 A2 EP0908722 A2 EP 0908722A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lithology
core samples
formation
cuttoff
cut
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
EP98307459A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0908722A3 (de
EP0908722B1 (de
Inventor
Moustafa Oraby
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Halliburton Energy Services Inc
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Halliburton Energy Services Inc
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Publication of EP0908722A2 publication Critical patent/EP0908722A2/de
Publication of EP0908722A3 publication Critical patent/EP0908722A3/de
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Publication of EP0908722B1 publication Critical patent/EP0908722B1/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/24—Earth materials

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of evaluating a geological formation, and in particular to a method of evaluating a geological formation using T2 cutoff time.
  • resistivity tools are not ideal because they indicate merely the presence of water, and cannot indicate its mobility.
  • underground water comes up-hole with the retrievable hydrocarbons it is known as being free, movable, or reducible.
  • the underground water remains down-hole at the time of production it is known as being bound, immovable, or irreducible.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • MRIL® C-type tool which is illustrated in Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings.
  • the MRIL® apparatus is a centralized device containing a permanent magnet and a radio frequency (RF) pulse generator (not shown).
  • the tool as shown has an outer diameter 10 of 6 inches (15.2cm) and a length of about 50 feet (15.2m).
  • RF radio frequency
  • a slim version of the tool (not shown) has an outer diameter of 41 ⁇ 2 inches (11.4 cm).
  • MRIL® depth of investigation 120 is 4 inches (10.2 cm).
  • the tool's permanent magnet generates a magnetic field of 2500 gauss (5,000 times the strength of the earth's magnetic field) with a field gradient of 17 gauss/centimeter.
  • the primary field of the permanent magnet aligns the hydrogen nuclei in one direction.
  • the tool then uses its radio frequency generator to pulse a second magnetic field perpendicular to the permanent magnet's primary field.
  • This RF generator operates at the Larmor frequency to rotate the nuclei 90° with respect to the alignment induced by the permanent magnet. After the RF pulse is turned off, the nuclei gradually dephase or disorder, causing the signal to decay.
  • the MRIL® operates on three close frequencies, which improves the signal to noise ratio and increases the logging speed.
  • the time consumed by the nuclei to completely dephase is called the T2 time, and the time required for the nuclei to return to their initial aligned position is called the T1 time.
  • the T2 time is shorter than the T1 time and has been chosen as the time measured by the current MRIL® C-type tool.
  • This T2 time varies from one hydrogen nucleus to another, depending on the location of the hydrogen in the formation.
  • the hydrogen When the hydrogen is located adjacent an underground rock surface, it comprises immovable or bound water. Surface tension holds this water to the rock surface and causes the water to remain downhole.
  • this bound fluid is affected by the magnetic field of an NMR tool, the rock causes the bound water to have a shorter T2 time.
  • Movable water in contrast, lives in the bulk, and not at the surface of a rock.
  • the T2 time of its hydrogen is unaffected by a rock's surface and so is longer in duration. In this way, movable water may be differentiated from immovable water based on their respective T2 times.
  • FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings is a graph illustrating T2 data.
  • T2 data have two important aspects, known as the T2 distribution 200 and the T2 cut-off 210.
  • the T2 cut-off 210 separates the effective porosity into irreducible porosity 220 and movable porosity 230.
  • the T2 cut-off is the dividing line between the bound and the free sub-surface water.
  • the T2 distribution is used to calculate a distribution of porosity components as a function of their T2 times.
  • the sum of all porosities whose T2 time is less than the T2 cut-off yields the NMR-bulk volume of irreducible water (MBVI).
  • MBVI NMR-bulk volume of irreducible water
  • the sum of all porosities whose T2 time is greater than the T2 cut-off furnishes the NMR-determined free fluid index (MFFI).
  • the NMR determined effective formation porosity (MPHI) is then found by adding MBVI and MFFI.
  • the T2 cut-off may not, however, be derived from the T2 distribution.
  • the determination of the T2 cutoff for a core sample at this time requires laboratory analysis.
  • porosities, NMR measurements also provide better estimates of formation permeabilities than can be derived from conventional logs.
  • the T2 cut-off time may vary significantly along the length of a well bore.
  • the prior art ignored such variation and arrived at a single T2 cut-off point by averaging the T2 cut-off times from a number of core samples taken from the borewall.
  • Those in the industry would prefer a more accurate method for determining the T2 cut-off times.
  • a more accurate method would allow refinement of geological formation evaluation so that areas containing significant irreducible water could be produced whereas nearby areas containing significant movable water could be avoided.
  • such a method would cost a minimal amount. For example, the method would minimize the number of core samples that should be taken and consolidate into one period the time required for expensive production.
  • the present invention provides a method of geological formation evaluation, which method comprises taking core samples (325;335;345) from a borehole (310), each of said core samples (325;335;345) being predominantly one type of rock; determining a T2 distribution of a formation lithology surrounding said borehole (310) and determining a T2 cut-off time for each of said core samples (325;335;345); calculating the formation lithology surrounding said borehole; and estimating a variable T2 cut-off time based on said formation lithology.
  • the invention provides a device (310) for determining variable T2 cut-off times in geological formation evaluation which device comprises means for combining data from a nuclear magnetic resonance tool with other data logs to yield a composite lithology log; and means for deriving variable T2 cut-off times based on said composite lithology log and known T2 cut-off values.
  • an NMR tool is used in the borehole, and either a linear or nonlinear approach is utilised to determining the variable T2 cut-off times.
  • the device of the present invention that determines variable T2 cutoff times, includes means for combining data from a nuclear magnetic resonance tool with other data logs to yield a composite lithology log and means for deriving variable T2 cut-off times based on the composite lithology logs and known T2 cut-off values, either from core or from previous knowledge. Depending upon the characteristics of the formation being analysed, such a device may use either a linear or a nonlinear correlation to derive the estimated variable T2 cut-off values.
  • the present invention comprises a combination of features and advantages which enable it to overcome or reduce various problems of prior devices.
  • the various characteristics described above, as well as other features, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, and by referring to the accompanying drawings.
  • FIG. 3 there is shown a simplified view of a borehole 310, cut through a complex lithology 300.
  • Complex lithology 300 may be heterogeneous and composed of multiple types of rock.
  • borehole 310 may cut through a first depth 320 corresponding primarily to limestone, a second depth 330 corresponding primarily to dolomite, and a third depth 340 corresponding primarily to sandstone.
  • Figure 3 also shows three core sample locations 325, 335, and 345. If the oil company has prior knowledge of the T2 cut-off of such single lithology, there is no need to cut core samples. If not, core samples are recommended for better overall T2 cut-off estimation.
  • a mud log is a record of information derived from an examination of drilling fluid and cuttings from the formation.
  • the rock composition at any particular depth already is typically made of record.
  • the vertical composition of the cuttings may change up to every half foot.
  • the composition of the subsurface rock at a particular depth as recorded by the mud log may safely be assumed to extend a short distance beyond the borehole wall.
  • the present invention combines information about lithology, T2 cut-off data, and T2 distribution data to derive a more precise prediction about hydrocarbon producibility at a particular depth.
  • the present invention may indicate the presence of producible hydrocarbon in areas that were previously thought to be barren. Further, this improved accuracy is based on data gathering and procedures that to a great extent were already required in the prior art.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a method according to the present invention to increase the precision with which the hydrocarbon industry may predict whether a formation contains producible hydrocarbon.
  • a borehole is drilled at step 400.
  • a mud log is normally recorded when a borehole is drilled. This mud log may be used to determine the composition of the subsurface lithology.
  • a single core sample is taken for each rock type that may be present in the subsurface formation. Each core sample should be of a pure rock type, or as nearly pure as possible (a minimum of about 80% purity is desired).
  • a first core sample 325 corresponding to a first rock type should be taken at a first depth 320
  • a second core sample 335 corresponding to a second rock type should be taken at a second depth 330
  • a third core sample 345 corresponding to a third rock type should be taken at a third depth 340. Since the determination of T2 cut-off times normally requires laboratory analysis, each core sample should then be submitted to a laboratory for determination of its T2 cut-off time at step 420. This laboratory analysis can also include a collection of the point count data to indicate the exact lithology of each core sample.
  • T2 distributions and MPHI should also be collected at step 420.
  • This normally requires insertion of an NMR tool into the borehole 310, such as the MRIL® tool shown in Figure 1.
  • MPHI may be obtained from the T2 distribution.
  • the T2 distribution is found from a train of echoes that are produced upon the decay of the hydrogen nuclei.
  • formation permeability K
  • C C is a term that reflects the correlation between the pore throat and the pore size of the rock.
  • other expressions for formation permeability may be used.
  • the formation lithology may be calculated at step 430.
  • the use of MPHI as an additional variable when deriving formation lithology improves the accuracy of the resulting logs.
  • the derivation of formation lithology at discrete depths in the formation is done by forming a system of equations, comparing the actual logs with the theoretical logs, and applying well known error minimization techniques. To evaluate the precision of the fit between the original logs and the reconstructed logs, the chi-square of the difference between logs is calculated.
  • weighting factors can be applied to the log data, and geological and petrophysical constraints can be imposed.
  • This approach increases the importance of MPHI and derives the final solution accordingly.
  • the algorithm used is based on the simultaneous optimization of a model f(X,P) within a zone at a depth level s.
  • Step 440 requires the estimation of variable T2 cut-offs.
  • the activities specified at step 420 have calculated the T2 distributions for the entire length of the borehole, and the T2 cut-off points have been established for each of the core samples, before step 440 the T2 cut-off times have not been established for any depth between a given two core samples.
  • variable T2 cut-off times must be derived.
  • One manner of estimating the T2 cut-off time at a particular depth is according to a linear arithmetic average that includes the T2 cutoff times for each lithology and the corresponding lithology volume.
  • T2 cutoff T2 cutoff of formation
  • L total number of lithologies (rock types)
  • V i fractional volume of lithology I (calculated at step 430)
  • T2 1 cutoff T2 cutoff of lithology i
  • T2 cutoff V lime T 2 cutoff lime + V dolo T 2 cutoff dolo + V sand T 2 cutoff sand Since the present method core samples are pure or nearly pure rock types, the T2 cut-off for pure rock types has already been found at step 420.
  • linear correlation is not adequate in describing the overall T2 cut-off. In such cases, more samples are required, and a more suitable correlation must be derived. It is presently believed that the linear correlation may not be as precise as otherwise when analysing a calcerous sand deposition. Under those conditions a non-linear relationship for derived T2 cutoff times is more appropriate.
  • the T2 cutoff times for all the core samples must still be measured. However, it is also necessary to obtain thin-section data on all of the core samples for lithology and mineralogy determination.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
EP98307459A 1997-09-16 1998-09-15 Bestimmung einer geologischen Formation Expired - Lifetime EP0908722B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US931539 1997-09-16
US08/931,539 US6072314A (en) 1997-09-16 1997-09-16 NMR interpretation technique using error minimization with variable T2 cutoff

Publications (3)

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EP0908722A2 true EP0908722A2 (de) 1999-04-14
EP0908722A3 EP0908722A3 (de) 2001-10-24
EP0908722B1 EP0908722B1 (de) 2003-05-07

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EP98307459A Expired - Lifetime EP0908722B1 (de) 1997-09-16 1998-09-15 Bestimmung einer geologischen Formation

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EP (1) EP0908722B1 (de)
NO (1) NO321463B1 (de)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1307435C (zh) * 2002-12-03 2007-03-28 施卢默格海外有限公司 采用核磁共振测量来采集地层性质信息的方法和装置
WO2013151586A1 (en) * 2012-04-04 2013-10-10 Schlumberger Canada Limited T2cutoff determination using magnetic susceptibility measurements
CN108986627A (zh) * 2018-06-13 2018-12-11 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种人造岩心微观可视化模型及其制备方法和应用

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FR2832255B1 (fr) * 2001-11-13 2004-11-26 France Telecom Peigne et procede de derivation d'un cablage preexistant
US6856132B2 (en) 2002-11-08 2005-02-15 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for subterranean formation flow imaging
GB2468224B (en) * 2008-08-21 2012-07-18 Halliburton Energy Serv Inc Automated log quality monitoring systems and methods
US7893692B2 (en) * 2008-11-03 2011-02-22 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method for estimating the formation productivity from nuclear magnetic resonance measurements
US20100138157A1 (en) * 2008-12-01 2010-06-03 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Method for processing borehole logs to enhance the continuity of physical property measurements of a subsurface region
US10041343B2 (en) 2009-06-02 2018-08-07 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Micro-sonic density imaging while drilling systems and methods
WO2011038170A2 (en) 2009-09-26 2011-03-31 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole optical imaging tools and methods
US9696250B2 (en) 2011-04-18 2017-07-04 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Relaxivity-insensitive measurement of formation permeability
US9244188B2 (en) 2012-08-03 2016-01-26 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. System and method for estimating a nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time cutoff
US9678185B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-06-13 Pepsico, Inc. Method and apparatus for measuring physico-chemical properties using a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer
CN103437759B (zh) * 2013-08-09 2015-11-25 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司 非实验测量天然气层t2截止值的方法
US9851315B2 (en) 2014-12-11 2017-12-26 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Methods for quantitative characterization of asphaltenes in solutions using two-dimensional low-field NMR measurement
US10634746B2 (en) 2016-03-29 2020-04-28 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. NMR measured pore fluid phase behavior measurements
US10209391B2 (en) 2016-08-23 2019-02-19 Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc Simultaneous inversion of NMR multiple echo trains and conventional logs
CN109580689B (zh) * 2018-10-16 2022-03-01 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 一种核磁共振测井t2截止值的逐点计算方法
CN113253354B (zh) * 2021-05-12 2024-06-14 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 一种核磁t2谱截止值的确定方法、装置、介质及电子设备
CN119438020B (zh) * 2023-08-01 2025-09-26 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 基于岩性分类变t2截止值的有效孔隙度计算方法及设备
CN119986827A (zh) * 2023-11-09 2025-05-13 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 细分岩性变t2截止值有效孔计算方法、系统和电子设备

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US4773264A (en) * 1984-09-28 1988-09-27 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Permeability determinations through the logging of subsurface formation properties
US5055787A (en) * 1986-08-27 1991-10-08 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Borehole measurement of NMR characteristics of earth formations
US4885540A (en) * 1988-10-31 1989-12-05 Amoco Corporation Automated nuclear magnetic resonance analysis
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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1307435C (zh) * 2002-12-03 2007-03-28 施卢默格海外有限公司 采用核磁共振测量来采集地层性质信息的方法和装置
WO2013151586A1 (en) * 2012-04-04 2013-10-10 Schlumberger Canada Limited T2cutoff determination using magnetic susceptibility measurements
US9423365B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2016-08-23 Schlumberger Technology Corporation T2-cutoff determination using magnetic susceptibility measurements
CN108986627A (zh) * 2018-06-13 2018-12-11 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种人造岩心微观可视化模型及其制备方法和应用
CN108986627B (zh) * 2018-06-13 2021-01-01 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种人造岩心微观可视化模型及其制备方法和应用

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO984262L (no) 1999-03-17
US6072314A (en) 2000-06-06
EP0908722A3 (de) 2001-10-24
EP0908722B1 (de) 2003-05-07
NO321463B1 (no) 2006-05-15
NO984262D0 (no) 1998-09-15

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