EP0953740B1 - Système à amortissement de son et traitement catalytique - Google Patents

Système à amortissement de son et traitement catalytique Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0953740B1
EP0953740B1 EP19980108026 EP98108026A EP0953740B1 EP 0953740 B1 EP0953740 B1 EP 0953740B1 EP 19980108026 EP19980108026 EP 19980108026 EP 98108026 A EP98108026 A EP 98108026A EP 0953740 B1 EP0953740 B1 EP 0953740B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tubes
canister
muffler
exhaust gas
exhaust
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19980108026
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0953740A1 (fr
Inventor
Gregory Thomas Garr
Martin Robert Jenkins
Alan Michael Statetzny
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Umicore AG and Co KG
Original Assignee
Umicore AG and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Umicore AG and Co KG filed Critical Umicore AG and Co KG
Priority to EP19980108026 priority Critical patent/EP0953740B1/fr
Priority to DE1998630898 priority patent/DE69830898T2/de
Publication of EP0953740A1 publication Critical patent/EP0953740A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0953740B1 publication Critical patent/EP0953740B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
    • F01N3/2825—Ceramics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
    • F01N3/2807—Metal other than sintered metal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
    • F01N3/2885—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices with exhaust silencers in a single housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
    • F01N13/14—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features having thermal insulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2230/00—Combination of silencers and other devices
    • F01N2230/04—Catalytic converters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2260/00—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
    • F01N2260/10—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for avoiding stress caused by expansions or contractions due to temperature variations
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
    • F01N2330/06—Ceramic, e.g. monoliths

Definitions

  • Mufflers typically are designed in one of three ways: (a) with staggered baffles; (b) with sound defeating angling; or (c) with fiberglass packing. Staggered baffled mufflers are the most commonly used in the automobile industry because they are efficient, inexpensive and easy to manufacture.
  • Catalytic converters are typically designed in two ways: (a) with a honeycomb material; or (b) with beads. Both the honeycomb material and the beads are coated with a catalytic substance which causes the undesirable and harmful compounds in the exhaust gas emission stream to be converted in a predetermined catalytic reaction into harmless components.
  • EP-A-831 211 discloses an exhaust emission control device for internal combustion engines wherein a thin steel plate carrying catalytic metals is disposed substantially at the central portion of a cross section of an exhaust pipe.
  • the present invention is defined in the claims and relates to an apparatus for an internal combustion engine, particularly a small engine of that type and especially a two-cycle engine, which is capable of both reducing exhaust noise and catalytically controlling pollutant emissions simultaneously and in a single unit. More specifically, this invention relates to a canister which employs at least one perforated and catalytically coated device to simultaneously reduce noise and harmful emissions associated with the exhausting emission stream from gas or diesel engines.
  • the present invention employs several catalytically coated hollow members situated in a muffler canister to interrupt the parallel flow of the entering exhaust gas stream, thereby forcing a reduced velocity and deadening the decibel level.
  • the hollow members are tubes; i.e., hollow right cylinders that can be circular or oval in cross-section.
  • the cross-sectional configuration can however, be of any convenient shape.
  • the tubes preferably are fabricated from a metal, but also can be fabricated from a non-metal, such as a ceramic, by conventional manufacturing techniques.
  • the catalytic coating on the surface of these tubes provides the catalyst interaction necessary to reduce the pollutant content of the emission stream.
  • Any type of known catalytic coating suitable for conversion of the harmful compounds in exhaust streams can be used for this purpose.
  • Examples of such catalysts are widely known; see, for example, Domesle et al., U.S. 5,496,788 and U.S. 5,516,494 of Degussa AG.
  • the tubes can be randomly arranged or according to a regular pattern. Thus, emission noise and pollution are both treated within the same unit and by the same device, thereby obviating the need for two different types of devices.
  • the tubes are preferably situated in a random manner within the canister to additionally foster non-parallel and turbulent exhaust flow. This type of exhaust flow both effectuates sound deadening effects and promotes catalyst/emission interaction.
  • one feature of the invention is an apparatus according to claim 1 for catalytic treatment and noise reduction of an exhaust gas emission stream from an internal combustion engine for a vehicle.
  • Another feature of the invention is the use of the apparatus according to the invention for catalytic treatment and noise reduction of an exhaust gas emission stream from an internal combustion engine for a vehicle.
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated.
  • the exhaust gas emission stream is directed into an inlet pipe 20 and thereafter, into an muffler canister 10.
  • the inlet pipe 20 and an outlet pipe 70 can be in-line or, as shown in Fig. 1, can be offset.
  • the flow of the exhaust gas emission stream (represented by arrows in Fig. 1) is forced to change directions frequently due to plurality of tubes 30 mounted in the muffler canister 10.
  • tube 30 is a hollow right cylinder; i.e. circular in cross-section.
  • the tube is formed of a cylindrical wall and preferably has a series of perforations formed therethrough.
  • tubes 30 force the exhaust gas emission stream to experience turbulent flow and thus produce a silencing effect.
  • the arrangement of the tubes 30 within the canister can include staggered, aligned or angled orientations, as well as any combination thereof.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates the tubes 30 in an orientation that combines staggered 40, aligned 50 and angled 60 pairs of tubes 30.
  • the tubes 30 within the muffler canister 10 also treat the exhaust gas emission stream for pollutants.
  • the tubes 30 are coated on their surfaces, inside and/or outside, with any suitable catalyst well known and/or conventionally used in automobile emissions treatment to, for example, catalytically convert pollutant exhaust gases into carbon dioxide and water.
  • any suitable catalyst well known and/or conventionally used in automobile emissions treatment to, for example, catalytically convert pollutant exhaust gases into carbon dioxide and water.
  • the perforations along the periphery of the tubes 30 help create turbulent flow streams within the muffler 10 and enhance the interaction between the emission stream and the catalytic coating.
  • the exhaust After contacting the tubes 30 within the muffler canister 10, the exhaust, being treated and silenced, exits the muffler canister 10 through the exhaust outlet pipe 70.
  • the multiplicity, specific arrangement and dimensions of the tubes within the muffler all preferably are random to further promote turbulent flow, and are variable depending on the desired use, the desired degree of noise attenuation/pollution treatment and the type and size of the engine.
  • the tubes are perforated in any convenient shape in a random or regular pattern to further promote turbulent flow within the muffler canister.
  • the exhaust gas enters the tube element and at least a portion of the gas stream exits from the perforations in the tube wall to thereby increase turbulent flow.
  • a baffle plate 80 can be adapted to one end of a tube 30 to increase exhaust stream flow through the perforations.
  • the dimensions and the arrangement of the perforations on each tube also preferably are random and are variable according to the above factors.
  • a muffler canister in accordance with the present invention employs tubes of equal or unequal diameter oriented in a staggered, an aligned and/or an angled relation (from 45° to 180° relative to one another), and each individual tube has similar or differing perforation patterns.
  • the tubes are secured within the noise muffler by welding the tubes to the muffler canister and/or by welding the tubes to each other, by packing the tubes within an enclosed canister, or by any conventional method known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • tubes having a height and length equal to the inner dimensions of the canister are packed and sealed therein.
  • Such an arrangement provides a compact aligned, end-to-end orientation of the tubes. This forces exhaust through the tubes rather then around them, influencing both catalytic interaction and the necessary baffling effect.
  • the canister itself can be formed of any convenient metal and can be circular, rectangular or any other shape in cross-section. Typical canister designs known in the art can be used for purposes of the present invention.
  • the effects of vibration on the tubes can be reduced by employing a nonflammable material, such as vermiculite or ceramic, on any portion of the inside walls of the canister.
  • a nonflammable material such as vermiculite or ceramic
  • an insulator can be placed on the inside walls to reduce canister heat.
  • an apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention provides the silencing effect of a conventional small engine muffler as well as the pollution treatment aspects of a conventional catalytic converter in a single unit.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Dispositif de traitement catalytique et de réduction du bruit d'un courant d'émissions de gaz d'échappement sortant d'un moteur à combustion interne, comprenant :
    une boíte (10) munie d'une entrée (20) et d'une sortie (70), et
    un certain nombre de tubes perforés (30) portant un revêtement de catalyseur d'émissions déposé sur ceux-ci, ces tubes perforés étant disposés à l'intérieur de la boíte (10),
    caractérisé en ce que
    les tubes perforés (30) sont formés d'une paroi cylindrique unique et sont disposés dans une relation parallèle alignée (50), une relation parallèle décalée (40) ou une relation d'inclinaison angulaire (60) les uns par rapport aux autres, ou encore dans une combinaison quelconque de ces relations.
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1,
    dans lequel
    l'entrée (20) et la sortie (70) de la boíte (10) sont en ligne.
  3. Dispositif selon la revendication 1,
    dans lequel
    l'entrée (20) et la sortie (70) de la boíte (10) sont décalées.
  4. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3,
    comprenant en outre
    un élément de plaque de déflecteur (80) engagé à une extrémité des tubes (30).
  5. Utilisation du dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    pour le traitement catalytique et la réduction du bruit d'un courant d'émissions de gaz d'échappement sortant d'un moteur à combustion interne.
EP19980108026 1998-05-02 1998-05-02 Système à amortissement de son et traitement catalytique Expired - Lifetime EP0953740B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19980108026 EP0953740B1 (fr) 1998-05-02 1998-05-02 Système à amortissement de son et traitement catalytique
DE1998630898 DE69830898T2 (de) 1998-05-02 1998-05-02 System zur Schalldämpfung und katalytischen Behandlung

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19980108026 EP0953740B1 (fr) 1998-05-02 1998-05-02 Système à amortissement de son et traitement catalytique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0953740A1 EP0953740A1 (fr) 1999-11-03
EP0953740B1 true EP0953740B1 (fr) 2005-07-20

Family

ID=8231866

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19980108026 Expired - Lifetime EP0953740B1 (fr) 1998-05-02 1998-05-02 Système à amortissement de son et traitement catalytique

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0953740B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69830898T2 (fr)

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL141959B (nl) * 1968-07-31 1974-04-16 Texaco Development Corp Naverbrandingsinrichting voor een verbrandingsmotor, met een temperatuurbegrenzingsinrichting voor een katalytische reactor.
DE8912193U1 (de) * 1989-08-05 1989-11-30 Tomala, Michal, Katowice Auspufftopf für eine Auspuffanlage
IT1251547B (it) * 1991-09-04 1995-05-17 Gavoni Bgm Silenziatori Sas Marmitta silenziatrice combinata con convertitore catalitico per motori a combustione interna.
DE4137104A1 (de) * 1991-11-12 1993-05-13 Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh Schalldaempfer
SE505472C2 (sv) * 1995-06-22 1997-09-01 Electrolux Ab Katalysatorljuddämpare för förbränningsmotor i bärbara arbetsredskap t ex motorsåg

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0953740A1 (fr) 1999-11-03
DE69830898T2 (de) 2006-04-06
DE69830898D1 (de) 2005-08-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7281606B2 (en) Exhaust sound and emission control systems
US6935461B2 (en) Exhaust sound and emission control systems
JP3231852B2 (ja) 内燃機関の触媒コンバータに組み込まれたサイレンサ
US8627921B2 (en) Exhaust filter
US5396767A (en) Engine exhaust gas cleaning system
US7282185B2 (en) Emission control apparatus
US5916128A (en) Sound deadening and catalyst treating system
EP1094207A1 (fr) Pot de détente pour moteurs à deux temps avec dispositif catalytique et dispositif catalytique pour celui-ci
EP0953740B1 (fr) Système à amortissement de son et traitement catalytique
JPH0444082B2 (fr)
KR100610516B1 (ko) 소리감소및촉매처리시스템
JP4208991B2 (ja) 排ガス放出流を触媒処理しかつノイズ減少させるための装置および方法、ならびに内燃機関の排気系
JP3350250B2 (ja) 排気浄化装置
CN1108438C (zh) 内燃机尾气流催化处理和消声装置及方法
CA3111419A1 (fr) Silencieux d'echappement de moteur a combustion interne, systemes, systemes de coupe-circuit et methodes connexes
KR20030050236A (ko) 차량용 다단 배기 시스템
CN215761862U (zh) 一种具有防锈蚀功能的汽车消音器
CA2336979A1 (fr) Combinaison de convertisseur catalytique et de resonateur
EP1452704B1 (fr) Dispositif et système d'échapppement ayant une faible reduction de débit
KR200233543Y1 (ko) 차량의 배기가스 저감용 머플러
GB2487320A (en) Exhaust filter with accelerator tubes
JPH08109821A (ja) 排気浄化装置
CN2045780U (zh) 摩托车净化消声器
JPH108946A (ja) 排気ガス浄化装置
WO2002057604A1 (fr) Dispositif de regulation d'emissions de gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19990423

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): DE FR GB

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI

AKX Designation fees paid

Free format text: DE FR GB

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: DMC2 DEGUSSA METALS CATALYSTS CERDEC AG

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: OMG AG & CO. KG

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20020107

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: UMICORE AG & CO. KG

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): DE FR GB

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: FG4D

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 69830898

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 20050825

Kind code of ref document: P

ET Fr: translation filed
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20060421

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20140430

Year of fee payment: 17

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20140509

Year of fee payment: 17

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20140430

Year of fee payment: 17

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R119

Ref document number: 69830898

Country of ref document: DE

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20150502

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

Effective date: 20160129

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20150502

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20151201

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20150601