EP0967327A2 - Dispositif pour appliquer directement ou indirectement une enduction fluide ou pâteuse sur une bande en mouvement - Google Patents

Dispositif pour appliquer directement ou indirectement une enduction fluide ou pâteuse sur une bande en mouvement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0967327A2
EP0967327A2 EP99112062A EP99112062A EP0967327A2 EP 0967327 A2 EP0967327 A2 EP 0967327A2 EP 99112062 A EP99112062 A EP 99112062A EP 99112062 A EP99112062 A EP 99112062A EP 0967327 A2 EP0967327 A2 EP 0967327A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
web
support
material web
application
roller
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP99112062A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0967327A3 (fr
Inventor
Ingo Gottwald
Bernhard Kohl
Stefan Reich
Benjamin Méndez-Gallon
Richard Bernert
Martin Dr. Kustermann
Manfred Ueberschär
Christoph Henninger
Ruediger Dr. Kurtz
Harald Hess
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Voith Patent GmbH
Original Assignee
Voith Paper Patent GmbH
Voith Sulzer Papiertechnik Patent GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Voith Paper Patent GmbH, Voith Sulzer Papiertechnik Patent GmbH filed Critical Voith Paper Patent GmbH
Publication of EP0967327A2 publication Critical patent/EP0967327A2/fr
Publication of EP0967327A3 publication Critical patent/EP0967327A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H23/00Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
    • D21H23/02Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
    • D21H23/22Addition to the formed paper
    • D21H23/32Addition to the formed paper by contacting paper with an excess of material, e.g. from a reservoir or in a manner necessitating removal of applied excess material from the paper
    • D21H23/40Addition to the formed paper by contacting paper with an excess of material, e.g. from a reservoir or in a manner necessitating removal of applied excess material from the paper only one side of the paper being in contact with the material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05CAPPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C5/00Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work
    • B05C5/02Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work
    • B05C5/0254Coating heads with slot-shaped outlet
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05CAPPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C11/00Component parts, details or accessories not specifically provided for in groups B05C1/00 - B05C9/00
    • B05C11/02Apparatus for spreading or distributing liquids or other fluent materials already applied to a surface ; Controlling means therefor; Control of the thickness of a coating by spreading or distributing liquids or other fluent materials already applied to the coated surface
    • B05C11/04Apparatus for spreading or distributing liquids or other fluent materials already applied to a surface ; Controlling means therefor; Control of the thickness of a coating by spreading or distributing liquids or other fluent materials already applied to the coated surface with blades

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for direct or indirect Apply a liquid or pasty application medium to a running one Material web, in particular made of paper or cardboard, comprising a commissioned work, which the application medium directly or indirectly onto the material web applies a device for dosing and / or leveling (im following briefly "dosing / leveling device"), which in the running direction of the Material web at a predetermined distance behind the application unit is arranged, and a support roller around which the material web is guided is.
  • Such a device is for example from EP 0 770 730 A1 known.
  • the material web is around a backup roller led around, on which both the commissioned work is arranged, the apply liquid or pasty application medium pre-dosed to the material web, and the metering / leveling device is arranged, which the pre-dosed application layer, dosed and smoothed if necessary.
  • Web running speed occurs in the known application device
  • problems on that on the freshly from the order work on the material web applied application medium exposed to ever higher centrifugal forces is.
  • an increase in centrifugal forces also increases the risk of formation of noses in the application layer, taking the risk there is that these noses from the dosing / leveling device is not complete can be smoothed out what the quality of the order result overall impaired.
  • This object is accomplished in accordance with a first aspect of the invention solved a generic device in which the material web only in the area of the dosing / leveling device around the support roller is guided around, in which the material web between the application work and the back-up roll takes a substantially rectilinear course, and in which a support device is provided which the material web in the straight line section between the applicator and the backup roller supports.
  • the application device according to the invention takes in one to the material web level essentially orthogonal direction relative little space and also stabilizes the run of the material lengthways essentially the entire path section between the commissioned work and Backup roller.
  • the support device can be a have a resting support surface.
  • This resting support surface can, for example be provided on a substantially planar support plate on which slides along the material web.
  • the resting support surface designed as a structured surface of a support plate is, the structuring is chosen such that between the Material web and the structured surface forms an air cushion which the material web is moving.
  • Such an air cushion can For example, be formed by the air, which is from the material web on their surface due to entrainment effects as an air boundary layer is carried along.
  • the latter version has the advantage that the material web in spite of a flat support essentially frictionless on the Can move support device along.
  • the support device in the formed between the support roller and web inlet gusset extends in to the web as far as possible Support roller towards or far into the dosing / leveling nip can.
  • a surface of the support device facing the support roller for example, be formed as a flat surface. More advantageous it is, however, if the surface of the support device facing the support roller is adapted to the curvature of the support roller. As a result, this surface can on the one hand be particularly deep Extend the dosing / leveling nip. On the other hand, this enables Training a particularly close approximation to the surface of the backup roller, which further allows a support surface by means of this air boundary layer building up on the surface of the support roller break.
  • a gentle interaction between the support device and the Material web can also be ensured in that an inlet side End of the support device with an instruction surface for the Material web is formed.
  • the instruction area can either from a rounded edge, for example from a pointed one Angle of the inclination to the material web or from one Instruction polygon surface can be formed. It also makes it easier Providing such an instruction surface allows the web feed it also to the material web in the area in front of the commissioned work support.
  • the support device can, for example, as a sheet metal structure, preferably made of stainless steel.
  • the support device has a circumferential support band, the material web facing surface between applicator and back-up roller in the forms a substantially flat support surface. This version too the material web is frictionless or low-friction from the support device supported.
  • Support band around the material web in the area of the dosing / leveling device leading backup roller is guided around. This enables the web of material up to the dosing / leveling device.
  • a special one Stable support can be obtained when on the material web facing away from the support band at least one support shoe is.
  • the material web can also according to this variant by appropriate dimensioning and arrangement of the support band also be supported in the area in front of the commissioned work.
  • the foregoing is presented Object achieved by a generic device in which the material web only in the area of the dosing / leveling device is guided around the support roller, in which the material web between Applicator and backup roller an essentially straight course takes, and which means are provided, which the rectilinear Stabilize the course of the material web.
  • a generic device in which the material web only in the area of the dosing / leveling device is guided around the support roller, in which the material web between Applicator and backup roller an essentially straight course takes, and which means are provided, which the rectilinear Stabilize the course of the material web.
  • the web stabilizing means Material web also in the area in front of the order plant and / or up to Stabilize the backup roller.
  • the web guiding element can be formed, for example, by a smooth-running roller be around that of the material web through the stabilizing or tensioning means Do not interfere with the tension applied. Maintaining the Desired tension can be further affected by the manner of storage of the web guiding element are favored.
  • the web guide element over the width of the Material web is continuous and at both ends is stored. It is also advantageous over the length of the web guiding element distributed support rollers to provide.
  • Support rollers can also be used for web guiding elements with large working widths of the material web. for example smooth-running rollers, relatively small in diameter be used.
  • smooth-running rollers relatively small in diameter be used.
  • the support rollers are driven in rotation are, as a result of this the friction between the web guiding element and Support rollers can be reduced.
  • this can be according to another Embodiment can be divided into a plurality of segments of each of which is supported at both ends.
  • the segmented A further segmented web guiding element is arranged downstream of the web guiding element its segments with respect to the segments of the first web guiding element are offset in the transverse direction of the material web.
  • the web guiding element from the commissioned work itself.
  • the applicator is a free jet nozzle applicator, because one such free jet nozzle applicator, the material web on an application medium cushion is redirected, comparable to a so-called "Air Turn ", in which the material web is deflected on an air cushion.
  • the application medium Free jet nozzle plant not only leaves in the direction of travel of the material web, but if a certain proportion of the order medium is also contrary to the Flow direction of the material web flows out to a particularly stable Receive application medium upholstery.
  • the exposure time, the between application unit and dosing / leveling device for anchoring of the application medium is available on the material web, i.e. the so-called "dwell time" can be changed.
  • the position of the Commissioned work can be changed in the direction of travel of the material web or / and the position of the dosing / leveling device in the direction of travel of the material web be changeable around the backup roller.
  • about this position adjustment of the application unit and / or the dosing / leveling device can drive devices, for example electromotive, hydraulic, pneumatic, hydro-pneumatic or drive devices that can be actuated in this way, be provided, which this adjustment may even enable during the ongoing operation of the application device.
  • the position of the web guiding element in the running direction can also the material web can be changed.
  • the position of the application unit can be changed, so can the position of the web guiding element either regardless of an adjustment of the commissioned work or be adjusted together with this commissioned work.
  • the latter case can be realized, for example, in that the bearing of the web guiding element on the commissioned work or a work connected to it Part is attached.
  • the metering / leveling device can be a doctor blade, for example smooth or profiled doctor rod, an air knife or the like include.
  • the applicator can be a free jet nozzle applicator be. This is also independent of the use of one such order work as a web guiding element is advantageous because of the Free jet impulse transmitted to the material web in addition to maintenance the desired tension of the material web can be used can without a support surface.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of an application device according to the invention generally designated 10. It comprises a commissioned work 12 for pre-metered application of a liquid or pasty application medium 14 onto a material web 16 moving in the running direction L. and a metering / leveling device 18 which, for example, a Squeegee blade 20 includes, for final metering and leveling the application layer 22, i.e. for scraping off excess application medium and for Smoothing the application medium remaining on the material web 16.
  • the material web 16 is around a support roller 24 led around, which is about its axis A in the direction of the arrow P turns.
  • the support roller 24 gives the web of material 16 for Adjustment of the doctor blade 20 against the material web surface required Stop.
  • a support device 26 provided, for example, as a box construction Sheet, preferably stainless steel sheet is made.
  • the support box 26 has an essentially flat support surface 26a, along which the material web 16 slides.
  • the support surface 26a extends yourself from the applicator 12 to the support roller 24 and at least partially in between the surface 24a of the backup roller 24 and the Material web 16 formed Nip N into it.
  • the support surface to be 26a extends particularly far into the nip N and allows it to other, by means of the upper edge 26b1 of the limiting plate 26b of the Support box 26 a carried on the surface 24a of the support roller 24 Break air boundary layer and thus prevent it from entering the Nip N. reach.
  • the support box 26 is also at its inlet end 26c an instruction surface 26d, which in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG Fig. 1 not only briefing function, but also guiding function takes over and therefore correspondingly small as a curved surface Radius of curvature is formed.
  • the position of the Application unit 12 can be adjusted in the running direction L of the material web 16, what a variation of the exposure time of the application medium 14 in the material web 16 before reaching the dosing / leveling device 18.
  • a Another possibility to change this exposure time is an adjustment the metering / leveling device 18 about the axis A of the support roller 24 around, which is indicated in Fig. 1 by the double arrow W.
  • the essentially flat support surface 26a in the running direction L of the material web 16 is dimensioned such that it regardless of an adjustment of the position of the application unit 12 always for sufficient stabilization of the material web 16 in the area of the application unit 12 can worry.
  • the support box 26 has a height h that is smaller than the diameter of the support roller 24. Because of this small Overall height is kept above the support box 26 space, the can be used for other purposes.
  • FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of an inventive one Application device shown, which is essentially that of FIG. 1 corresponds. Therefore, the following are analog parts with the same reference numerals provided as in Fig. 1, but increased by the number 100. Above furthermore, the embodiment according to FIG. 2 is only so far in the following are described as being different from the embodiment according to FIG. 1 differs, otherwise expressly on their description be referred.
  • the application device 110 also comprises a support device 126, which ranges from the area of commissioned work 112 to the the support roller 124 associated with the doctor device 118 extends.
  • the support surface 126a Support device 126 is not flat, but structured.
  • the Surface structure of the support surface 126a is chosen such that the from the material web 116 on the instruction surface 126c of the support device 126 introduced between the support surface 126a and the material web 116 Air there forms a substantially uniform air cushion 130, on which the material web 116 is low-friction or essentially friction-free slides. This has the advantage of less stress and therefore a lower risk of damage to the material web.
  • FIG. 3 Another embodiment is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the embodiment according to FIG. 3 is also are only described to the extent that they differ from the distinguishes above embodiments, based on their description otherwise, reference is hereby made.
  • the support device comprises 226 a support belt 232, which on the inlet side around a deflection roller 234 and revolves around a support roller 224 on the outlet side.
  • On the outside surface 232a of the support band 232 is the one moving in the running direction L. Material web 216 on and moves with it.
  • a low-friction or essentially frictionless Engagement between material web 216 and support device 226 ensured.
  • Around the course of the support belt 232 in the area of the application work To be able to stabilize 212 to a high degree is on the Application unit 212 facing away from the support belt 232 also a Support shoe 236 arranged. This support shoe 236 can oppose the 3 also extend up to the support roller 224.
  • the applicator 212 and the doctor device 218 in Direction L of the material web can be adjusted (arrows V and W) in order for the application medium 214 applied to the surface of the material web Desired exposure time between application unit 212 and doctor device 218 to be able to provide.
  • FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of the application device according to the invention shown. This obeys a different solution principle, since the application medium is not applied to a supported material web is, but in the area of a free move to one only by Tension stabilized material web. Nevertheless, in Fig. 4 are analog Parts with the same reference numerals as in Fig. 1, but increased by the number 300. Furthermore, regarding the basic Structure of the application device 310 on the above explanation of Embodiments according to fig. 1 to 3 referenced.
  • the application medium 314 in turn by means of an application unit 312 on the material web 316 applied, and then passes through the material web 316 a predetermined Run distance before from the dosing / leveling device 318 or whose doctor blade 320 is fully dosed and smoothed.
  • the web of material 316 rotates around a support roller 324 in the area of the doctor device 318, against the surface of which the doctor blade 320 is placed.
  • tensioning device 340 ensures that the material web 316 between a web guide element 342 and the support roller 324 has a predetermined tensile stress.
  • the application medium 314 also in a free train the web of material 316 can be applied thereto, i.e. in one Path section in which the application unit 312 has no support device is assigned if the material web 316 is only under sufficient tension stands.
  • clamping device 340 is only exemplary and is shown as a kind of "pendulum roller” for reasons of clarity. In principle, it is also conceivable for the desired tension of the material web 316 by a predetermined difference in surface speeds of the support roller 324 and the web guide element 342 or maintain. Furthermore, before or after the application device so-called “fixed groups” can be provided which cover the material web Clamp the rollers tightly wrapped around each other using a speed control. such a Fixed group can, for example, in a direction of the material web the drying group following the application device can be integrated.
  • the position of the application can be used to set the exposure time 312 as well as the position of the doctor device 318 in the running direction L of the material web 316 can be changed. This is the one in Fig. 4 indicated by the double arrows V and W. On the other hand, in Fig. 4 one second possible position 312 'for the commissioned work shown in dashed lines.
  • the application unit 410 according to FIG. 5 differs from the application unit 310 only in that the material web 416 with the same side on the web guide roller 442, to which subsequently by the application unit 412 the application medium 414 is applied. In the 4, however, the material web 316 runs with the its side facing away from the guide roller 342.
  • the clamping device 440 With regard to the clamping device 440, the doctor device 418, the Back-up roller 424 and the explanation of the operation of the application device 410 refer to the description of the application device 310 according to FIG. 4 referred.
  • deflecting rollers 342 and 442 according to the embodiments according to FIG. 4 and 5 are preferably formed by so-called smooth-running rollers themselves are not driven by rotation, but only with low friction are and run with the material web. 6 are different Possibilities of storing such smooth-running rollers are shown.
  • the smooth-running roller 42 extends over the entire Working width of the material web 16 and is only at its ends 42a stored.
  • the smooth-running roller 42 ' is in a plurality of segments 42b 'divided, which are supported at their respective ends 42a'.
  • the smooth-running roller 42 '' according to FIG. 6c in turn extends over the total working width of the material web 16 and is at its ends 42a '' stored.
  • the smooth-running roller 42 '' support rollers 44 '' assigned to minimize the friction between them and the smooth-running roller 42 '' are driven by rotation.
  • the support rollers 44 '' can both be provided on the inlet side as the outlet side on the smooth-running roller 42 ′′, in FIG. 6c only the outlet side to simplify the illustration Support rollers 44 '' are shown.
  • the use of support rollers 44 '' enables smooth-running rollers 42 '' with large machine widths small diameter.
  • FIG. 6d A fourth alternative is finally shown in Fig. 6d.
  • the two segmented smooth-running rollers 42 '' 'are in the running direction of the material web 16 one behind the other and in the transverse direction Q of the material web against each other staggered.
  • the two smooth-running rollers 42 ''' ' a continuous contact surface for the material web 16.
  • the application device 510 according to FIG. 7 differs from that 5 mainly in that the Commissioned work 512 also the function of a web guiding element takes over, corresponding to the web guide element 442 according to FIG. 5. Similar like a so-called “Air Turn", in which the material web on a Air cushion is deflected, the material web 516 in the embodiment 7 on a cushion formed by application medium 514 550 redirected. It can be advantageous if the application medium 514 the area of the application unit 512 not only in the running direction L, i.e. towards the doctor device 518, which is set against the support roller 524, but also against the running direction L, i.e. in the direction of arrow B, leaves to the largest possible area for the material web 516 to provide.
  • Application unit 512 or / and the doctor blade device 518 in the running direction L of the Material web can be arranged adjustable to the exposure time of the application medium 514 to be able to choose in the desired manner. Otherwise be again to the explanation of the embodiments according to FIGS. 4 to 6 referred.
  • the length of the action distance can also be or the length of the exposure time by changing the position of Application work and / or dosing / leveling device can be freely selected, in particular through the transfer of the commissioned work or / and rotary displacement of the dosing / leveling device around the axis of the Backup roller around.
  • the web of material between application unit and dosing / leveling device essentially runs horizontally, the invention can also be vertical or inclined Path course can be used.
  • the commissioned work is shown as a free jet nozzle applicator, for example in the Bauert, as manufactured by Voith Sulzer under the name "JetFlow F" is offered.
  • JetFlow F the commissioned work
  • other types of commissioned works for example roller applicators, applicators with closed Application chamber (“JetFlow C") or the like can be used can. Nonetheless, this is particularly true of the embodiments 4 to 8 the use of a free jet nozzle applicator preferred, because of the free jet onto the material web applied pressure and the associated increase in tension.

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  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
EP99112062A 1998-06-22 1999-06-22 Dispositif pour appliquer directement ou indirectement une enduction fluide ou pâteuse sur une bande en mouvement Withdrawn EP0967327A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19827712A DE19827712B4 (de) 1998-06-22 1998-06-22 Vorrichtung zum direkten oder indirekten Auftragen eines flüssigen oder pastösen Auftragsmediums auf eine laufende Materialbahn
DE19827712 1998-06-22

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0967327A2 true EP0967327A2 (fr) 1999-12-29
EP0967327A3 EP0967327A3 (fr) 2001-10-17

Family

ID=7871619

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99112062A Withdrawn EP0967327A3 (fr) 1998-06-22 1999-06-22 Dispositif pour appliquer directement ou indirectement une enduction fluide ou pâteuse sur une bande en mouvement

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US6372046B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP0967327A3 (fr)
JP (1) JP2000024573A (fr)
CA (1) CA2275856A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE19827712B4 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

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DE10319992A1 (de) * 2003-05-06 2004-11-25 Voith Paper Patent Gmbh Vorrichtung zum direkten Auftragen eines flüssigen oder pastösen Mediums auf eine laufende Materialbahn
DE102004024079A1 (de) * 2004-05-14 2005-12-08 Voith Paper Patent Gmbh Rakelbett
DE102005020848A1 (de) * 2005-05-02 2006-11-09 Voith Patent Gmbh Rakelbett
JP5532488B2 (ja) * 2011-07-04 2014-06-25 株式会社暁機械製作所 塗布装置用スロットダイ、塗布装置、及び、塗布システム
DE202012009804U1 (de) * 2012-10-15 2014-01-16 Düspohl Maschinenbau Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Auftragen von Flüssigkeit
WO2018071415A1 (fr) * 2016-10-10 2018-04-19 Purdue Research Foundation Système et processus de cryodessiccation rouleau à rouleau continue
CN107952626B (zh) * 2017-12-29 2023-07-07 达格测试设备(苏州)有限公司 一种高速高精度全自动在线点胶系统
DE102018131405A1 (de) * 2018-12-07 2020-06-10 Koenig & Bauer Ag Vorrichtung zum Beschichten eines Bedruckstoffes und Verfahren zur Beschichtung eines Bedruckstoffes mittels eines Rakeldosiersystems

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EP0690172A2 (fr) 1994-06-29 1996-01-03 Valmet Paper Machinery Inc. Méthode et assemblage pour enduire une bande en mouvement
EP0770730A1 (fr) 1995-10-26 1997-05-02 Valmet Corporation Méthode et assemblage pour le revêtement d'une feuille de papier

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FI72904C (fi) 1985-03-07 1987-08-10 Waertsilae Oy Ab Anordning foer dubbelsidig belaeggning av en pappersbana.
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FI93665C (fi) 1992-11-13 1995-05-10 Valmet Paper Machinery Inc Menetelmä ja laitteisto paperirainan päällystämiseksi
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DE4446373A1 (de) * 1994-12-23 1996-06-27 Voith Sulzer Papiermasch Gmbh Vorrichtung zum direkten Auftragen eines flüssigen oder pastösen Mediums auf eine laufende Materialbahn
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Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0690172A2 (fr) 1994-06-29 1996-01-03 Valmet Paper Machinery Inc. Méthode et assemblage pour enduire une bande en mouvement
EP0770730A1 (fr) 1995-10-26 1997-05-02 Valmet Corporation Méthode et assemblage pour le revêtement d'une feuille de papier

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US6372046B1 (en) 2002-04-16
DE19827712B4 (de) 2008-12-11
CA2275856A1 (fr) 1999-12-22
EP0967327A3 (fr) 2001-10-17
JP2000024573A (ja) 2000-01-25
DE19827712A1 (de) 1999-12-23

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