EP0971561B1 - Résistance électrique chauffante pour four électrique et procédé de fabrication d'une telle résistance - Google Patents

Résistance électrique chauffante pour four électrique et procédé de fabrication d'une telle résistance Download PDF

Info

Publication number: EP0971561B1
Authority: EP; European Patent Office
Prior art keywords: particles; resistance; silicon carbide; heating; doping
Prior art date: 1998-07-06
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Expired - Lifetime

Application number

EP99401460A

Other languages

German (de)

English (en)

French (fr)

Other versions

EP0971561A1 (fr

Inventor

Marianne Le Boulch

Thierry Chartier

Jean-Marc Laurent

Patrice Goeuriot

François Valdivieso

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Electricite de France SA

Original Assignee

Electricite de France SA

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

1998-07-06

Filing date

1999-06-14

Publication date

2002-09-11

1999-06-14 Application filed by Electricite de France SA filed Critical Electricite de France SA

2000-01-12 Publication of EP0971561A1 publication Critical patent/EP0971561A1/fr

2002-09-11 Application granted granted Critical

2002-09-11 Publication of EP0971561B1 publication Critical patent/EP0971561B1/fr

2019-06-14 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Status Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 15
229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 6
239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims 1
239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 abstract 2
239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 abstract 1
239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 14
XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 4
238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 4
229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 4
239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 4
230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
239000004264 Petrolatum Substances 0.000 description 2
239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
HIGRAKVNKLCVCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumine Chemical compound C1=CC=[Al]C=C1 HIGRAKVNKLCVCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
229940066842 petrolatum Drugs 0.000 description 2
235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
206010063493 Premature ageing Diseases 0.000 description 1
208000032038 Premature aging Diseases 0.000 description 1
229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
JNDMLEXHDPKVFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;oxygen(2-);yttrium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Y+3] JNDMLEXHDPKVFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
230000003416 augmentation Effects 0.000 description 1
239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 1
238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
229910019655 synthetic inorganic crystalline material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
229940099259 vaseline Drugs 0.000 description 1
238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
229910019901 yttrium aluminum garnet Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1

Images

Classifications

- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/141—Conductive ceramics, e.g. metal oxides, metal carbides, barium titanate, ferrites, zirconia, vitrous compounds
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/148—Silicon, e.g. silicon carbide, magnesium silicide, heating transistors or diodes
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/62—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces
- H05B3/64—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces using ribbon, rod, or wire heater

Definitions

the present invention relates to an electrical resistance heater for electric oven, as well as a method of manufacturing such a resistance.
the electric heating resistors are for example produced by sintering particles of ceramic material, and in particular grains of silicon carbide.
Silicon carbide which is widely used in the manufacture of such heating elements provides relatively robust resistors with excellent thermal properties.
Document FR-A-2 757 736 describes an electric heating resistor comprising a resistive body made of silicon carbide and comprising a layer of (Al 2 O 3 + SiO 2 ) protecting against corrosion.
the premature aging of such resistance is also due to the nature elements added to silicon carbide which generate, at high temperature, a secondary phase of low viscosity. The diffusion of oxygen towards the core of the material can then easily occur and cause oxidation of the heating element.
the object of the invention is to overcome these drawbacks.
an electric heating resistance for an oven electric comprising a heating resistive part in ceramic material, characterized in that the ceramic material comprises a sintered mixture of carbide particles of silicon, doping particles suitable for obtaining, after sintering; of a phase electrically conductive and mineral particles.
FIG 1 there is shown a conforming electrical resistance heater to the invention, designated by the general reference 10.
the resistance shown in this figure has a generally cylindrical shape, however, the invention also applies to the manufacture of heating resistors of any shape, in particular to tubular, straight or bent resistors.
the resistor 10 essentially comprises a heating body 12 provided with a or two (as shown) mutually opposite end zones 14 and 16 forming mechanical fixing and electrical connection terminals.
Terminals 14 and 16 have lower resistance than the body heating 12 and are either formed by machining the body, or produced by adding a cylinder on one or on each end of the body 12 and welding thereon.
Resistor 10 is produced by sintering a ceramic material.
the resistive part 12 comprises a sintered mixture of silicon carbide particles, doping particles suitable for obtaining a electrically conductive phase, consisting of nickel oxide, and particles minerals allowing liquid sintering of silicon carbide elements, by example of alumina and yttrium oxide.
the silicon carbide particles In order to improve the density of the resistance, and therefore to decrease its porosity, the silicon carbide particles have a size between 0.1 micron and 20 microns, preferably equal to 1.5 microns.
particles of silicon carbide constitute two populations whose size distributions are centered on 1 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, respectively, the size distribution of the nickel oxide particles being centered on 0.5 ⁇ m.
these particles of silicon carbide consist of commercial silicon carbide, for example of the FCP type, sold by "NORTON", USA, in powder form, the composition of which is illustrated in the table shown in the figure 2.
the electrical connection and mechanical fixing terminals 14 and 16 of the resistance 10 also consist of a sintered mixture of carbide particles of silicon and mineral particles, identical to the particles entering into the constitution of the heating resistive part 12 and comprise a concentration of doping particles leading to a conductive electrical phase greater than that of the heating part.
terminals 14 and 16 As a variant, and as visible in FIG. 1, it is possible to form the terminals 14 and 16, as described below, forming these during the manufacturing the heating part 12, by providing end zones having a cross-section of dimension larger than that of the resistive part heater 12, either obtained by machining the middle part of the resistor so as to reduce its cross-section, either as mentioned previously, reported on the extremities of the body 12.
the first step consists of a raw material preparation step.
NORTON FCP powder additives consisting of particles of mineral matter, namely alumina, Al 2 O 3 , and yttrium oxide Y 2 O 3 , and doping particles, namely nickel oxide NiO, leading to an electrically conductive phase.
the mixture thus formed is then dried by passage in an oven at 80 ° C. or by atomization, until complete evaporation of the solvent,
the resistance is shaped into using an extrusion technique.
organic constituents are used so as to form a dough with rheological characteristics compatible with deformation during passage through a nozzle of an extruder and good mechanical strength of the elements extruded before cooking.
the organic constituents comprise, previously prepared in the form gel, for example methylcellulose binder, a plasticizer, for example petrolatum as well as lubricants, for example an amine and oleic acid, and are incorporated into the mixture consisting of silicon carbide, mineral particles and doping particles during a mixing step, maintained for example during one o'clock.
a plasticizer for example petrolatum as well as lubricants, for example an amine and oleic acid
the dough is then extruded, using an extruder, so as to form cylindrical bars.
the next manufacturing phase begins with a first processing step thermal aimed at the elimination of organic constituents.
the bars are placed under ambient air, and a first rise from 20 ° C to 150 ° C using a speed of 30 ° C per hour, then maintains a one hour plateau at this temperature. Then we climb temperature from 150 ° C to 300 ° C, also using a speed of 30 ° C per hour, then this temperature is maintained at 300 ° C for one hour. A third climb in temperature is carried out so as to bring the bars to a temperature of 450 ° C., in using a speed of 30 ° C per hour. We keep the bars at the latter temperature for one hour, then allowed to cool to room temperature.
the bars thus obtained are then introduced into another oven to undergo the final sintering heat treatment proper.
Sintering is carried out on the one hand, under vacuum, by raising the temperature by 20 ° C. at 900 ° C, using a speed of 300 ° C per hour, then, under argon, at a pressure of a bar, by raising the temperature from 900 ° C to 2000 ° C, using a speed of 300 ° C per hour, maintaining a two-hour plateau at 2000 ° C, and finally, leaving the resistor will cool down to room temperature.
Another neutral gas, for nitrogen, for example, can also be used.
the part heater 12 is extended, on at least one of its ends, by a terminal 14 and 16, of electrical connection and mechanical fixing is added by adding a cylinder on the end of the bars, welded to the heating resistive part 12, or machined after extrusion, is formed simultaneously during the same extrusion step, in providing corresponding end zones having a cross section larger than those of the heating part 12.
connection terminals 14 and 16 are it is possible to form the added part (s) using a concentration of doping particles leading to an electrically conductive phase higher than that of the heating resistive part 12.

Landscapes

Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
Resistance Heating (AREA)
Apparatuses And Processes For Manufacturing Resistors (AREA)
Non-Adjustable Resistors (AREA)
Ceramic Products (AREA)
Furnace Details (AREA)
Electronic Switches (AREA)
Conductive Materials (AREA)

EP99401460A 1998-07-06 1999-06-14 Résistance électrique chauffante pour four électrique et procédé de fabrication d'une telle résistance Expired - Lifetime EP0971561B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
FR9808634		1998-07-06
FR9808634A FR2780845B1 (fr)	1998-07-06	1998-07-06	Resistance electrique chauffante pour four electrique et procede de fabrication d'une telle resistance

Publications (2)

Publication Number	Publication Date
EP0971561A1 EP0971561A1 (fr)	2000-01-12
EP0971561B1 true EP0971561B1 (fr)	2002-09-11

Family

ID=9528315

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
EP99401460A Expired - Lifetime EP0971561B1 (fr)	1998-07-06	1999-06-14	Résistance électrique chauffante pour four électrique et procédé de fabrication d'une telle résistance

Country Status (11)

Country	Link
US (1)	US6146550A (da)
EP (1)	EP0971561B1 (da)
JP (1)	JP2000036371A (da)
AT (1)	ATE224127T1 (da)
CA (1)	CA2276678A1 (da)
DE (1)	DE69902853T2 (da)
DK (1)	DK0971561T3 (da)
ES (1)	ES2183491T3 (da)
FR (1)	FR2780845B1 (da)
NO (1)	NO993306L (da)
PT (1)	PT971561E (da)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
US6616890B2 (en) *	2001-06-15	2003-09-09	Harvest Precision Components, Inc.	Fabrication of an electrically conductive silicon carbide article
KR100474333B1 (ko) *	2002-04-09	2005-03-08	엘지전자 주식회사	전열기의 발열체 단자 구조
EP2610570B1 (en) *	2011-12-29	2016-11-23	Ipsen, Inc.	Heating element arrangement for a vacuum heat treating furnace
KR102137032B1 (ko)	2017-05-10	2020-07-23	엘지전자 주식회사	탄소 복합체 조성물 및 이를 이용하여 제조되는 탄소 히터
KR102004035B1 (ko) *	2017-05-26	2019-07-25	엘지전자 주식회사	탄소 발열체
US11342484B2 (en)	2020-05-11	2022-05-24	Silanna UV Technologies Pte Ltd	Metal oxide semiconductor-based light emitting device
EP4423325A4 (en)	2021-10-27	2025-08-27	Silanna UV Technologies Pte Ltd	METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR HEATING A WIDE BANDGAP SUBSTRATE
JP7814510B2 (ja)	2021-11-10	2026-02-16	シランナ・ユー・ブイ・テクノロジーズ・プライベート・リミテッド	エピタキシャル酸化物材料、構造、及びデバイス
JP7829033B2 (ja)	2021-11-10	2026-03-12	シランナ・ユー・ブイ・テクノロジーズ・プライベート・リミテッド	酸化マグネシウムゲルマニウムを含む超ワイドバンドギャップ半導体デバイス

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
US4174971A (en) *	1975-12-11	1979-11-20	Bulten-Kanthal Aktiebolag	Silicon carbide body containing a molybdenum disilicide alloy
JPS6027653A (ja) *	1983-07-21	1985-02-12	株式会社日立製作所	セラミツク抵抗材料
CA1240710A (en) *	1984-11-08	1988-08-16	Malcolm E. Washburn	Refractory composition and products resulting therefrom
GB2170511B (en) *	1984-12-17	1989-06-07	Toshiba Ceramics Co	Sintered body of silicon carbide
SU1636400A1 (ru) *	1989-04-03	1991-03-23	Днепропетровский государственный университет им.300-летия воссоединения Украины с Россией	Шихта дл изготовлени электронагревателей
SU1685752A1 (ru) *	1989-05-29	1991-10-23	Тернопольский Государственный Педагогический Институт Им.Я.А.Галана	Покрытие дл карбидокремниевых электронагревателей
JPH0760730B2 (ja) *	1991-08-20	1995-06-28	日本ピラー工業株式会社	セラミック製ヒーター
CZ172294A3 (en) *	1992-01-16	1995-05-17	Univ Cincinnati	Mixture for preparing composite materials, process for preparing ceramic composite articles, electric heating element and the ceramic composite article
FR2757736B1 (fr) *	1996-12-24	1999-01-15	Electricite De France	Resistance electrique chauffante a longevite amelioree et procede de revetement d'une resistance electrique chauffante

1998
- 1998-07-06 FR FR9808634A patent/FR2780845B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
1999
- 1999-06-14 PT PT99401460T patent/PT971561E/pt unknown
- 1999-06-14 EP EP99401460A patent/EP0971561B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-14 AT AT99401460T patent/ATE224127T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-06-14 DE DE69902853T patent/DE69902853T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-06-14 DK DK99401460T patent/DK0971561T3/da active
- 1999-06-14 ES ES99401460T patent/ES2183491T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-30 CA CA002276678A patent/CA2276678A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-30 US US09/343,204 patent/US6146550A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-02 NO NO993306A patent/NO993306L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-07-05 JP JP11190140A patent/JP2000036371A/ja active Pending

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
NO993306D0 (no)	1999-07-02
NO993306L (no)	2000-01-07
CA2276678A1 (en)	2000-01-06
JP2000036371A (ja)	2000-02-02
DE69902853T2 (de)	2003-05-22
DK0971561T3 (da)	2003-01-13
PT971561E (pt)	2003-01-31
DE69902853D1 (de)	2002-10-17
EP0971561A1 (fr)	2000-01-12
FR2780845A1 (fr)	2000-01-07
ES2183491T3 (es)	2003-03-16
FR2780845B1 (fr)	2000-08-11
US6146550A (en)	2000-11-14
ATE224127T1 (de)	2002-09-15

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