EP0986265A2 - Verfahren zur skalierbaren Verteilung von komprimierten Videodaten - Google Patents

Verfahren zur skalierbaren Verteilung von komprimierten Videodaten Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0986265A2
EP0986265A2 EP99304427A EP99304427A EP0986265A2 EP 0986265 A2 EP0986265 A2 EP 0986265A2 EP 99304427 A EP99304427 A EP 99304427A EP 99304427 A EP99304427 A EP 99304427A EP 0986265 A2 EP0986265 A2 EP 0986265A2
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Prior art keywords
frequency
data
coefficients
network
file
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Withdrawn
Application number
EP99304427A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0986265A3 (de
Inventor
Wang Bin
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Victor Company of Japan Ltd
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Victor Company of Japan Ltd
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Publication of EP0986265A2 publication Critical patent/EP0986265A2/de
Publication of EP0986265A3 publication Critical patent/EP0986265A3/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
    • H04N21/434—Disassembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. demultiplexing audio and video streams, extraction of additional data from a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Extraction or processing of SI; Disassembling of packetised elementary stream
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/132—Sampling, masking or truncation of coding units, e.g. adaptive resampling, frame skipping, frame interpolation or high-frequency transform coefficient masking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/30—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability
    • H04N19/37—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability with arrangements for assigning different transmission priorities to video input data or to video coded data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/587—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal sub-sampling or interpolation, e.g. decimation or subsequent interpolation of pictures in a video sequence
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/236—Assembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. transport stream, by combining a video stream with other content or additional data, e.g. inserting a URL [Uniform Resource Locator] into a video stream, multiplexing software data into a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Insertion of stuffing bits into the multiplex stream, e.g. to obtain a constant bit-rate; Assembling of a packetised elementary stream

Definitions

  • the present invention related to the delivery or communication of compressed moving pictures data, and in particular to a scalable delivery scheme for compressed video.
  • MPEG-2 video has been widely adopted in nowadays multimedia applications, eg., video-on-demand and multimedia broadcasting service.
  • multimedia applications eg., video-on-demand and multimedia broadcasting service.
  • RSVP Resource Reservation Setup Protocol
  • ToS Type of Service
  • QoS Quality of Service
  • ATM networks which incorporate such service requirements in its specifications. Therefore, when an IP-based network becomes congested, the MPEG-2 video quality suffers significantly because of packet loss.
  • Scalable delivery schemes have been suggested in order to solve this problem because the scalable delivery schemes can guarantee the best video quality in proportion to the available bandwidth.
  • the MPEG-2 video compression algorithm employs two basic techniques: motion compensation for the reduction of the temporal redundancy, and transform domain coding for the reduction of spatial redundancy.
  • the motion compensation technique which is applied both in the forward and backward direction, results in three kinds of frame: I, P and B frames.
  • the I-frames(I-pictures) are intra-coded pictures used mainly for random access or scene update.
  • the P-frames(P-pictures) use forward motion predictive coding with reference to previously coded I- or P- frames (anchor pictures), and the B-frames(B-pictures) use both forward and backward motion predictive/interpolative coding with reference to previously coded I-or P-frames.
  • VCR-like operations such as Fast Forward/Rewind are normally implemented by only transferring I or P frames and skipping B or P frames. Only transferring I or P frames generates a large amount of traffic because I and P frames are of much larger size compared to B frames. Therefore, a very high bandwidth is required to accommodate such a large traffic throughput. If it is not satisfied the network is likely to be congested.
  • a scalable delivery scheme described herein can be used to avoid network congestion caused by the large amount of traffic generated from such VCR operations.
  • a method for scalable delivery of moving pictures data over a communications network comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention also provides a method for delivering encoded visual media data over a transmission medium comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention further provides a method of encoding picture data for scalable delivery over a communications network, comprising:
  • Embodiments of the invention for implementing a scheme for scalable delivery of compressed video are described hereinbelow.
  • the basis of the scalable delivery scheme is relatively simple, and can be easily implemented and practised without many disadvantages associated with scalable delivery schemes which have been proposed previously, some of which are mentioned above.
  • the basis of the scalable delivery scheme exploits limitations in human visual acuity to higher (spatial) frequency components in moving images, and accordingly is able to utilise aspects of a frequency based video picture data encoding or compression system.
  • a conventional frequency based encoding or compression system can be modified to deliver video data in which the upper frequency components are limited according to the available delivery capabilities of the communications medium over which the data is conveyed.
  • the communications network which is utilised for delivering the video data has provision for indicating a measure of the network congestion(status) or available bandwidth, by which a judgement on the limitation of upper frequency components to be included may be made.
  • the scheme is based on the feature that different frequency AC coefficients in frequency encoded picture data have different contributions to the video quality, and that human beings are not very sensitive to the video quality degradation caused by the removal of high frequency AC coefficients.
  • an MPEG-2 bit stream 11 is split and stored into a base-file 12 and one or more delta-files (labelled 1...n).
  • the base file 12 contains the header data, motion vectors and DC coefficients.
  • the delta-files only contain different respective AC frequency coefficients.
  • the server dynamically multiplexes (13) the base-file and a certain number of delta-files into a resultant stream to deliver (14).
  • the number of delta-files is determined according to the current status of the network over which the video data stream is to be delivered, obtained from the network management protocol.
  • the pre-compressed and stored base-file and delta-files representing the video data can be dynamically multiplexed at the time of transmission, based on a dynamic network status parameter representing network congestion, for example, so that the scalable delivery scheme can be implemented in real-time.
  • the compression of the raw video data using a frequency domain encoder e.g. MPEG-2 compliant encoder
  • dividing the resultant frequency coefficients amongst the base-file and a plurality of delta-files can be performed using any suitable digital computational apparatus of the type which is already known for compressing video.
  • the system for delivering the encoded video in a scalable manner according to an embodiment of the invention does not require complex computational processing, and may typically be implemented on a computer server platform coupled to convey data over a suitable communications network (as discussed in greater detail below).
  • the compression and file creation can be performed on the same computer apparatus as the multiplexing delivery scheme, or can be pre-computed on a separate processor.
  • this scheme is more flexible since it is possible to divide the encoded frequency domain coefficient data into as many delta-files as required or desired.
  • this scheme requires much less extra space, as delta-files need contain only AC coefficients and no headers and motion vector information.
  • this scheme results in better video quality because no frames are skipped.
  • the server program is simpler and introduces less processing delay, since only a multiplex process is needed and no re-quantization is involved.
  • An MPFG-2 video elementary stream is used in the below examples, and the general structure of the MPEG-2 video data will be readily understood by those of skill in the art from the above referenced documents.
  • the video stream has a resolution of 720 by 480 pixels and a frame rate equal to 29.970 frames per second.
  • the number of frames in a group of pictures (GOP) is 15. Further, the spacing between consecutive P frames is 3, such that, in other words, the GOP pattern is IBBPBBPBBPBBPBB.
  • the bit rate of the stream is 5Mbps.
  • the video stream file is of size 147M bytes.
  • the compressed video stream can be split into the base-file and four delta-files containing the various AC compressed image components.
  • the base file contains headers, motion vectors and DC coefficients, and has a size of 61 Mbytes.
  • the four delta-files contain the AC coefficients, which are numbered from 1 to 63 in increasing frequency. Table 1, below, indicates the arrangement of the AC coefficients in the delta files.
  • Base-File and Delta-Files Description AC Frequency Range File Size (Mbytes) Base-File 0 61 Delta-File 1 1 3 Delta-File 2 2-5 20 Delta-File 3 6-10 16 Delta-File 4 11-63 47
  • the server dynamically multiplexes the base-file and several delta-files into a resultant stream with the bit rate corresponding to the current network status. If the network load is light, the server may multiplex the base file and all delta-files, which results in the stream with the best video quality. In contrast, if the network is congested, the server may multiplex the base-file and only a certain number of delta-files, e.g. delta-files 1 and 2, to achieve a lower bit rate. Or if the network is very congested, the server can just deliver the base file to achieve the lowest bit rate. Unavoidably, in this case, the video quality degrades, as some high frequency coefficients are not transmitted. However, the degradation suffered from the removal of high frequency coefficients is much less than that from packet loss in the communications network during delivery.
  • the stream with the lowest bandwidth requirements (Stream 1), consists of the base-file only, and in this case is 1.91 Mbps.
  • the second available video stream (Stream 2) comprises the base-file and delta-file 1, and requires 2.00 Mbps.
  • Stream 3 includes the base-file and delta-files 1 and 2 (2.60 Mbps) and Stream 4 further includes delta-file 3 (3.20 Mbps).
  • the highest resolution compressed video stream (Stream 5) includes all of the AC components, and requires transmission of the base-file and all of delta-files 1 to 4.
  • Stream 5 requires 5.00 Mbps.
  • RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
  • MPEG-2 DSMCC MPEG-2 Digital Storage Media - Command and Control
  • the Real-time Transport Protocol provides end-to-end delivery services for data with real-time characteristics.
  • the services include payload type identification, sequence numbering, timestamping and delivery monitoring.
  • the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) is based on the periodic transmission of control packets to all participants in the RTP session. Its primary function is to provide feedback on the quality of the data transmission in terms of packet loss ratio, round-trip delay and jitter.
  • the packet loss ratio can be used to estimate the network status for the purposes of implementing a preferred feature of the present invention.
  • the packet loss ratio is provided from the network in a form which indicates the percentage of packets lost by the network (0.0% - 100%) over a preceding time period. This information can therefore be utilised to provide a measure of congestion on the network.
  • One way of doing this is to set a number of thresholds of packet loss ratio as related to network congestion.
  • Figure 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of network status measurements (congestion) based on packet loss ratio according to two thresholds set at 0.6% and 1.0%. This means that three phases of network status can be determined from the packet loss ratio: congested, normal and light.
  • the server uses RTP to deliver the video stream and at the same time monitors the network status based on RTCP control packets.
  • the server delivers stream 5 (refer to Figure 2), which is the combination of the base-file and all delta-files.
  • the server keeps sending stream 5 (5.00 Mbps) as long as the packet loss ratio is less than 1.0% (i.e. the network status is considered as normal/light). If the packet loss ratio reaches 1.0%, the server knows that the network is getting congested. This causes the server to stop multiplexing delta-file 4 into the resultant stream, which means the server begins to deliver stream 4 which has a lower bit rate (3.2 Mbps).
  • the server stops multiplexing the highest frequency delta-files one by one till packet loss ratio is less than 1.0%. For example, the packet loss ratio of 1.0% on the network might be reached whilst stream 2 is being delivered by the server.
  • the video server determines a drop in the packet loss ratio. If the packet loss ratio reaches less than 0.6%, the server determines that the network load is light. Then the server can multiplex the higher frequency delta-files, ie., delta-file 3 and 4, into the resultant stream as long as the packet loss ratio remains less than 1.0%. This allows delivery of the best video quality in proportion to the current network situation to be guaranteed.
  • the MPEG-2 Digital Storage Media - Command and Control provides the protocols needed to deliver a complete application such as video-on-demand.
  • DSM-CC Digital Storage Media - Command and Control
  • SRM Session and Resource Manager
  • VCR-like operations such as Fast Forward/Rewind can be implemented by transferring I or P frames only and skipping B or P frames.
  • the bit rate of the resultant stream for skipping B frames only is 6.7 Mbps which is 1.34 times of the original stream. This means that a 1.34 times higher bandwidth is needed to deliver the resultant stream.
  • the faster motion can even be achieved by skipping both P and B frames. If so, the bit rate of the resultant stream is up to 10 Mbps. To accommodate such a large amount of traffic, a very high bandwidth is required of the transport network also. If it is not satisfied the network is very likely to be congested.
  • the scalable delivery scheme described herein can be used to solve the above problem.
  • the removal of high frequency coefficients from the encoded data as proposed in the scheme can be used to efficiently reduce the bit rate in VCR-like operations so as to avoid the possible network congestion.
  • the most suitable number of delta-files can be determined to generate a resultant stream to maintain the best video quality.
  • Stream Bit Rate for different resultant streams in VCR-like operations Stream Bit Rate (Mbps) Stream 1 Stream 2 Stream 3 Stream 4 Stream 5 Skipping B only 2.05 2.4 3.5 4.5 6.7 Skipping P and B 2.95 3.7 5.8 7 10
  • bit rate can be reduced from 6.7 to 2.4 Mbps (for a fast motion involving skipping B-frames only) and reduced from 10 to 3.7 Mbps (for a fast motion involving skipping both P and B-frames).
  • the server can actually select a particular stream to deliver so that the best video quality in proportion to current network situation can be maintained.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a scheme for arranging the frequency coefficients into delta-files for an implementation of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the base-file and delta-files are indicated by reference numeral 41, and the ordered frequency coefficients labelled DC and 1,...,9 (not all coefficients are shown) are indicated by reference numeral 42.
  • the base-file contains the run length encoded DC coefficient and the first AC coefficient (frequency coefficient 1), as well as the compression header data, motion vectors and the like.
  • the base-file is still an MPEG-2 standard compliant stream which can be decompressed by an appropriate MPEG-2 standard decoder.
  • the delta-files contain run length coded AC coefficients numbered 2 to 63.
  • Each run length code denotes a run of zeros followed by a non-zero coefficient of a particular level. If one run length code covers more than all coefficients allocated to a particular delta-file, the code will be put into the higher frequency delta-file which contains the non-zero coefficient.
  • the base-file contains the DC and first AC coefficient
  • the first delta-file (Delta-1) is allocated AC frequency coefficients 2 and 3
  • the second delta file (Delta-2) is allocated frequency coefficients 4 and 5
  • Delta-3 is allocated coefficients numbered 6 to 63. Because the AC coefficients of frequency 2 and 3 are zero, they will be combined in a single run length code together with non-zero frequency coefficient 4. This run length code will be put into Delta file number 2, even though two of the coefficients therein are allocated to Delta-1. Similarly, the run length code denoting coefficients 5 to 8 are put into Delta-3.
  • the delta files are arranged according to a syntax which enables the proper AC coefficients to be extracted and multiplexed with the corresponding portions of the base-file at the time of transmission.
  • This allows the transmitted data to be arranged according to, for example, an industry standard such as the MPEG-2 standard so that the transmitted data stream can be decoded by means of a standard decoder.
  • An industry standard such as the MPEG-2 standard so that the transmitted data stream can be decoded by means of a standard decoder.
  • a preferred structure for a delta-file for an MPEG? based system is illustrated in block diagram form in Figure 5.
  • the server When the server undertakes construction of a data stream for transmission from the base-file and selected delta-file(s), it synchronously scans the base-file and selected delta-files. Whenever the server program reaches a new block of a macroblock within a picture in the base-file, it also reaches the corresponding position in each of the delta-files, based on the syntax illustrated in Figure 5.
  • the data in each of the delta-files is structured in the same way as the base-file so that corresponding coefficient data in the base-file and delta-files can be easily retrieved.
  • the selected corresponding AC coefficient data in the delta-files is also reached, and can be easily multiplexed together to form, for example, an MPEG compliant resultant video stream.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
  • Two-Way Televisions, Distribution Of Moving Picture Or The Like (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
  • Compression Of Band Width Or Redundancy In Fax (AREA)
  • Time-Division Multiplex Systems (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
EP19990304427 1998-09-07 1999-06-08 Verfahren zur skalierbaren Verteilung von komprimierten Videodaten Withdrawn EP0986265A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SG1998003575A SG77650A1 (en) 1998-09-07 1998-09-07 A scalable delivery scheme of compressed video
SG9803575 1998-09-07

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EP0986265A2 true EP0986265A2 (de) 2000-03-15
EP0986265A3 EP0986265A3 (de) 2004-03-03

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WO2002025925A3 (en) * 2000-09-22 2002-09-06 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv Hybrid temporal-snr fine granular scalability video coding
WO2002102084A1 (en) * 2001-06-12 2002-12-19 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Video communication system using model-based coding and prioritization techniques
WO2003036911A3 (en) * 2001-10-24 2003-06-05 Qualcomm Inc Method and apparatus for data packet transport in a wireless communication system using an internet protocol
WO2003065683A1 (en) * 2002-01-30 2003-08-07 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Streaming multimedia data over a network having a variable bandwidth
WO2002056250A3 (en) * 2001-01-10 2003-10-02 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv Method and system to encode a set of input values into a set of coefficients using a given algorithm
WO2004021668A1 (en) * 2002-08-28 2004-03-11 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Method of streaming multimedia data
WO2006090253A1 (en) * 2005-02-25 2006-08-31 Nokia Corporation System and method for achieving inter-layer video quality scalability
CN101662680B (zh) * 2008-08-28 2012-07-04 华为技术有限公司 一种视频流性能测量方法、装置及系统
US8352991B2 (en) 2002-12-09 2013-01-08 Thomson Licensing System and method for modifying a video stream based on a client or network environment
EP2875641A4 (de) * 2012-06-29 2016-03-16 Intel Corp Systeme, verfahren und computerprogrammprodukte für skalierbare videocodierung auf basis einer koeffizientenabtastung
US10516898B2 (en) 2013-10-10 2019-12-24 Intel Corporation Systems, methods, and computer program products for scalable video coding based on coefficient sampling
GB2564081B (en) * 2017-04-25 2022-11-23 Adder Tech Ltd Video transmission

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JP5066702B2 (ja) * 2000-09-29 2012-11-07 アラクリテック・インコーポレイテッド インテリジェントネットワークストレージインタフェースシステム及びデバイス
JP3918447B2 (ja) * 2001-03-30 2007-05-23 三菱電機株式会社 動画像受信装置および動画像送信装置
US20050021806A1 (en) * 2001-12-15 2005-01-27 Richardson John William System and method for delivering data streams of multiple data types at diffferent priority levels
JP2005513876A (ja) * 2001-12-15 2005-05-12 トムソン　ライセンシング　ソシエテ　アノニム クライアント又はネットワーク環境に基づいて映像ストリームを修正するシステム及び方法
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JP4618676B2 (ja) 2005-04-28 2011-01-26 株式会社リコー 構造化文書符号の転送方法、画像処理システム、サーバ装置、プログラム及び情報記録媒体
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WO2002025925A3 (en) * 2000-09-22 2002-09-06 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv Hybrid temporal-snr fine granular scalability video coding
WO2002056250A3 (en) * 2001-01-10 2003-10-02 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv Method and system to encode a set of input values into a set of coefficients using a given algorithm
WO2002102084A1 (en) * 2001-06-12 2002-12-19 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Video communication system using model-based coding and prioritization techniques
WO2003036911A3 (en) * 2001-10-24 2003-06-05 Qualcomm Inc Method and apparatus for data packet transport in a wireless communication system using an internet protocol
CN1625880B (zh) * 2002-01-30 2010-08-11 Nxp股份有限公司 在具有可变带宽的网络上流式传输多媒体数据
WO2003065683A1 (en) * 2002-01-30 2003-08-07 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Streaming multimedia data over a network having a variable bandwidth
KR100989222B1 (ko) * 2002-01-30 2010-10-20 엔엑스피 비 브이 멀티미디어 데이터로부터의 인코딩된 스트림 세트를 제공하는 방법 및 인코더와, 클라이언트 애플리케이션에 인코딩된 스트림을 제공하는 서버와, 가변 대역폭을 갖는 네트워크상에서 멀티미디어 데이터를 스트리밍하는 송신기
WO2004021668A1 (en) * 2002-08-28 2004-03-11 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Method of streaming multimedia data
CN100566332C (zh) * 2002-08-28 2009-12-02 Nxp股份有限公司 流出多媒体数据的方法
US8352991B2 (en) 2002-12-09 2013-01-08 Thomson Licensing System and method for modifying a video stream based on a client or network environment
WO2006090253A1 (en) * 2005-02-25 2006-08-31 Nokia Corporation System and method for achieving inter-layer video quality scalability
CN101662680B (zh) * 2008-08-28 2012-07-04 华为技术有限公司 一种视频流性能测量方法、装置及系统
EP2875641A4 (de) * 2012-06-29 2016-03-16 Intel Corp Systeme, verfahren und computerprogrammprodukte für skalierbare videocodierung auf basis einer koeffizientenabtastung
US9955154B2 (en) 2012-06-29 2018-04-24 Intel Corporation Systems, methods, and computer program products for scalable video coding based on coefficient sampling
US10516898B2 (en) 2013-10-10 2019-12-24 Intel Corporation Systems, methods, and computer program products for scalable video coding based on coefficient sampling
GB2564081B (en) * 2017-04-25 2022-11-23 Adder Tech Ltd Video transmission

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JP2000101537A (ja) 2000-04-07
EP0986265A3 (de) 2004-03-03

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