EP1062670B1 - Verfahren zum zusammenstellen einer optischen einheit mit koaxialen schalen, insbesondere für ein röntgenteleskop - Google Patents

Verfahren zum zusammenstellen einer optischen einheit mit koaxialen schalen, insbesondere für ein röntgenteleskop Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1062670B1
EP1062670B1 EP99958321A EP99958321A EP1062670B1 EP 1062670 B1 EP1062670 B1 EP 1062670B1 EP 99958321 A EP99958321 A EP 99958321A EP 99958321 A EP99958321 A EP 99958321A EP 1062670 B1 EP1062670 B1 EP 1062670B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
shell
support
putting
place
optical assembly
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP99958321A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1062670A1 (de
Inventor
Robert Laine
Daniel Pelletier De Chambure
Claude Jamar
Jean-Paul Collette
Yvan Stockman
Jean-Philippe Tock
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Universite de Liege
Agence Spatiale Europeenne
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Universite de Liege
Agence Spatiale Europeenne
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21K—HANDLING OF PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
    • G21K1/06—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diffraction, refraction or reflection, e.g. monochromators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49764—Method of mechanical manufacture with testing or indicating
    • Y10T29/49771—Quantitative measuring or gauging

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of assembling a optical assembly having first and second longitudinal ends and comprising N coaxial shells, forming as many elementary mirrors, and of which each extends between said first and second ends and present at said first end a first diameter and at said second end a second diameter greater than the first, the shells can be complete cylinders or cylinder segments.
  • Such an optical assembly is in particular known as a mirror WOLTER I type telescope for which each elementary mirror is a mirror for X-rays in grazing incidence and is in the form of a surface of revolution having a parabolic region of revolution (on the side of the second end of larger diameter) and a hyperbolic region of revolution (on the side of the first end of smaller diameter).
  • each shell starting with the one that is the most central, is measured, then positioned by its second end and fixed on a support, integration taking place from the center outwards.
  • optical performances of the individual shells must be optimal before integration, which requires manufacturing according to the highest quality standards.
  • the subject of the present invention is an integration method which allows measurements to be made and possibly corrections to each once a new shell is integrated.
  • the shells being integrated from the outermost one towards the one that is furthest inside, the shells being held on the support at less by their smaller diameter side, their inner surface, which is the surface active reflective, remains accessible until the next shell is brought, and it is therefore possible to carry out any corrective operation on the shell or which could be considered useful.
  • Said method can preferably be characterized in that said topography measurement implements a differential measurement by scanning the internal surface of said shell and of a reference cylinder disposed on the support to a reference position, said differential measurement being carried out without contact at using sensors which are carried by a measuring table whose displacements are marked with respect to said reference cylinder.
  • At least one shell may have, at least one extension to at minus one of its longitudinal ends.
  • the method can be characterized in that at least one shell is consisting of several elements extending between the first and second ends and each of which occupies part of the periphery of said shell and in that these elements have at least one extension arranged at at least one of their longitudinal ends and at least one of their lateral edges.
  • Such extensions constitute fasteners mechanical.
  • At least one said extension arranged at a longitudinal end can constitute a baffle for attenuating stray light.
  • the current trend in space astronomy is to develop optical systems having a large collecting surface with a lower resolution to one second of arc. This generally involves the manufacture of a large number of high quality mirrors, which operate in a plane stabilized environment thermal, with gradients below 0.2 ° C and at temperatures that can reach -80 ° C.
  • One of the problems with these mirrors is their manufacturing cost.
  • the present invention provides a mirror integration method which is particularly, but not exclusively, suitable for an optical system 1 using mirrors of the WOLTER I type, operating in the energy band of between 0.003 keV and 100 keV (c ' i.e. wavelengths between 400 nm and 0.01 nm).
  • Individual mirrors of revolution or shells (M 1 ... M N ), each of which comprises an entry region 2 of parabolic section having an entry end 4 and an exit region 3 of hyperbolic section having an exit end 5, are assembled to form a module 10 of concentric mirrors of the same focus and each of which is capable of receiving X-rays in grazing incidence in the direction of the arrow F.
  • Each individual mirror (M 1 ... M N ) is a thin mirror, such a mirror being defined as having a ratio between its thickness and its mean radius of curvature, which is less than 1/50.
  • the present invention provides a method for improving the integration and possibly the final correction of elementary mirrors to form a module.
  • the mirrors are integrated on a support 20 in N successive stages, starting with the larger mirror M 1 (see FIG. 2a), that is to say the one which is located the outermost of module 10, and placing it by its first end, or downstream end 5, of smaller diameter, and proceeding step by step (M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , ...) to the Neme mirror which is placed on its downstream end 5 (see Figures 2b and 2c).
  • each shell 1 which has just been integrated on the support 20
  • the internal reflecting surface 6 of each shell 1 which has just been integrated on the support 20 is accessible for carrying out measures of the shell which has just been integrated, using a device (34, 35) which will described below (in conjunction with Figure 3) and make any corrections.
  • Correction on elementary mirrors can be carried out by ionic polishing of each mirror after its integration. This compensates manufacturing defects in mirrors and / or integration-induced faults (restricted glue, mechanical loads, etc.). Ion polishing has the advantage of do not degrade the micro-roughness of the polished surfaces, provided however keep the removal rate and the quantity of material to be removed within limits reasonable. It is also a contactless and non-contact correction method edge.
  • a solution to reduce the deformations generated inside the elementary mirrors is to fix them through a non-active interface region optically, which alleviates the constraints.
  • FIG. 4 shows an elementary mirror of type WOLTER I which is made up of elements 40 constituting cylinder segments occupying a fraction of the perimeter and each of which has a region 42 of section parabolic and a region 43 of hyperbolic section. Edge 44 of region 42 is extends by a lug 46 for attachment to a part which comes to cap all of the mirrors, while the edge 45 of the region 43 is extended by a tab 47 for its attachment to the support 20. Laterally and at least on one side, the regions 42 and 43 are extended by fixing lugs 48 and 49 respectively. These lugs mechanical fasteners constitute ends which are in one piece with the elementary mirrors.
  • Figure 5 represents an elementary mirror of type WOLTER I forming a complete cylinder and having upstream 56 and downstream 57 fixing lugs, connected by upstream 54 and downstream 55 edges to a parabolic section region 52 and to a region of hyperbolic section 53.
  • the legs 46 to 49, 56 and 57 can allow control of the temperature as close as possible to the optics.
  • the legs 46, 47, 56 and 57 can also make it possible to limit the amount of stray light entering the module.
  • baffles or screens co-aligned with mirrors, and their manufacture as well as their co-alignment with mirrors are delicate, expensive and time-consuming.
  • a such an optical baffle can be made in one piece with an elementary mirror, for example example by electroforming. It is then possible after integration to treat the cabinet optical, located on the upstream end side 4, the mirror being placed on the downstream end 5. This machining treatment to give a controlled roughness to the internal surface of baffle can be carried out by ionic machining, during the ionic machining operation of the reflective surface of the mirror.
  • a coating After integration of an elementary mirror, it is possible to coat it a coating, known per se, to give it reflectivity characteristics high over a wide bandwidth.
  • a coating implements the application one or more layers, for example metallic.
  • the support for the mirrors 20 (cf. FIG. 3) has a device 39 for compensating for the deformation induced by the weight of the elementary mirrors which are successively integrated.
  • the support 20 carries a reference cylinder 33 which faces the optical surface 37 'of the mirror 37 which has just been integrated and whose axis 33' is preferably parallel to the optical axis X common to the elementary mirrors (M 1 ... M N ).
  • the mirrors are held at points distributed so possibly even on their edges and they are moved down parallel to the X axis using cylinder 33 as a reference in the horizontal Y axes and Z so as to ensure that the mirror being integrated is deposited by following the required path that allows it to be placed without touching the mirrors previously integrated.
  • the topography of its surface active 37 ' is measured by scanning using non-contact gauges and the reference 33.
  • the measurement of the topography can also be carried out by a test optical.
  • the optimal position of the mirror 37 is calculated and the handling tools reposition it if necessary.
  • the mirror 37 is then fixed in position by gluing or by fixing mechanical for example by screw.
  • the handling tool is then decoupled from the mirror 37.
  • the weight of the mirror 37 is transferred to the support 20, hence a deformation of it.
  • This deformation is measured and the deformation device 39 produces compensating forces to return the support 20 to its initial state.
  • mirror 37 may have generated small angle errors and small local deformations of the mirror, of the order of a few microns, near its anchor points.
  • the system of measure 30 is then moved away, and a machining head is put in place. It includes a positioning device in X, Y and Z to position the machining head relative to to the reference cylinder 33. As a variant, the machining head can be mounted on the scanning measuring device, which allows this machining to be carried out immediately after the topography measurement step.
  • the coating head can be installed on the machining head, in which case, the assembly can be a robot which is capable of carrying out all of the operations (topography measurement, machining, coating) without breaking the vacuum, resulting in cleanliness optimal, which adds to a significant time saving.
  • the support 20 can be tilted by a tilting device 38, for systems, in particular with open surface mirrors, for which two successive mirrors may have different angles between their optical axis and the vertical.
  • the scanning device 30 can be as shown in FIG. Figure 3. It comprises a main table 31 equipped with a sensor 32 for centering the contactless type to identify the position of the table 31 in relation to the cylinder reference 33 placed on the support 20.
  • the table 31 is movable in rotation about an axis parallel to the axis 33 ′ of the reference cylinder 33, which produces a displacement in azimuth of the measuring head.
  • the azimuth angle is measured by an angle sensor.
  • the main table 31 carries at least one arm 34 movable in translation along the longitudinal axis of the table 31.
  • the arm 34 carries a measurement table 35 which is mounted on a bench equipped with two motors and which is movable on the one hand vertically along the longitudinal axis of arm 34, and on the other hand horizontally.
  • the measurement table 35 carries three sensors referenced A, B and C.
  • the sensor A is a short-range sensor, for example of the laser type, of the type magnetic or even of the capacitive type and which faces the optical surface 37 'of the individual mirror 37 being integrated.
  • the displacements of the table 35 are controlled so that the distance d between the sensor A and the surface 37 'remains constant, and therefore that the distance between the table measures 35 and the surface 37 'remains constant.
  • the sensor B for example of the laser type, is used to determine the distance D between the table 35 and the reference cylinder 33.
  • the distance between the optical surface 37 'of the mirror and the axis 33' is therefore equal to the distance d, the greater the distance D 0 (constant) between sensors A and B, the greater the distance D, the smaller the radius r of the reference cylinder 33.
  • Sensor C for example of the laser type, is used to measure the distance vertical between the measurement table 35 and the support 20.
  • the azimuth angle, and the values supplied by sensors B and C are read at regular intervals, which allows find the coordinates (x, y, z) of the corresponding point on the surface 37 'of the mirror 37.
  • the table 35 can carry an arm comprising the machining head, the head coating and sensors B 'and C' similar to sensors B and C.
  • Sensor A is in this case superfluous since at that time the topography of the surface of the mirror is known and that the positioning of the arm only requires the angle values azimuth (provided by table 35) and the data measured by the sensors B 'and C'.
  • the method according to the invention can also be applied in part for non-optical surfaces.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
  • Telescopes (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Transducers For Audible Bands (AREA)
  • Mechanical Coupling Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Verfahren des Zusammenbauens eines optischen Aufbaus, der ein erstes und ein zweites longitudinales Ende hat, enthaltend N koaxiale Kokillen bzw. Schalen bzw. Hülsen, die elementare Spiegel bilden und von denen sich jede zwischen dem genannten ersten und zweiten Ende erstreckt und an dem genannten ersten Ende einen ersten Durchmesser aufweist und an dem genannten zweiten, entgegengesetzten Ende einen zweiten Durchmesser, der größer als der erste ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es folgendes enthält:
    1) das Anbringen der ersten Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (M1), die sich am meisten außen von dem optischen Aufbau (10) befindet, mit ihrem ersten Ende (5) auf einem Träger (20),
    2) das Anbringen der zweiten Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (M2) auf dem Träger (20) mit ihrem ersten Ende (5) im Inneren der ersten Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse, wobei die zweite Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse der ersten Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse in dem optischen Aufbau (10) unmittelbar benachbart ist,
    ...
    N) das Anbringen der N-ten Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (MN) auf dem Träger (20) mit ihrem ersten Ende (5), welche sich am meisten innen von dem optischen Aufbau (10) befindet.
  2. Verfahren gemäß dem Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens ein genanntes Anbringen folgendes enthält:
    a) die Positionierung einer Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (37) auf dem Träger (20)
    b) eine Messung der Topographie der inneren Oberfläche (6, 37') der Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (37), die auf dem Träger (20) positioniert ist
    c) im gegebenen Fall eine Repositionierung der Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (37) auf dem Träger (20) in Abhängigkeit von dem Resultat der genannten Messung der Topographie, und
    c') die Fixierung der Position der Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (37) auf dem Träger (20).
  3. Verfahren gemäß dem Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens ein genanntes Anbringen nach der Fixierung auf dem Träger (20) folgendes enthält:
    d) eine Messung der Topographie der inneren Oberfläche (37') der Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (37), die auf dem Träger (20) fixiert ist
    e) im gegebenen Fall eine Ionenbearbeitung der inneren Oberfläche (37') der Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (37).
  4. Verfahren gemäß dem Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es nach e) folgendes enthält:
    f) das Aufbringen eines reflektierenden Belags auf der inneren Oberfläche (37') der Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (37).
  5. Verfahren gemäß dem Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es nach f) folgendes enthält:
    g) eine optische Inspektion bzw. Kontrolle der Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse.
  6. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Messung der Topographie mittels einer differenziellen Messung durch Abtastung der inneren Oberfläche (37') der Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (37) und eines Bezugszylinders (33), der auf dem Träger (20) in einer Bezugsposition angeordnet ist, bewerkstelligt wird, wobei die differenzielle Messung kontaktlos mithilfe von Sensoren bzw. Wandlern (A, B, C, D) realisiert wird, die von einem Messtisch (31, 34, 35) getragen sind, dessen Verlagerungen mit Bezug auf den Bezugszylinder (33) ermittelt werden.
  7. Verfahren gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens eine Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse (40) wenigstens eine Verlängerung (46, 47) aufweist, die ein mechanisches Befestigungselement bildet, welches an wenigstens einer ihrer longitudinalen Enden angeordnet ist.
  8. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens eine Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse von mehreren Elementen (50) gebildet ist, die sich zwischen dem ersten (44) und dem zweiten (45) Ende erstrecken und von denen jedes einen Teil des Umfangs der Kokille bzw. Schale bzw. Hülse einnimmt, und dass diese Elemente wenigstens eine Verlängerung (46, 47, 56, 57) aufweisen, die ein mechanisches Befestigungselement bildet, welches an wenigstens einem ihrer longitudinalen Enden (44, 45) und an wenigstens einem ihrer seitlichen Ränder angeordnet ist.
  9. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 7 oder 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens eine genannte Verlängerung (46, 47), die an einem longitudinalen Ende angeordnet ist, ein Baffle bzw. eine Abschirmung für die Schwächung von Streu- bzw. Falschlicht bildet.
EP99958321A 1999-01-07 1999-12-14 Verfahren zum zusammenstellen einer optischen einheit mit koaxialen schalen, insbesondere für ein röntgenteleskop Expired - Lifetime EP1062670B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9900085A FR2788348B1 (fr) 1999-01-07 1999-01-07 Procede d'assemblage d'un ensemble optique comprenant des coquilles coaxiales, notamment pour telescope a rayon x
FR9900085 1999-01-07
PCT/FR1999/003129 WO2000041186A1 (fr) 1999-01-07 1999-12-14 Procede d'assemblage d'un ensemble optique comprenant des coquilles coaxiales, notamment pour telescope a rayons x

Publications (2)

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EP1062670A1 EP1062670A1 (de) 2000-12-27
EP1062670B1 true EP1062670B1 (de) 2003-03-26

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Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US6449826B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1062670B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2002534694A (de)
AT (1) ATE235737T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2322445A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69906261T2 (de)
DK (1) DK1062670T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2192406T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2788348B1 (de)
RU (1) RU2225629C2 (de)
WO (1) WO2000041186A1 (de)

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KR20050009848A (ko) * 2003-07-18 2005-01-26 한국전광(주) 두 비구면으로 분리 구성된 볼터거울과 그 가공방법
EP2348347A3 (de) 2009-08-28 2012-07-04 European Space Agency Verfahren zum Aufbau mehrerer Spiegelplattenstapel in eine formfeste Einheit
RU2541438C1 (ru) * 2013-07-24 2015-02-10 Федеральное Государственное унитарное предприятие "Российский Федеральный ядерный центр-Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной физики-ФГУП "РФЯЦ-ВНИИЭФ" Способ сборки зеркального модуля рентгеновского телескопа, содержащего n коаксиальных вкладышей, образующих элементарные зеркала
RU2629693C1 (ru) * 2016-10-13 2017-08-31 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Российский Федеральный ядерный центр - Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной физики" (ФГУП "РФЯЦ-ВНИИЭФ") Способ сборки рентгеновской оптической системы, содержащей n зеркальных модулей

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Publication number Publication date
FR2788348B1 (fr) 2001-03-02
DE69906261T2 (de) 2003-12-04
EP1062670A1 (de) 2000-12-27
US6449826B1 (en) 2002-09-17
CA2322445A1 (en) 2000-07-13
DK1062670T3 (da) 2003-07-14
ATE235737T1 (de) 2003-04-15
ES2192406T3 (es) 2003-10-01
JP2002534694A (ja) 2002-10-15
RU2225629C2 (ru) 2004-03-10
DE69906261D1 (de) 2003-04-30
FR2788348A1 (fr) 2000-07-13
WO2000041186A1 (fr) 2000-07-13

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