EP1089979A1 - Quinoxalin-2(1h)-ones substitues utilises comme inhibiteurs de transcriptase inverse du vih - Google Patents

Quinoxalin-2(1h)-ones substitues utilises comme inhibiteurs de transcriptase inverse du vih

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Publication number
EP1089979A1
EP1089979A1 EP99930715A EP99930715A EP1089979A1 EP 1089979 A1 EP1089979 A1 EP 1089979A1 EP 99930715 A EP99930715 A EP 99930715A EP 99930715 A EP99930715 A EP 99930715A EP 1089979 A1 EP1089979 A1 EP 1089979A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
quinoxalin
dihydro
trifluoromethyl
cyclopropylethynyl
substituted
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP99930715A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Mona Patel
Robert Joseph Mchugh
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bristol Myers Squibb Pharma Co
Original Assignee
DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co
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Publication date
Application filed by DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co filed Critical DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co
Publication of EP1089979A1 publication Critical patent/EP1089979A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D241/40—Benzopyrazines
    • C07D241/44—Benzopyrazines with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to substituted quinoxalin-2 (IH) -ones which are useful as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase, pharmaceutical compositions and diagnostic kits comprising the same, and methods of using the same for treating viral infection or as assay standards or reagents .
  • IH quinoxalin-2
  • HIV seropositive individuals are initially asymptomatic but typically develop AIDS related complex (ARC) followed by AIDS. Affected individuals exhibit severe immunosuppression which predisposes them to debilitating and ultimately fatal opportunistic infections .
  • ARC AIDS related complex
  • the disease AIDS is the end result of an HIV-1 or HIV-2 virus following its own complex life cycle.
  • the virion life cycle begins with the virion attaching itself to the host human T-4 lymphocyte immune cell through the bonding of a glycoprotein on the surface of the virion 's protective coat with the CD4 glycoprotein on the lymphocyte cell . Once attached, the virion sheds its glycoprotein coat, penetrates into the membrane of the host cell, and uncoats its RNA.
  • the virion enzyme, reverse transcriptase directs the process of transcribing the RNA into single-stranded DNA. The viral RNA is degraded and a second DNA strand is created. The now double-stranded DNA is integrated into the human cell's genes and those genes are used for virus reproduction.
  • RNA polymerase transcribes the integrated DNA into viral RNA.
  • the viral RNA is translated into the precursor gag-pol fusion polyprotein.
  • the polyprotein is then cleaved by the HIV protease enzyme to yield the mature viral proteins.
  • HIV protease is responsible for regulating a cascade of cleavage events that lead to the virus particle's maturing into a virus that is capable of full infectivity.
  • the typical human immune system response killing the invading virion, is taxed because the virus infects and kills the immune system's T cells.
  • viral reverse transcriptase the enzyme used in making a new virion particle, is not very specific, and causes transcription mistakes that result in continually changed glycoproteins on the surface of the viral protective coat. This lack of specificity decreases the immune system's effectiveness because antibodies specifically produced against one glycoprotein may be useless against another, hence reducing the number of antibodies available to fight the virus.
  • the virus continues to reproduce while the immune response system continues to weaken. Eventually, the HIV largely holds free reign over the body's immune system, allowing opportunistic infections to set in and without the administration of antiviral agents, immunomodulators , or both, death may result.
  • virus 's life cycle There are at least three critical points in the virus ' s life cycle which have been identified as possible targets for antiviral drugs: (1) the initial attachment of the virion to the T-4 lymphocyte or macrophage site, (2) the transcription of viral RNA to viral DNA (reverse transcriptase, RT) , and (3) the processing of gag-pol protein by HIV protease.
  • nucleoside analogs such as 3 ' -azido-3 ' -deoxythymidine (AZT), 2 * , 3 ' -dideoxycytidine (ddC) , 2 ' , 3 ' -dideoxythymidinene (d4T) , 2 ' ,3 ' -dideoxyinosine (ddl) , and 2 ' , 3 ' -dideoxy-3 ' -thia- cytidine (3TC) have been shown to be relatively effective in halting HIV replication at the reverse transcriptase (RT) stage.
  • RT reverse transcriptase
  • Non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors have also been discovered. As an example, it has been found that certain benzoxazinones are useful in the inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase, the prevention or treatment of infection by HIV and the treatment of AIDS.
  • U. S. Patent Number 5,519,021 the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference, describes reverse transcriptase inhibitors which are benzoxazinones of the formula :
  • Z may be O.
  • benzoxazinones are not part of the present invention.
  • Z 1 and Z 2 can be -0-, -NR 5 -, or -OCH 2 -;
  • R 5 is H, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
  • R 6 and R 7 can be a variety of groups . Compounds of this sort are not within the scope of the presently claimed invention.
  • EP 0,657,166 Al illustrates quinoxalines of the formula:
  • R 2 or R 5 can be a variety of groups including H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted carbonyl, substituted oxycarbonyl, substituted aminocarbonyl ; and R 3 or R 4 , can be a variety of groups including H, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl, but not alkynyl.
  • EP 0,657,166 Al does not disclose by exemplification compounds wherein R 3 or R 4 are -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 or cyclopropyl, compounds wherein R 3 or R 4 are alkynyls or substituted alkynyls .
  • compounds of the present invention most preferably, 3- (perfluoroalkyl) -3 , 4- dihydro-l,H-quinoxalin-2-ones, are useful as HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors .
  • one object of the present invention is to provide novel reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
  • compositions with reverse transcriptase inhibiting activity comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form thereof.
  • A is 0 or S
  • W is N or CR 3 ;
  • X is N or CR 4 ;
  • Y is N or CR 5 ;
  • Z is N or CR 6 ;
  • C f is cyclopropyl or C ⁇ _ 3 alkyl substituted with 3-7 halogen
  • R 1 is selected from:
  • R 3 is selected from:
  • R 3 and R 4 when substituents on adjacent carbon atoms, are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms atoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, said heterocyclic ring being aromatic or nonaromatic, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R 10 ;
  • R 5 is selected from H, F, CI, Br, I, -OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and butoxy;
  • R 4 and R 5 when substituents on adjacent carbon atoms, are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered carbocyclic ring, said carbocyclic ring being aromatic or nonaromatic, said carbocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R 10 ;
  • R 4 and R 5 when substituents on adjacent carbon atoms, are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms atoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, said heterocyclic ring being aromatic or nonaromatic, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R 10 ;
  • R 7 at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl;
  • R 7a is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl , and butyl; ;
  • R 7b at each occurrence, is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl;
  • R 8 at each occurrence, is selected from: H, F, CI, Br, I, CH(-OCH 2 CH 2 0-) , C 1 - 4 haloalkyl,
  • R 9 at each occurrence, is selected from D, OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and F;
  • R 12 at each occurrence, is selected from
  • p at each occurrence, is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3;
  • R 2 is not unsubstituted C 1 - 4 alkyl.
  • the present invention provides a novel compound of Formula (II) , wherein:
  • A is 0 or S
  • C f is -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , or -CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • R 4 is selected from:
  • R 5 is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, -OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and butoxy;
  • R 6 is selected from:
  • R 7 at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl;
  • R 7a at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl , and butyl,- ;
  • R 7b at each occurrence, is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl;
  • R 8 at each occurrence, is selected from: H, F, Cl, Br, I, CH(-OCH 2 CH 2 0-) , C ⁇ _ 4 haloalkyl, Ci- 6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R 11 , C 2 - 6 alkenyl,
  • R 9 at each occurrence, is selected from D, OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and F;
  • R 12 at each occurrence, is selected from
  • Ci- 6 alkyl C _ 4 alkenyl
  • p at each occurrence, is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3.
  • the present invention provides a novel compound of Formula (II) , wherein: A is 0 or S ;
  • C f is -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , or -CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • R 1 is selected from:
  • R 3 is selected from:
  • R 4 is selected from:
  • R 5 is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, -OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and butoxy;
  • R 6 is selected from:
  • R 7 at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl;
  • R 7a is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl , and butyl ;
  • R 8 at each occurrence, is selected from: H, F, Cl, Br, I, CH(-OCH 2 CH 2 0-) , C ⁇ - 4 haloalkyl,
  • 5-6 membered aromatic heterocycle system containing from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S and substituted with 0-2 R 10 ;
  • R 9 at each occurrence, is selected from D, OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and F;
  • R 12 at each occurrence, is selected from
  • p at each occurrence, is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3.
  • the present invention provides a novel compound of Formula (II) , wherein: A is 0;
  • C f is -CF 3 or -CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • R 1 is selected from:
  • R 4 is selected from: H, F, Cl, Br, I, -OH, OH, -OCF 3 , -CN, -N0 2 , -CHO,
  • R 5 is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 3 , and -OCH 2 CH 3 ;
  • R 7 at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl;
  • R 8 at each occurrence, is selected from: H, F, Cl, Br, I, CH (-OCH 2 CH 2 0-) , C 1 - 4 haloalkyl,
  • R 9 at each occurrence, is selected from D, OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and F;
  • R 12 at each occurrence, is selected from Ci-6 alkyl, C 2 _ 4 alkenyl, C 2 - 4 alkynyl,
  • p at each occurrence, is selected from 0, 1, and 2.
  • the present invention provides a novel compound of Formula (III) ;
  • R 1 is selected from:
  • R 2 is selected from: benzyl, phenethyl, -CH 2 CH 2 cycPr,
  • R 3 is selected from:
  • R 4 is selected from:
  • R 5 is selected from H, F, and Cl
  • R 6 is selected from:
  • a compound of the present invention is selected from:
  • the present invention provides a novel compound of Formula (I) , Formula (II) or Formula (III) , or a stereoisomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof, wherein R 1 , C f , A, W, X, Y, and Z are as defined above; and R 2 is -C ⁇ C-R 8 or - (CHR 7 ) p C ⁇ C-R 8 .
  • the present invention provides a compound of Formula (lib) :
  • W is N or CR 3 ;
  • X is N or CR 4 ;
  • Y is N or CR 5 ;
  • Z is N or CR 6 ;
  • C f is -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , or -CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • R 1 is selected from:
  • R 3 is selected from:
  • R 4 is selected from:
  • R 5 is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 3 , and -OCH 2 CH 3 ;
  • R 6 is selected from:
  • R 7 at each occurrence, is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl;
  • R 8 at each occurrence, is selected from: H, F, Cl, Br, I, CH( -OCH 2 CH 2 0-) , C 1 - 4 haloalkyl,
  • 5-6 membered aromatic heterocycle system containing from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of pyridinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, and oxazolidinyl;
  • R 9 at each occurrence, is selected from D, OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and F;
  • R 10 is selected from OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, F, Cl,
  • R 12 at each occurrence, is selected from Ci- 6 alkyl, C 2 _ 4 alkenyl, C _ 4 alkynyl, C 3 - 6 cycloalkyl, phenyl substituted with 0-2 R 10 , and
  • 5-6 membered aromatic heterocycle system containing from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting pyridinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, and oxazolidinyl, -(CH ) p phenyl substituted with 0-2 R 10 , and -(CH 2 ) P (C 3 _ 5 cycloalkyl); and
  • p at each occurrence, is selected from 0, 1, and 2.
  • the present invention provides a compound of Formula (Ilia) :
  • R 1 is selected from:
  • -CF 3 -CF 2 H, -CH 3 , -CH2CH3, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 CH (CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 C (CH ) 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 3/
  • R 2 is selected from: benzyl, phenethyl, -CH 2 CH 2 cycPr,
  • R 5 is selected from H, F, and Cl
  • R 6 is selected from:
  • the present invention provides a compound of Formula (la) or (lb) : la lb or a stereoisomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof .
  • the present invention provides a novel pharmaceutical composition
  • a novel pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof.
  • the present invention provides a novel method for treating HIV infection which comprises administering to a host in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof.
  • the present invention provides a novel method of treating HIV infection which comprises administering, in combination, to a host in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of :
  • the reverse transcriptase inhibitor is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor .
  • the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor is selected from AZT, 3TC, rescriptor, ddl, ddC, efavirenz, and d4T and the protease inhibitor is selected from saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, VX-478, nelfinavir, KNI-272, CGP-61755, and U-103017.
  • the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor is selected from AZT, rescriptor, efavirenz, and 3TC and the protease inhibitor is selected from saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, and nelfinavir.
  • the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor is AZT.
  • the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor is efavirenz .
  • the protease inhibitor is indinavir.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical kit useful for the treatment of HIV infection, which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of:
  • the present invention provides a novel method of inhibiting HIV present in a body fluid sample which comprises treating the body fluid sample with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) .
  • the present invention to provides a novel a kit or container comprising a compound of formula (I) in an amount effective for use as a standard or reagent in a test or assay for determining the ability of a potential pharmaceutical to inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase, HIV growth, or both.
  • DEFINITIONS As used herein, the following terms and expressions have the indicated meanings . It will be appreciated that the compounds of the present invention contain an asymmetrically substituted carbon atom, and may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. It is well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesis, from optically active starting materials. All chiral, diastereomeric, racemic forms and all geometric isomeric forms of a structure are intended, unless the specific stereochemistry or isomer form is specifically indicated.
  • Multigram scale is preferably the scale wherein at least one starting material is present in 10 grams or more, more preferably at least 50 grams or more, even more preferably at least 100 grams or more.
  • Multikilogram scale is intended to mean the scale wherein more than one kilogram of at least one starting material is used.
  • Industrial scale as used herein is intended to mean a scale which is other than a laboratory scale and which is sufficient to supply product sufficient for either clinical tests or distribution to consumers.
  • the reactions of the synthetic methods claimed herein may be, as noted herein, carried out in the presence of a suitable base, said suitable base being any of a variety of bases, the presence of which in the reaction facilitates the synthesis of the desired product.
  • suitable bases may be selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis.
  • Suitable bases include, but are not intended to be limited to, inorganic bases such as alkali metal, alkali earth metal, thallium, and ammonium hydroxides, alkoxides, phosphates, and carbonates, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, thallium hydroxide, thallium carbonate, tetra-n-butylammonium carbonate, and ammonium hydroxide.
  • inorganic bases such as alkali metal, alkali earth metal, thallium, and ammonium hydroxides, alkoxides, phosphates, and carbonates, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, thallium hydroxide, thallium carbonate, tetra-n-butylammonium carbonate, and ammonium hydroxide.
  • Suitable bases also include organic bases, including but not limited to aromatic and aliphatic amines, such as pyridine; trialkyl amines such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, N,N-diethylcyclohexylamine, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, N,N,N' -triethylenediamine, N,N-dimethyloctylamine; 1, 5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) ; l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) ; 1, 8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) ; tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) ; and substituted pyridines such as N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) ,
  • aromatic and aliphatic amines such as
  • Suitable halogenated solvents include: carbon tetrachloride, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, bromochloromethane, dibromomethane, butyl chloride, dichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2- trichloroethane, 1, 1-dichloroethane, 2-chloropropane, hexafluorobenzene, 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, or fluorobenzene.
  • Suitable ether solvents include, but are not intended to be limited to, dimethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3- dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, furan, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, or t-butyl methyl ether.
  • Suitable protic solvents may include, by way of example and without limitation, water, methanol, ethanol, 2- nitroethanol, 2-fluoroethanol, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol, ethylene glycol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methoxyethanol, 1- butanol, 2-butanol, i-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, 2- ethoxyethanol , diethylene glycol, 1-, 2-, or 3- pentanol, neo-pentyl alcohol, t-pentyl alcohol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, cyclohexanol, anisole, benzyl alcohol, phenol, or glycerol.
  • Suitable aprotic solvents may include, by way of example and without limitation, tetrahydrofuran (THF) , dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAC) , 1,3- dimethyl-3,4,5, 6-tetrahydro-2 (IH) -pyrimidinone (DMPU) , 1,3- dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) , N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) , formamide, N-methylacetamide, N-methylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, propionitrile, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, hexachloroacetone, acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, ethyl acetate, sulfolane, N,N- dimethylpropionamide, tetramethylurea, nitromethane, nitrobenzene, or hexamethylphosphoramide .
  • THF t
  • Suitable hydrocarbon solvents include, but are not intended to be limited to, benzene, cyclohexane, pentane, hexane, toluene, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, heptane, ethylbenzene, m-, o-, or p-xylene, octane, indane, nonane, or naphthalene .
  • amine protecting group refers to any group known in the art of organic synthesis for the protection of amine groups.
  • amine protecting group reagent refers to any reagent known in the art of organic synthesis for the protection of amine groups which may be reacted with an amine to provide an amine protected with an amine protecting group.
  • amine protecting groups include those listed in Greene and Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991) and "The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology, Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York (1981), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • amine protecting groups include, but are not limited to, the following: 1) acyl types such as formyl, trifluoroacetyl, phthalyl, and p-toluenesulfonyl; 2) aromatic carbamate types such as benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) and substituted benzyloxycarbonyls, 1- (p-biphenyl) -1- methylethoxycarbonyl, and 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) ; 3) aliphatic carbamate types such as tert- butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) , ethoxycarbonyl, diisopropylmethoxycarbonyl, and allyloxycarbonyl; 4) cyclic alkyl carbamate types such as cyclopentyloxycarbonyl and adamantyloxycarbonyl; 5) alkyl types such as triphenylmethyl (trityl) and benzyl
  • Amine protecting groups may include, but are not limited to the following: 2, 7-di-t-butyl- [9- (10, 10-dioxo-lO, 10, 10, 10- tetrahydrothio-xanthyl) ]methyloxycarbonyl; 2-trimethylsilyl- ethyloxycarbonyl; 2-phenylethyloxycarbonyl; 1, l-dimethyl-2 , 2- dibromoethyloxycarbonyl ; 1-methyl-l- (4-biphenylyl) - ethyloxycarbonyl; benzyloxycarbonyl ; p-nitrobenzyl- oxycarbonyl ; 2- (p-toluenesulfonyl ) ethyloxy-carbony1 ; m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyloxycarbonyl; 5-benzyisoxazolyl- methyloxycarbonyl ; p- (dihydroxyboryl)benzyl
  • alkyl is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms; for example, “C ⁇ 6 alkyl” denotes alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, ie. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and branched isomers therin..
  • alkyls include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, i-pentyl, n-pentyl, and s-pentyl.
  • haloalkyl examples include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl , pentafluoroethyl, pentachloroethyl , 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, and heptachloropropyl .
  • Alkoxy represents an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. Examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, and s-pentoxy.
  • Cycloalkyl is intended to include saturated ring groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl .
  • Alkenyl is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branched configuration and one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl and the like.
  • Alkynyl is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branched configuration and one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl and the like.
  • Halo or "halogen” as used herein refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
  • Counterion is used to represent a small, negatively charged species such as chloride, bromide, hydroxide, acetate, sulfate and the like.
  • aryl or “aromatic residue” is intended to mean an aromatic moiety containing the specified number of carbon atoms, such as phenyl or naphthyl.
  • carbocycle or “carbocyclic residue” is intended to mean any stable 3- to 7- membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7- to 14- membered bicyclic or tricyclic carbon ring, which may be saturated or partially unsaturated.
  • carbocyles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, adamantyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralin) .
  • heterocycle or “heterocyclic system” is intended to mean a stable 5- to 6- membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring which is saturated partially unsaturated or unsaturated (aromatic) , and which consists of carbon atoms and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S.
  • the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized.
  • the heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure.
  • the heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable. If specifically noted, a nitrogen in the heterocycle may optionally be quaternized. It is preferred that when the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle exceeds one, then these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. It is preferred that the total number of S and 0 atoms in the heterocycle is not more than one.
  • aromatic heterocyclic system is intended to mean a stable 5- to 6- membered monocyclic heterocyclic aromatic ring which consists of carbon atoms and from 1 to 3 heterotams independently selected from the group consisting of N, 0 and S. It is preferred that the total number of S and 0 atoms in the aromatic heterocycle is not more than one.
  • heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 4-piperidonyl, 6H-1,2,5- thiadiazinyl, 2 H, 6H-1 , 5, 2-dithiazinyl, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1, 2, 3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4- oxadiazolyl, 1, 2, 5-oxadiazolyl, 1, 3 , 4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl .
  • oxazolyl piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, 6H-1, 2 , 5-thiadiazinyl, 1, 2, 3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1, 2 , 5-thiadiazolyl, 1, 3 , 4-thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl , thienoimidazolyl, thioph
  • Preferred heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, and oxazolidinyl . Also included are fused ring and spiro compounds containing, for example, the above heterocycles.
  • HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor is intended to refer to both nucleoside and non- nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) .
  • nucleoside RT inhibitors include, but are not limited to, AZT, ddC, ddl, d4T, and 3TC.
  • non- nucleoside RT inhibitors examples include, but are not limited to, efavirenz (DuPont Merck) , rescriptor (delavirdine, Pharmacia and Upjohn) , viviradine (Pharmacia and Upjohn U90152S) , PNU142721 (Pharmacia and Upjohn), TIBO derivatives, BI-RG- 587, nevirapine, L-697,661, LY 73497, and Ro 18,893 (Roche).
  • HIV protease inhibitor is intended to refer to compounds which inhibit HIV protease.
  • Examples include, but are not limited, saquinavir (Roche, Ro31-8959), ritonavir (Abbott, ABT-538) , indinavir (Merck, MK-639) , VX- 478 (Vertex/Glaxo Wellcome), nelfinavir (Agouron, AG-1343), KNI-272 (Japan Energy) , CGP-61755 (Ciba-Geigy) , DMP450 (DuPont Merck), and U-103017 (Pharmacia and Up ohn).
  • Additional examples include the cyclic protease inhibitors disclosed in WO93/07128, W094/19329, WO94/22840, and PCT Application Number US96/03426 and the protease inhibitors disclosed in WO94/04993, W095/33464, W096/28,418, and W096/28,464.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
  • such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic , phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and the like.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like
  • organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods.
  • such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred.
  • Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed. , Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, 1985, p. 1418, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • “Prodrugs” are intended to include any covalently bonded carriers which release the active parent drug according to formula (I) or other formulas or compounds of the present invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject.
  • Prodrugs of a compound of the present invention are prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound.
  • Prodrugs include compounds of the present invention wherein the hydroxy or amino group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl or free amino, respectively.
  • Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups in the compounds of the present invention, and the like.
  • Stable compound and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent . Only stable compounds are contempleted by the present inventio .
  • substituted is replaced with a selection from the indicated group (s), provided that the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” is intended to include an amount of a compound of the present invention or an amount of the combination of compounds claimed effective to inhibit HIV infection or treat the symptoms of HIV infection in a host.
  • the combination of compounds is preferably a synergistic combination. Synergy, as described for example by Chou and Talalay, Adv. Enzyme Regul. 22:27-55 (1984) , occurs when the effect (in this case, inhibition of HIV replication) of the compounds when administered in combination is greater than the additive effect of the compounds when administered alone as a single agent. In general, a synergistic effect is most clearly demonstrated at suboptimal concentrations of the compounds . Synergy can be in terms of lower cytotoxicity, increased antiviral effect, or some other beneficial effect of the combination compared with the individual components .
  • the compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number of ways well known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include but are not limited to those methods described below.
  • Each of the references cited below are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The following abbreviations are used herein:
  • C f is shown as a CF3 group, but could be any one of the presently described R 1 groups; G represents R 3 , R 3a , R 3b , or R 3c or any combination of these groups .
  • Scheme 1 illustrates a method for making 3,3- disubstituted-3 , 4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-ones starting from an appropriately substituted ort o-phenylenediamine .
  • the phenylenediamine is stirred with condensed hexafluoro- propylene oxide to form compounds of formula !_,_ after which the cyclic amide moiety of 1 is protected, for example with SEM, to form compounds of formula 2.
  • Addition of appropriately substituted organometallics, R 2 M provide the 3 , 3-disubstituted compounds 3.
  • Treatment with base is followed by the addition of an appropriately substituted alkyl halide, R 1 Br, to form compounds of formula 4.
  • the product 4 are deprotected to give compounds of the present invention .
  • Scheme la illustrates a method, analogous to Scheme 1, of making derivatives to tetrahydroquinoxalinone compounds of formula 5 wherein W, X, Y, and/or Z are nitrogen.
  • Scheme 2 illustrates the acylation of 3,4-dihydro- quinoxalin-2-ones .
  • Treatment of compounds of formula 3, as can be prepared by Scheme 1, with base is followed by the addition of an appropriately substituted chloroformate, R 12 C0 2 C1 to form compounds of formula 6.
  • the product 6 is deprotected to give compounds of formula 7.
  • Scheme 4 describes the preparation of amides, 10, from acid chlorides R 12 COCl .
  • a substituted quinoxalin-2-one, 1 can be O-protected to form a compound of formula 12.
  • the addition of an organometallic reagent R 2 M followed by the quenching of the resulting anion with a chloroformate can produce compounds of formula 13.
  • the deprotection of a compound 13 will result in compounds of formula 7.
  • N-oxide compound 15 can provide a substrate for the addition of organometallic species R 2 M, followed by the reductive cleavage of the resulting N-hydroxy compound to form compounds of formula 17. Subsequent substitution at the 4-position by R 1 radicals is performed as previously described.
  • One isomer of a compound of Formula (I) may display superior activity compared with the other.
  • both of the following stereochemistries, (la) and (lb), are considered to be a part of the present invention.
  • separation of the racemic material can be achieved by HPLC using a chiral column or by a resolution using a resolving agent such as camphonic chloride as in Steven D. Young, et al, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotheraphy, 1995, 2602-2605.
  • a chiral compound of Formula (I) may also be directly synthesized using a chiral catalyst or a chiral ligand, e.g. Andrew S. Thompson, et al, Tet . lett . 1995, 36, 8937-8940.
  • separation may be achieved by selective cystallization, optionally in the presence of a chiral acid or base thereby forming a chiral salt.
  • Abbreviations used in the Examples are defined as follows: anal, for combustion analysis, “g” for gram or grams, HRMS for high resolution mass spectrometry, “mg” for milligram or milligrams, “mL” for milliliter or milliliters, “mmol” for millimole or millimoles, “h” for hour or hours, “HPLC” for high performance liquid chromatography, “M” for molar, “min” for minute or minutes, “MHz” for megahertz, “MS” for mass spectroscopy, “TLC” for thin layer chromatography.
  • Tables 2 and 3 show representative compounds of the present invention. Each formula shown at the start of Table 2 and 3 is intended to be paired with each entry in the table which follows .
  • Table 2
  • the compounds of this invention possess reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity, in particular, HIV inhibitory efficacy.
  • the compounds of formula (I) possess HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity and are therefore useful as antiviral agents for the treatment of HIV infection and associated diseases.
  • the compounds of formula (I) possess HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity and are effective as inhibitors of HIV growth.
  • the ability of the compounds of the present invention to inhibit viral growth or infectivity is demonstrated in standard assay of viral growth or infectivity, for example, using the assay described below.
  • the compounds of formula (I) of the present invention are also useful for the inhibition of HIV in an ex vivo sample containing HIV or expected to be exposed to HIV.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used to inhibit HIV present in a body fluid sample (for example, a serum or semen sample) which contains or is suspected to contain or be exposed to HIV.
  • the compounds provided by this invention are also useful as standard or reference compounds for use in tests or assays for determining the ability of an agent to inhibit viral clone replication and/or HIV reverse transcriptase, for example in a pharmaceutical research program.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used as a control or reference compound in such assays and as a quality control standard.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be provided in a commercial kit or container for use as such standard or reference compound.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be useful as diagnostic reagents in diagnostic assays for the detection of HIV reverse transcriptase.
  • inhibition of the reverse transcriptase activity in an assay such as the assays described herein by a compound of the present invention would be indicative of the presence of HIV reverse transcriptase and HIV virus .
  • ⁇ g denotes microgram
  • mg denotes milligram
  • g denotes gram
  • ⁇ L denotes microliter
  • mL denotes milliliter
  • L denotes liter
  • nM denotes nanomolar
  • ⁇ M denotes micromolar
  • mM denotes millimolar
  • M denotes molar
  • nm denotes nanometer.
  • Sigma stands for the Sigma-Aldrich Corp. of St. Louis, MO.
  • Plasmid pDAB 72 containing both gag and pol sequences of BHlO (bp 113-1816) cloned into PTZ 19R was prepared according to Erickson-Viitanen et al . AIDS Research and Human
  • Retroviruses 1989, 5, 577 The plasmid was linearized with Bam HI prior to the generation of in vi tro RNA transcripts using the Riboprobe Gemini system II kit (Promega) with T7 RNA polymerase. Synthesized RNA was purified by treatment with RNase free DNAse (Promega) , phenol-chloroform extraction, and ethanol precipitation. RNA transcripts were dissolved in water, and stored at -70°C. The concentration of RNA was determined from the A 2 go-
  • Biotinylated capture probes were purified by HPLC after synthesis on an Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA) DNA synthesizer by addition of biotin to the 5 ' terminal end of the oligonucleotide, using the biotin-phosphoramidite reagent of Cocuzza, Tet . Lett . 1989, 30, 6287.
  • the gag biotinylated capture probe (5-biotin-CTAGCTCCCTGCTTGCCCATACTA 3') was complementary to nucleotides 889-912 of HXB2 and the pol biotinylated capture probe (5 '-biotin -CCCTATCATTTTTGGTTTCCAT 3' ) was complementary to nucleotides 2374-2395 of HXB2.
  • Alkaline phosphatase conjugated oligonucleotides used as reporter probes were prepared by Syngene (San Diego, CA.) .
  • the pol reporter probe (5' CTGTCTTACTTTGATAAAACCTC 3') was complementary to nucleotides 2403-2425 of HXB2.
  • the gag reporter probe (5 ' CCCAGTATTTGTCTACAGCCTTCT 3 ' ) was complementary to nucleotides 950-973 of HXB2. All nucleotide positions are those of the GenBank Genetic Sequence Data Bank as accessed through the Genetics Computer Group Sequence Analysis Software Package (Devereau Nucleic Acids Research 1984, 12, 387).
  • the reporter probes were prepared as 0.5 uM stocks in 2 x SSC (0.3 M NaCl, 0.03 M sodium citrate), 0.05 M Tris pH 8.8, 1 mg/mL BSA.
  • the biotinylated capture probes were prepared as 100 ⁇ M stocks in water.
  • Streptavidin coated plates were obtained from Du Pont Biotechnology Systems (Boston, MA) .
  • MT-2 and MT-4 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) for MT-2 cells or 10% FCS for MT-4 cells, 2 mM L-glutamine and 50 ⁇ g/mL gentamycin, all from Gibco.
  • HIV-1 RF was propagated in MT-4 cells in the same medium. Virus stocks were prepared approximately 10 days after acute infection of MT-4 cells and stored as aliquots at -70°C. Infectious titers of HIV-1 (RF) stocks were 1-3 x 10 ⁇ PFU (plaque forming units) /mL as measured by plaque assay on MT-2 cells (see below) . Each aliquot of virus stock used for infection was thawed only once.
  • FCS fetal calf serum
  • cells to be infected were subcultured one day prior to infection. On the day of infection, cells were resuspended at 5 x 10 ⁇ cells/mL in RPMI 1640, 5% FCS for bulk infections or at 2 x 10 6 /mL in Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium with 5% FCS for infection in microtiter plates. Virus was added and culture continued for 3 days at 37°C.
  • RNA hybridization reactions were diluted three-fold with deionized water to a final guanidinium isothiocyanate concentration of 1 M and aliquots (150 ⁇ L) were transferred to streptavidin coated microtiter plates wells.
  • Binding of capture probe and capture probe-RNA hybrid to the immobilized streptavidin was allowed to proceed for 2 hours at room temperature, after which the plates were washed 6 times with DuPont ELISA plate wash buffer (phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 0.05% Tween 20.)
  • DuPont ELISA plate wash buffer phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 0.05% Tween 20.
  • a second hybridization of reporter probe to the immobilized complex of capture probe and hybridized target RNA was carried out in the washed streptavidin coated well by addition of 120 ⁇ l of a hybridization cocktail containing 4 X SSC, 0.66% Triton X 100, 6.66% deionized formamide, 1 mg/mL BSA and 5 nM reporter probe. After hybridization for one hour at 37°C, the plate was again washed 6 times. Immobilized alkaline phosphatase activity was detected by addition of 100 ⁇ L of 0.2 mM 4-methylumbel
  • Microplate based compound evaluation in HIV-1 infected MT-2 cells Compounds to be evaluated were dissolved in DMSO and diluted in culture medium to twice the highest concentration to be tested and a maximum DMSO concentration of 2%. Further three-fold serial dilutions of the compound in culture medium were performed directly in U bottom microtiter plates (Nunc) . After compound dilution, MT-2 cells (50 ⁇ L) were added to a final concentration of 5 x 10 ⁇ per mL (1 x 10 ⁇ per well) . Cells were incubated with compounds for 30 minutes at 37°C in a CO 2 incubator.
  • HIV-1 (RF) virus stock 50 ⁇ L was added to culture wells containing cells and dilutions of the test compounds. The final volume in each well was 200 ⁇ L. Eight wells per plate were left uninfected with 50 ⁇ L of medium added in place of virus, while eight wells were infected in the absence of any antiviral compound. For evaluation of compound toxicity, parallel plates were cultured without virus infection.
  • RF HIV-1
  • IC 90 value concentration of compound required to reduce the HIV RNA level by 90%
  • ddC dideoxycytidine
  • IC 90 values of other antiviral compounds, both more and less potent than ddC were reproducible using several stocks of HIV-1 (RF) when this procedure was followed.
  • This concentration of virus corresponded to ⁇ 3 x 10 ⁇ PFU (measured by plaque assay on MT-2 cells) per assay well and typically produced approximately 75% of the maximum viral RNA level achievable at any virus inoculum.
  • IC 90 values were determined from the percent reduction of net signal (signal from infected cell samples minus signal from uninfected cell samples) in the RNA assay relative to the net signal from infected, untreated cells on the same culture plate (average of eight wells) . Valid performance of individual infection and RNA assay tests was judged according to three criteria. It was required that the virus infection should result in an RNA assay signal equal to or greater than the signal generated from 2 ng of pDAB 72 in vi tro RNA transcript. The IC 90 ror ddC, determined in each assay run, should be between 0.1 and 0.3 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the plateau level of viral RNA produced by an effective reverse transcriptase inhibitor should be less than 10% of the level achieved in an uninhibited infection.
  • a compound was considered active if its IC 90 was found to be less than 20 ⁇ M.
  • Compounds of the present invention have been found to have an IC 90 less than 20 ⁇ M.
  • HIV-1 RT Assay Materials and Methods This assay measures HIV-1 RT RNA dependent DNA polymerase activity by the incorporation of 3H dTMP onto the template primer Poly (rA) oligo (dT) 12-18.
  • the template primer containing the incorporated radioactivity was separated from unincorporated label by one of two methods :
  • Method 1 The template primer was precipitated with TCA, collected on glass fiber filters and counted for radioactivity with a scintillation counter.
  • Method 2 The currently used method is more rapid and convenient.
  • the template primer is captured on an diethyl amino ethyl (DEAE) ion exchange membrane which is then counted for radioactivity after washing off the free nucleotide.
  • DEAE diethyl amino ethyl
  • the template primer Poly (rA) oligo (dT) 12-18 and dTTP were purchased from Pharmacia Biotech.
  • the template primer and nucleotide were dissolved in diethyl pyrocarbonate water to a concentration of 1 mg/ml and 5.8 mM respectively.
  • the substrates were aliquoted (template primer at 20 ⁇ l/aliquot, dTTP at 9 ⁇ l/aliquot) and frozen at -20 C.
  • the 3H dTTP (2.5 mCi/ml in 10 mM Tricine at pH 7.6; specific activity of 90-120 Ci/mmol) and the recombinant HIV- 1 Reverse Transcriptase (HxB2 background; 100 U/10 ⁇ l in 100 mM potassium phosphate at pH 7.1, 1 mM dithiothreitol and 50% glycerol) were purchased from DuPont NEN. 1 Unit of enzyme is defined by DuPont NEN as the amount required to incorporate 1 nmol of labelled dTTP into acid-insoluble material in 10 minutes at 37 C.
  • the 3H dTTP was aliquoted at 23.2 ⁇ l/microfuge tube (58 ⁇ Ci) and frozen at -20 C.
  • RT Reverse Transcriptase
  • RT buffer 80 mM KC1, 50 mM Tris HCl, 12 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM DTT, 50 ⁇ M EGTA, 5 mg/ml BSA, 0.01% Triton-X 100, pH 8.2
  • aliquoted at 10 ⁇ l/microfuge tube 10 Units/10 ⁇ l
  • One aliquot (enough for 8 assays) was diluted further to 10 Units/100 ⁇ l and aliquoted into 8 tubes (1.25 Units/12.5 ⁇ l) . All aliquots were frozen at -70 C.
  • the Millipore Multiscreen DE 96 well filter plates, multiscreen plate adaptors, and microplate press-on adhesive sealing film were purchased from Millipore.
  • the filter plate containing 0.65 ⁇ m pore size diethyl amino ethyl cellulose (DEAE) paper disks was pretreated with 0.3 M ammonium formate and 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate (2 times 200 ⁇ l /well) at pH 8.0 prior to use.
  • a Skatron 96 well cell harvester and glass fiber filter mats were purchased from Skatron Instruments.
  • Microscint 20 scintillation cocktail was purchased from Packard. Beckman Ready Flow III scintillation cocktail was purchased from Beckman.
  • HIV-1 RT Assav HIV-1 RT Assav:
  • the enzyme and substrate mixture were freshly prepared from the above stock solutions. 1.25 Units of enzyme was diluted with RT buffer (containing 5 mg/ml BSA) to a concentration of 0.05 Units/10 ⁇ l or 0.7 nM. Final enzyme and BSA concentrations in the assay were 0.01 Units or 0.14 nM and 1 mg/ml respectively.
  • the inhibitor and substrate mixture were diluted with RT buffer containing no BSA. All inhibitors were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a stock concentration of 3 mM and stored at -20 C after use. A Biomek robot was used to dilute the inhibitors in a 96 well plate.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • Inhibitors were initially diluted 96 fold from stock and then serially diluted two times (10 fold/dilution) from 31.25 ⁇ M to 3125 nM and 312.5 nM. Depending on the potency of the inhibitor, one of the three dilutions was further diluted. Typically the highest concentration (31.25 ⁇ M) was serially diluted three times at 5 fold/dilution to 6.25, 1.25, and 0.25 ⁇ M. Final inhibitor concentrations in the assay were 12.5, 2.5, 0.5, and 0.1 uM. For potent inhibitors of HIV-1 RT, the final inhibitor concentrations used were 0.1 or 0.01 that stated above.
  • the substrate mixture contained 6.25 ⁇ g/ml of Poly (rA) oligo (dT) 12-18 and 12.5 ⁇ M of dTTP (58 ⁇ Ci 3H dTTP) .
  • the final substrate concentrations were 2.5 ⁇ g/ml and 5 ⁇ M respectively.
  • the assay was terminated with the addition of 175 ⁇ l/well of 50 mM EDTA at pH 8.0. Then 180 ⁇ l of the mixture was transferred to a pretreated Millipore DE 96 well filter plate. Vacuum was applied to the filter plate to aspirate away the liquid and immobilize the template primer on the DEAE filter disks. Each well was washed 3 times with 200 ⁇ l of 0.3 M ammonium formate and 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate at pH 8.0. 50 ⁇ l of microscint 20 scintillation cocktail was added to each well and the plate was counted for radioactivity on a Packard Topcount at 1 minute/well .
  • the IC 50 values were calculated for the inhibitor concentrations that range between 0.1-0.8 fractional activity.
  • the IC 50 values in this range (generally 2 values) were averaged.
  • a compound was considered active if its IC 50 was found to be less than 60uM. Compounds of the present invention have been found to have an IC 50 less than 60 ⁇ M.
  • HSA human serum albumin
  • AAG alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
  • the fold increase in apparent IC90 for test compounds in the presence or added levels of HSA and AAG that reflect in vivo concentrations (45 mg/ml HSA, 1 mg/ml AAG) was then calculated. The lower the fold increase, the more compound will be available to interact with the target site. 2.
  • the combination of the high rate of virus replication in the infected individual and the poor fidelity of the viral RT results in the production of a quasi-species or mixtures of HIV species in the infected individual. These species will include a majority wild type species, but also mutant variants of HIV and the proportion of a given mutant ⁇ will reflect its relative fitness and replication rate.
  • mutant variants including mutants with changes in the amino acid sequence of the viral RT likely pre-exist in the infected individual's quasi-species, the overall potency observed in the clinical setting will reflect the ability of a drug to inhibit not only wild type HIV-1, but mutant variants as well.
  • mutant variants of HIV-1 which carry amino acid substitutions at positions thought to be involved in NNRTI binding, and measured the ability of test compounds to inhibit replication of these mutant viruses.
  • the concentration of compound required for 90% inhibition of virus replication as measured in a sensitive viral RNA-based detection method is designated the IC90. It is desirable to have a compound which has high activity against a variety of mutants.
  • the antiviral compounds of this invention can be administered as treatment for viral infections by any means that produces contact of the active agent with the agent's site of action, i.e., the viral reverse transcriptase, in the body of a mammal. They can be administered by any conventional means available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination of therapeutic agents . They can be administered alone, but preferably are administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. The dosage administered will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the age, health and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; and the effect desired. A daily dosage of active ingredient can be expected to be about 0.001 to about 1000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, with the preferred dose being about 0.1 to about 30 mg/kg.
  • compositions suitable for administration contain from about 1 mg to about 100 mg of active ingredient per unit.
  • the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.5-95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
  • the active ingredient can be administered orally in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as elixirs, syrups and suspensions. It can also be administered parenterally, in sterile liquid dosage forms.
  • Gelatin capsules contain the active ingredient and powdered carriers, such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours . Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increase patient acceptance.
  • water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose) , and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions .
  • Solutions for parenteral administration preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances.
  • Antioxidizing agents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing agents.
  • citric acid and its salts, and sodium EDTA are also used.
  • parenteral solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propyl-paraben and chlorobutanol .
  • Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, supra, a standard reference text in this field.
  • a large number of unit capsules can be prepared by filling standard two-piece hard gelatin capsules each with 100 mg of powdered active ingredient, 150 mg of lactose, 50 mg of cellulose, and 6 mg magnesium stearic.
  • a mixture of active ingredient in a digestible oil such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil or olive oil can be prepared and injected by means of a positive displacement pump into gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules containing 100 mg of the active ingredient .
  • the capsules should then be washed and dried. Tablets
  • a large number of tablets can be prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 100 mg of active ingredient, 0.2 mg of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 milligrams of magnesium stearate, 275 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 11 mg of starch and 98.8 mg of lactose.
  • Appropriate coatings may be applied to increase palatability or delay absorption.
  • An aqueous suspension can be prepared for oral administration so that each 5 mL contain 25 mg of finely divided active ingredient, 200 mg of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 mg of sodium benzoate, 1.0 g of sorbitol solution, U.S. P., and 0.025 mg of vanillin.
  • a parenteral composition suitable for administration by injection can be prepared by stirring 1.5% by weight of active ingredient in 10% by volume propylene glycol and water. The solution is sterilized by commonly used techniques .
  • Each therapeutic agent component of this invention can independently be in any dosage form, such as those described above, and can also be administered in various ways, as described above.
  • component (b) is to be understood to represent one or more agents as described previously. Thus, if components (a) and (b) are to be treated the same or independently, each agent of component (b) may also be treated the same or independently.
  • Components (a) and (b) of the present invention may be formulated together, in a single dosage unit (that is, combined together in one capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid, etc.) as a combination product.
  • the component (a) may be administered at the same time as component (b) or in any order; for example component (a) of this invention may be administered first, followed by administration of component (b) , or they may be administered in the revserse order. If component (b) contains more that one agent, e.g., one RT inhibitor and one protease inhibitor, these agents may be administered together or in any order.
  • component (a) and (b) When not administered at the same time, preferably the administration of component (a) and (b) occurs less than about one hour apart .
  • the route of administration of component (a) and (b) is oral.
  • component (a) and component (b) both be administered by the same route (that is, for example, both orally) or dosage form, if desired, they may each be administered by different routes (that is, for example, one component of the combination product may be administered orally, and another component may be administered intravenously) or dosage forms.
  • the dosage of the combination therapy of the invention may vary depending upon various factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration, the age, health and weight of the recipient, the nature and extent of the symptoms, the kind of concurrent treatment, the frequency of treatment, and the effect desired, as described above.
  • the proper dosage of components (a) and (b) of the present invention will be readily ascertainable by a medical practitioner skilled in the art, based upon the present disclosure.
  • typically a daily dosage may be about 100 milligrams to about 1.5 grams of each component. If component (b) represents more than one compound, then typically a daily dosage may be about 100 milligrams to about 1.5 grams of each agent of component (b) .
  • the dosage amount of each component may be reduced by about 70- 80% relative to the usual dosage of the component when it is administered alone as a single agent for the treatment of HIV infection, in view of the synergistic effect of the combination.
  • the combination products of this invention may be formulated such that, although the active ingredients are combined in a single dosage unit, the physical contact between the active ingredients is minimized.
  • one active ingredient may be enteric coated.
  • enteric coating one of the active ingredients it is possible not only to minimize the contact between the combined active ingredients, but also, it is possible to control the release of one of these components in the gastrointestinal tract such that one of these components is not released in the stomach but rather is released in the intestines.
  • Another embodiment of this invention where oral administration is desired provides for a combination product wherein one of the active ingredients is coated with a sustained-release material which effects a sustained-release throughout the gastrointestinal tract and also serves to minimize physical contact between the combined active ingredients.
  • the sustained-released component can be additionally enteric coated such that the release of this component occurs only in the intestine.
  • Still another approach would involve the formulation of a combination product in which the one component is coated with a sustained and/or enteric release polymer, and the other component is also coated with a polymer such as a lowviscosity grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or other appropriate materials as known in the art, in order to further separate the active components.
  • the polymer coating serves to form an additional barrier to interaction with the other component.
  • Dosage forms of the combination products of the present invention wherein one active ingredient is enteric coated can be in the form of tablets such that the enteric coated component and the other active ingredient are blended together and then compressed into a tablet or such that the enteric coated component is compressed into one tablet layer and the other active ingredient is compressed into an additional layer.
  • one or more placebo layers may be present such that the placebo layer is between the layers of active ingredients.
  • dosage forms of the present invention can be in the form of capsules wherein one active ingredient is compressed into a tablet or in the form of a plurality of microtablets, particles, granules or non-perils, which are then enteric coated. These enteric coated microtablets, particles, granules or non-perils are then placed into a capsule or compressed into a capsule along with a granulation of the other active ingredient.
  • kits useful for the treatment of HIV infection which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of component (a) and one or more compounds of component (b) , in one or more sterile containers, are also within the ambit of the present invention. Sterilization of the container may be carried out using conventional sterilization methodology well known to those skilled in the art. Component (a) and component (b) may be in the same sterile container or in separate sterile containers.
  • kits may further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as for example, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional vials for mixing the components, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, may also be included in the kit.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne des quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones qui correspondent à la formule (I), ainsi leurs formes ou leurs mélanges stéréoisomères et leurs sels pharmaceutiquement acceptables. Ces quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones peuvent être utilisés comme inhibiteurs de transcriptase inverse du VIH. Cette invention concerne également des compositions pharmaceutiques et des trousses de diagnostic comprenant ces quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, ainsi que des procédés d'utilisation de ces derniers dans le traitement d'infections virales ou en qualité de standard d'analyse ou de réactif.
EP99930715A 1998-06-26 1999-06-25 Quinoxalin-2(1h)-ones substitues utilises comme inhibiteurs de transcriptase inverse du vih Withdrawn EP1089979A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US9089398P 1998-06-26 1998-06-26
US90893P 1998-06-26
PCT/US1999/014395 WO2000000478A1 (fr) 1998-06-26 1999-06-25 Quinoxalin-2(1h)-ones substitues utilises comme inhibiteurs de transcriptase inverse du vih

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EP1089979A1 true EP1089979A1 (fr) 2001-04-11

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EP (1) EP1089979A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU4719699A (fr)
CA (1) CA2334332A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000000478A1 (fr)

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JP2005538184A (ja) * 2002-09-11 2005-12-15 メルク　エンド　カムパニー　インコーポレーテッド Ｈｉｖインテグラーゼ阻害剤として有用な８−ヒドロキシ−１−オキソ−テトラヒドロピロロピラジン化合物
CA2498111A1 (fr) 2002-09-11 2004-03-25 Merck & Co., Inc. Composes de dihydroxypyridopyrazine-1,6-diones utiles en tant qu'inhibiteurs de l'integrase du vih
CA2542047A1 (fr) * 2003-10-20 2005-05-12 Merck & Co., Inc. Composes pyridopyrrolopyrazine dione hydroxy utiles comme inhibiteurs de l'integrase du vih
US7601716B2 (en) 2006-05-01 2009-10-13 Cephalon, Inc. Pyridopyrazines and derivatives thereof as ALK and c-Met inhibitors
ES2467108T3 (es) 2008-12-09 2014-06-11 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Moduladores de receptores tipo toll
NO2477987T3 (fr) 2009-09-14 2018-06-09
EP2873669A4 (fr) * 2012-07-13 2015-11-25 Takeda Pharmaceutical Composé hétérocyclique
RU2550346C2 (ru) * 2013-09-26 2015-05-10 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Отечественные Фармацевтические Технологии" ООО"ФармТех" Новые химические соединения (варианты) и их применение для лечения онкологических заболеваний
PT3166607T (pt) 2014-07-11 2022-12-07 Gilead Sciences Inc Moduladores de receptores de tipo toll para o tratamento do vih
CA2960436C (fr) 2014-09-16 2021-01-05 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Formes solides d'un modulateur de recepteurs de type toll
BR112017005100A2 (pt) 2014-09-16 2017-12-05 Gilead Sciences Inc métodos de preparação de moduladores de receptores do tipo toll
WO2017070796A1 (fr) * 2015-10-30 2017-05-04 Trillium Therapeutics Inc. Dérivés hétérocycliques et leur utilisation pour le traitement de troubles du snc
CN114685384B (zh) * 2022-03-03 2023-07-14 深圳大学 一种二氟甲基反应方法及其应用

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JPS62207264A (ja) * 1986-03-07 1987-09-11 Asahi Glass Co Ltd 含窒素複素環系誘導体の製造法
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AU4719699A (en) 2000-01-17
CA2334332A1 (fr) 2000-01-06

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