EP1115865A2 - Atp bindende kassettengene und proteine zur diagnose und behandlung von fettstörungen und entzündlichen krankheiten - Google Patents

Atp bindende kassettengene und proteine zur diagnose und behandlung von fettstörungen und entzündlichen krankheiten

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EP1115865A2
EP1115865A2 EP99969740A EP99969740A EP1115865A2 EP 1115865 A2 EP1115865 A2 EP 1115865A2 EP 99969740 A EP99969740 A EP 99969740A EP 99969740 A EP99969740 A EP 99969740A EP 1115865 A2 EP1115865 A2 EP 1115865A2
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Prior art keywords
cholesterol
polynucleotide
abc
cells
abcgl
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French (fr)
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Gerd Schmitz
Jochen Klucken
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Bayer AG
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Bayer AG
Bayer Healthcare AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • ATP binding cassette genes and proteins for diagnosis and treatment of lipid disorders and inflammatory diseases
  • Reverse cholesterol transport mediated by HDL provides a " protective" mechanism for cell membrane integrity and foam cell formation and cellular cholesterol is taken up by circulating HDL or its precursor molecules.
  • the precise mechanism of reverse cholesterol transport however is currently not fully understood and the mechanism of cellular cholesterol efflux and transfer from the cell surface to an acceptor-particle, such as HDL, is yet unclear.
  • Certain candidate gene products have been postulated playing a role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport [1 ].
  • Apolipoproteins e.g. ApoA-I, ApoA-IV
  • lipid transfer proteins e.g. CETP, PLTP
  • enzymes e.g. LCAT, LPL, HL
  • SR-BI plasma membrane receptors
  • HB1/2 [4] HB1/2 [4]
  • GPI-linked proteins e.g. 120 kDa and 80 kDa
  • Rafts sphingolipid rich microdomains
  • Cholesterol and phospholipid homeostasis in monocytes/macrophages and other cells involved in the atherosclerotic process is a critical determinant in atherosclerotic vessel disease.
  • the phagocytic function of macrophages in host defense, tissue remodelling, uptake and lysosomal degradation of atherogenic lipoproteins and membrane fragments or other lipid containing particles has to be balanced by effective release mechanisms to avoid foam cell formation.
  • HDL mediated reverse cholesterol transport, supported by endogenous ApoE and CETP synthesis and secretion provides an effective mechanism to release excessive cholesterol from macrophages and other vascular cells.
  • New cholesterol responsive genes were identified with differential display method in human monocytes from peripheral blood that were subjected to macrophage differentiation and cholesterol loading with acetylated LDL and subsequent deloading with HDL
  • ABCGl ATP-Binding Cassette
  • the cholesterol sensitive ABC-transporter are named according to the new ABC- nomenclature and listed in Table 3 with the new and the old designations, respectively.
  • ABCGl is the human homologue of the drosophila white gene. Sequencing of the promoter of ABCGl (Example 7) shows important transcription factor binding sites relevant for phagocytic differentiation and lipid sensitivity.
  • ABCGl in the cell membrane is in a regulated functional cooperation (e.g. cell differentiation, activation, cholesterol loading and deloading) with other membrane receptors that have either transport- (e.g. LRP-LDL receptor related protein) or signalling- and adhesion-function (e.g. integrins, integrin associated proteins) which is also supported by sequence homology of extracellular domains as well as other parts of the ABCGl sequence.
  • transport- e.g. LRP-LDL receptor related protein
  • signalling- and adhesion-function e.g. integrins, integrin associated proteins
  • aminoacid residues 580 through 644 shares homology with fibronectin (aa 317-327), integrin ⁇ 5 (aa 538-547), RAP (aa 1 19-127), LRP (aa 2874-2894), apoB-100 precursor (aa 4328-4369), glutathion-S-tranferase
  • ABCAl was identified in the mouse as an IL-lbeta transporter involved also in apoptotic cell processing.
  • RT-PCR RT-PCR
  • Example 6 confirmation by Northern analysis, based on the newly detected human ABCAl cDNA sequence (Example 6), that ABCAl follows the same regulation as ABCGl.
  • ABCAl -knockout mice show massively reduced levels of serum lipids and lipoproteins.
  • the expression of ABCAl in mucosa cells of the small intestine and the altered lipoprotein metabolism in ABCAl-/- mice allows the conclusion that ABCAl plays a major role in intestinal absorption and translocation of lipids into the lymph-system
  • a recently sequenced human ABC-transporter (ABCA8, Example 9) shows high homology to ABCAl and also belongs to the group of cholesterol sensitive ABC- transporter.
  • ABCC5 (MRP5, sMRP) is a member of the MRP-subfamily among which ABCC2 (MRP2, cMOAT) was characterized as the hepatocyte canalicular membrane transporter that is involved in bilirubin glucoronide secretion [9] and identified as the gene locus for Dubin-Johnson Syndrome [10] a disorder associated with mild chronic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
  • ABCAl as a transporter for IL-1 ⁇ identifies this gene as a candidate gene for treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and septic shock.
  • the cytokine IL-1 ⁇ is a broadly acting proinflammatory mediator that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
  • glyburide as an inhibitor of IL-1 ⁇ secretion inhibits not only Caspase I mediated processing of pro-IL-1 ⁇ and release of mature IL-1 ⁇ but simultaneously inhibits ceramide formation from sphingomyelin mediated by neutral sphingomyelinase and thereby releases human fibroblasts from G 2 -phase cell cycle arrest.
  • Autoimmune disorders that are associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome can be related to dysregulation of B-cell and T-cell function, aberrant antigen processing, or aberrations in the asymmetric distribution of membrane phospholipids.
  • ABC-transporters are, besides their transport function, candidate genes for phospholipid translocases, floppases and scramblases that regulate phospholipid asymmetry (outer leaflet: PC+SPM; inner leaflet: PS+PE) of biological membranes [1 1].
  • PC+SPM inner leaflet: PS+PE
  • ABC genes as specified herein can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic applications as well as for biochemical or cell-based assays to screen for pharmacologically active compounds which can be used for treatment of lipid disorders, atherosclerosis or other inflammatory diseases.
  • the invention provides tools to identify modulators of these genes and gene products. These modulators can be used for the treatment of lipid disorders, atherosclerosis or other inflammatory diseases or for the preparation of medicaments for treatment of lipid disorders, atherosclerosis or other inflammatory diseases.
  • the medicaments comprise besides the modulator acceptable and usefull pharmaceutical carriers.
  • FCS foetal calve serum
  • FIELDING CJ FIELDING PE: Molecular physiology of reverse cholesterol transport. J. Lipid Res. 1995, 36:21 1-228. 2. JI Y, JIAN B, WANG N, SUN Y, MOYA ML, PHILLIPS MC, ROTHBLAT
  • GH, SWANEY JB, TALL AR Scavenger receptor Bl promotes high density lipoprotein-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. J.Biol.Chem. 1997, 272:20982-20985.
  • ROTHBLAT GH Scavenger receptor class B type
  • YANG Y A viral inhibitor of peptide transporters for antigen presentation. Nature 1995, 375:415-418.
  • HIGGINS CF ABC transporters: from microorganisms to man. Annu.Rev.Cell Biol. 1992, 8:67-113:67-113.
  • GOTTESMAN MM, PASTAN I Biochemistry of multidrug resistance mediated by the multidrug transporter. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1993, 62:385- 427:385-427. 18. MOSSER J, LUTZ Y, STOECKEL ME, SARDE CO, KRETZ C, DOUAR AM, LOPEZ J, AUBOURG P, MANDEL JL: The gene responsible for adrenoleukodystrophy encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein. Hum. Mol.Genet. 1994, 3:265-271. 19. BASU SK, GOLDSTEIN JL, BROWN MS: Characterization of the low density lipoprotein receptor in membranes prepared from human fibroblasts. JBiol Chem 1978, 253:3852-3856.
  • LIANG P, PARDEE AB Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction [see comments]. Science 1992, 257:967-971.
  • PIETZSCH A BUCHLER C, ASLANIDIS C.
  • SCHMITZ G Identification and characterization of a novel monocyte/macrophage differentiation-dependent gene that is responsive to lipopolysaccharide, ceramide. and lysophos- phatidylcholine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997, 235:4-9. 22.
  • LOHMANN J, SCHICKLE H, BOSCH TC REN display, a rapid and efficient method for nonradioactive differential display and mRNA isolation. Biotechniques 1995, 18:200-202.
  • FIGS 1 to 5 are showing nucleotide and protein sequences described in this application. The sequences are repeated in the sequence listing.
  • RNA transcripts of ABCGl (ABC8), ABCAl (ABCl ) and ABCA8 in human tissues were determined by Northern blot analysis of a multiple tissue dot-blot
  • Table 2 The expression pattern of ABC-transporters in monocytes, monocyte derived macrophages (3 days cultivated monocytes in serum free Macrophage-SFM medium containing 50 ng/ml M-CSF), AcLDL incubated monocytes (3 days with 100 ⁇ g/ml) followed by HDL 3 (100 ⁇ g/ml) incubated monocytes is shown. Expressed genes are tested for cholesterol sensitivity by semiquantitative PCR. For known ABC-Transporter the chromosomal location and the transported molecules are also presented.
  • Table 4 Expression of ABC-Transporters in HaCaT keratinocytic cells during differentiation
  • Elutriated human monocytes were cultivated in M-CSF containing but serum free macrophage medium supplemented with AcLDL (100 ⁇ g protein/ml medium) for three days, followed by cholesterol depletion replacing AcLDL by HDL, (100 ⁇ g protein/ml medium) for twelve hours.
  • ABCGl (ABC8) was discoverd as a novel cholesterol sensitive gene. ABCGl belongs to the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene family. ABCGl was recently published as the human analogue of the drosophila white gene [6-8].
  • the gene is strongly upregulated by AcLDL-mediated cholesterol loading, and almost completely downregulated by HDL, mediated-cholesterol deloading. as confirmed by Northern blot (Example 2).
  • Nothern blot analysis oh mRNA from human monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from the peripherical blood probands clearly show upregulation of ABCGl mRNA formation upon AcLDL incubation. In sharp contrast, ABCGl mRNA expression was decreased in such macrophages upon incubation with HDL, containing medium.
  • monocytes For effective cholesterol loading monocytes must be differentiated to phagocytic- macrophage like cells. During this period scavenger receptors are upregulated and promote AcLDL uptake leading to cholesteryl ester accumulation. After four days preincubation period we have incubated the cells for one, two and three days with AcLDL (100 ⁇ g/ml) to show cholesteryl ester accumulation. After two days of loading we deloaded the cells with HDL 3 for 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively.
  • ABCGl is time dependently upregulated during the AcLDL loading period and downregulated by HDL, deloading (Examples 2 and 3)
  • Nothern blot analyses for ABCGl mRNA quantification were made, RNA samples from the macrophages were harvested at day zero and day four as controls and mRNA samples were taken one, two, and three days after AcLDL treatment of macrophages. which started at day four.
  • a dramatic increase of ABCGl mRNA content of the macrophages could be detected from day five through day seven by Nothern blot analyses.
  • the ABCGl gene maps to human chromosome 21q 22.3. Also localized in this region 21q 22.3 are the following genes: integrin ⁇ 2 (CD 18), brain specific polypeptide 19, down syndrome cell adhesion molecule, dsRNA specific adenosine deaminase, cystathionine ⁇ synthase, collagen VI alpha-2. collagen XVIII alpha-1, autosomal recessive deafness, and amyloid beta precursor.
  • This chromosomal region is in close proximity to other regions involved in Down syndrome, autosomal dominant bipolar affective disorder, and autosomal recessive non-syndromic deafness.
  • the putative structure of the hydrophobic transmembrane region of ABCGl shows 6 transmembrane spanning domains, and 3 extracellular loops, two of them are 9- and 8-amino acids-long, respectively, while the third one is 66-amino acids-long.
  • the larger one of the two intracellular loops consists of 30 amino acids. Similarity- survey in protein databases for homologies the 3rd extracellular loop (Illex) with other genes resulted in the identification of fibronectin, integrin ⁇ 5, RAP, LRP (LDL receptor related protein) apo-lipoprotein B 100 precursor protein, glutathion S- transferase and glucose transporter.
  • ABCGl in order to perform flow cytometric analysis, energy transfer experiments and Western-blotting (see Example 3).
  • the 3rd extracellular loop (Illex) comprises 66 amino acids comprises 66 amino acids from amino acid 580 through 644.
  • the peptide fragment for antibody generation comprises the amino acid residues 613 through 628 of ABCGl polypeptide.
  • ABCGl obviously interacts with endogenous sequence motivs with other membrane receptors involved in transport (e.g. LRP, RAP), signalling and adhesion (e.g. integrins, integrin associated proteins) as a basis of ABCGl -function and regulation.
  • sequence comparisons of all ABC-transporters listed in Table 3 indicates functional cooperation with other membrane receptors as a general principle of the whole gene family.
  • ABCGl (ABC8) forms a subfamily together ABCG2 (estl 57481) and this subfamily is closely related to the full-size transporters ABCAl (ABC l ).
  • ABCA2 (ABC2), ABCA3 (ABC3), ABCA4 (ABCR) and the half-size transporter ABCF1 (TSAP) .
  • the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily contains some of the most functionally diverse proteins known. Most of the members of the ABC family (also called traffic ATP-ases) function as ATP-dependent active transporters (Table 3).
  • the typical functional unit consists of a pair of ATP-binding domains and a set of transmembrane (TM) domains.
  • the TM-domains determine the specificity for the type of molecule transported, and the ATP-binding domains provide the energy to move the molecule through the membrane [14; 15].
  • the variety of substrates handled by different ABC-transporters is enormous and ranges from ions to peptides. Specific transporters are found for nutrients, endogenous toxins, xenobiotics. peptides, aminoacids, sugars, organic/inorganic ions, vitamins, steroid hormones and drugs [16; 17].
  • ABC-transporter associated diseases are found for nutrients, endogenous toxins, xenobiotics. peptides, amino
  • Antisense against ABCGl inhibits cholesterol efflux to HDL 3
  • ABCGl is a cholesterol sensitive gene and other ABC transporters are known to be involved in certain lipid transport processes, the question arises whether ABCGl plays a role in transport of cholesterol, phospholipids, fatty acids or glycerols. Therefore antisense experiments were performed to test the influence of
  • the ABCGl promoter has the characteristic binding sites for transcription factors that are involved in the differentiation of monocytes into phagocytic macrophages.
  • the cholesterol sensitivity of the expression of ABCGl is represented by the transcription factor pattern that is relevant for phagocytic differentiation (Example 7). Examples
  • Monocytes were obtained from peripheral blood of healthy normolipidemic volunteers by leukapheresis and purified by counterflow elutriation. Purity of isolated monocytes was >95% as revealed by FACS analysis. l OxlO 6 monocytes were seeded into 100 mm 2 diameters cell culture dishes under serum free conditions in macrophage medium for 12 hours in a humidified 37°C incubator maintained with a 5% CO2, 95% air atmosphere. After 12 hours medium containing unattached cells was replaced by fresh macrophage medium supplemented with 50 ng/ml human recombinant M-CSF (this medium is the standard medium for any further incubations).
  • LDL was acetylated by repeated addition of acetic anhydride followed by dialysis against PBS [19]. Modified LDL showed enhanced mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis. Incubation of monocyte-macrophages with AcLDL and HDL 3
  • preincubation cells were grown in the presence or absence (control) of 100 ⁇ g protein /ml AcLDL for further 3 day in medium. Then, the incubation medium was replaced with fresh medium and incubated with or without the addition of HDL 3 (100 ⁇ g/ml) for another 12 hours.
  • RNA isolation from monocytes at various incubations was reverse transcribed with specific anchored oligo-dT primers, using a commercially available kit (GeneAmp RNA PCR Core Kit, Perkin Elmer, Germany).
  • the oligo-dT primers used had two additional nucleotides at their 3' end consisting of an invariable A at the second last position (3'-end) and A, C, G or T at the last position to allow a subset of mRNAs to be reverse transcribed.
  • a 13-mer oligo-dT (TI 01 : 5'Tl lAG-2' ) was used in a 20- ⁇ l reaction at 2,5 ⁇ M concentration.
  • One tenth of the cDNA was amplified in a 20- ⁇ l PCR reaction using the same oligo-dT and an arbitrary 10-mer upstream primer (D20 5'-GATCAATCGC-3'), 2,5 ⁇ M each, using 2,5 units of TAQ DNA Polymerase and 1.25 mM MgC12.
  • Amplification was for 40 cycles with denaturation at 94°C for 30 sec, annealing at 41 °C for 1 min and elongation at 72°C for 30 sec with a 5 min extension at 72°C following the last cycle.
  • PCR reactions were carried out in a Perkin Elmer 9600 thermocycler (Perkin Elmer, Germany). PCR-products were separated on ready to use 10% polyacrylamide gels with a 5% stacking gel (CleanGel Large- 10/40 ETC, Germany) under non-denaturating conditions using the Multiphor II electrophoresis apparatus (Pharmacia, Germany). The DNA fragments were visualized by silverstaining of the gel as previously described [22]. Cloning and sequencing of differentially expressed cDNAs cDNA bands of interest were cut out of the gel and DNA was isolated by boiling the gel slice for 10 min in 20 ⁇ l of water. A 4 ⁇ l aliquot was used for the following PCR- reaction in a 20 ⁇ l volume.
  • the cDNA was reamplified using the same primer set and PCR conditions as above, except, that the final dNTP concentration was ImM each.
  • Reamplified cDNAs were cloned in the pUC18-vector using ABCC8 (SUR)eClone- Kit (Pharmacia), sequenced on an automated fluorescence DNA sequencer using the AutoRead Sequencing Kit (Pharmacia, Germany) and used as probes for Northern blot analysis [23].
  • monocytes For effective cholesterol loading monocytes must be differentiated to macrophage like cells. During this period scavenger receptors are upregulated and promote AcLDL uptake leading to cholesteryl ester accumulation.
  • To differentiated the cells prior to AcLDL-dependent cholesterol loading we cultured the cells for four days in standard medium. At day four, cells were washed and incubated with AcLDL (lOO ⁇ g/ml medium) or in the absence of AcLDL as control for further one. two and three days to load the cells with cholesterol. At each timepoint cells were lysed with 0.1 % SDS and lipid was extracted as described in materials and methods and cellular cholesteryl ester was determined by HPTLC-separation. Cells were loaded time dependently up to 120 nmol/mg cell protein after 3 days AcLDL loading, whereas in unloaded cells no cholesteryl ester accumulation could be observed.
  • the efflux of cholesterol is expressed in percent of cellular DPMs of total DPMs (counts in the cells plus medium) With HDL, the efflux is faster and more intense, than the efflux without the addition of HDL, as an endogenous lipid acceptor. After 12 hours cellular cholesterol content was reduced to 68 % with HDL,-dependent deloading, and 86 % in HDL,-independent deloading. After 48 hours only 35 % of loaded 14C-cholesterol was observed in the cells treated with HDL, . In contrast, 70 % of loaded l4 C-cholesterol was found in untreated cells
  • RNA-expression is downregulated again, in HDL 3 treated cells more intense than in cells treatet without any exogenous lipid acceptor.
  • Macrophage medium (Macrophage-SFM) was obtained from Gibco Life Technologies, Germany. Human recombinant M-CSF was obtained from Genzyme Diagnostics, Germany, and antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were supplied by Biognostics, Germany. All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma. Nylon membranes and a32P-dCTP were obtained from Amersham, Germany, 14C- cholesterol and 3H-choline chloride from NEN, Germany, and cell culture dishes are Becton Dickinson, Germany
  • RNA was isolated at each time-point, before and after AcLDL incubation, and after HDL 3 incubation, respectivly, Washed cells were solubilized in guanidine isothiocyanate followed by sedimentation of the extract through cesium chloride [24].
  • 10 ⁇ g/lane of total RNA samples were fractionated by electrophoresis in 1 ,2% agarose agarose gel containing 6% formaldehyde and blotted onto nylon membranes (Schleicher & Sch ⁇ ll, Germany).
  • ABCGl Protein expression of ABCGl (ABC8) is upregulated in AcLDL-loaded and dovvn- regulated in HDL 3 -deloaded monocyte-derived macrophages.
  • Western blotting with a peptide antibody against ABCGl as described in materials and methods is performed with 40 ⁇ g of total protein for each lane of SDS-PAGE.
  • ABCGl -protein expression is shown in freshly isolated monocytes (day zero) and in differentiated monocytes (day four). From day four to day seven (5d; 6d; 7d) monocyte-derived macrophages were loaded with AcLDL or without AcLDL as control.
  • AcLDL loaded cells from day 6 (6d) were deloaded with HDL, for 12, 24, and 48 hours and without exogenous added HDL lipid-acceptor.
  • AcLDL increases the protein-expression, whereas HDL, decreases the expression to normal levels again.
  • ABCGl specific peptide antibodies were generated by immunization of chickens and rabbits with a synthetic peptide (Fa. Pineda, Berlin).
  • the peptide sequence was chosen from the extracellular domain exIII amino acid residues 613-628 of ABCGl comprising the amino acids REDLHCDIDETCHFQ (see sequence listing ID No. 53).
  • After 58 days of immunization western blotting was performed with 1 : 1000 diluted serum and 1 : 10000 secondary peroxidase labelled antibody.
  • SDS-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis was performed with 40 ⁇ g total cellular protein per lane. Proteins were transferred to Immobilon as reported. Transfer was confirmed by Coomassie Blue staining of the gel after the electroblot. After blocking for at least 2 hours in 5% nonfat dry milk the blot was washed 3 times for 15 minutes in PBS. Antiserum generated as described was used at 1 :1000 dilution in 5% nonfat dry milk in PBS. The blot was incubated for 1 hour. After 4 times washing with PBS at room-temperature a secondary peroxidase-labelled rabbit anti chicken IgG- antibody (1 :10000 diluted, Sigma) was incubated in 5% nonfat dry milk in PBS for 1 hour. After 2 times washing with PBS, detection of the immune complexes was carried out with the ECL Western blot detection system (Amersham International PLC, UK).
  • Monocytes were labelled with the specific antibodies for 15 minutes on ice, one antibody is labelled by biotin, the other one is labelled by phycoerythrin. After washing the cells were incubated with a Cy5-conjugated streptavidin for another 15 minutes. Distances between antibody labelled proteins on the cell surface is measured by energy transfer with a FACScan (Becton Dickinson). Following single laser excitation at 488 nm the Cy5 specific emmission represents an indirect excitation of Cy5 dependent on the proximity of the PE-conjugated antibody. The relative transfer efficiency was calculated following standardisation for the intensity of PE and Cy5 labelling and nonspecific overlap of fluorescence based on dual laser excitation and comparison to separately stained control samples.
  • Antisense experiments were conducted in order to address the question, that beyond being regulated by cholesterol loading and deloading ABCGl is directly involved in lipid loading and deloading processes.
  • antisense oligonucleotides decreased the efflux of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine to HDL,.
  • the cells were coincubated with 17 different antisense oligonucleotides.
  • the cells were pulsed in the loading period with 1,5 ⁇ Ci/ml 14 C-cholesterol and 3 ⁇ Ci/ml 3 H-choline chloride. The medium was changed and during the chase period cells were incubated with or without HDL, for 12 hours.
  • the 14 C-cholesterol and ⁇ -choline content in the medium and in the cell lysate was measured and the efflux was determined in percent of total l4 C-cholesterol and 3 H- choline loading.
  • the most effective antisense oligonucleotide (AS Nr.2) inhibited cholesterol and phospholipids efflux relative to cells that were treated with control antisense (AS control).
  • a dose dependent decrease in cholesterol efflux of 16,79% (5nmol AS) and 32,01% (10 nmol AS) could be shown, respectively.
  • the cells were pulsed in addition to AcLDL-incubation with 1,5 ⁇ Ci/ml , C-cholesterol and 3 ⁇ Ci/ml H- choline chloride.
  • the medium was changed and in chase period the cells were incubated with or without HDL, for 12 hours.
  • Lipid extraction was performed according to the method of Bligh and Dyer [26].
  • the l4 C-cholesterol and 3 H-choline content in the medium and in the cell lysate was measured by liquid scintillation counting and the efflux was determined in percent of total l C-cholesterol and 3 H- choline loading as described [27]
  • TTCTCTGCTATCTCCAACCTCA-V was hybridized to Northern Blots containing RNA of differentially cultivated monocytes (figure 12) As can be seen in lanes one to five, the ABCAl mRNA is increased during in vitro differentiation of freshly isolated monocytes until day five. Longer cultivation results in a total loss of expression. When the cells were incubated in the presence of AcLDL to induce sterol loading (lanes 6-8) beginning at day four, a much stronger accumulation of mRNA can be detected in comparison to control cells (lanes 2-5).
  • Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated by leukapheresis and counterflow elutriation (19JBC).
  • JBC counterflow elutriation
  • cells were pooled and cultured on plastic Petri dishes in macrophage SFM medium (Gibco BRL) containing 25 U/ml recombinant human M- CSF (Genzyme) for various times in 5% CO 2 in air at 37°C.
  • the cells were incubated in the absence (differentiation control) or presence of AcLDL (100 ⁇ g/ml) to induce sterol loading. Following this incubation the cells were cultured in fresh medium supplemented with or without HDL 3 (100 ⁇ g/ml) for additional times in order to achieve cholesterol efflux from the cells to its acceptor HDL,.
  • RNA and Northern blot analysis were prepared from the cells by guanidium isothiocyanate lysis and
  • RNA isolated was quantitated spectrophotometrically and 15 ⁇ g samples were separated on a 1.2% agarose- formaldehyde gel and transferred to a nylon membrane (Schleicher & Sch ⁇ ll). After crosslinking with UV-irradiation (Stratalinker model 1800. Stratagene), the membranes were hybridized with a 1000 bp DNA fragment derived from PCR amplification with primers ABCAl 3622f and ABCAl 4620r, stripped and subsequently hybridized with a human ⁇ -actin probe.
  • a multiple tissue RNA master blot containing poly A + RNA from 50 human tissues was purchased from Clontech. The probes were radiolabeled with [ ⁇ - 32 P]dCTP (Amersham) using the Oligolabeling kit from Pharmacia. Hybridization and washing conditions were performed follwoing the method described previously (Virca).
  • the promoter activity of this sequence was proven by luciferase reporter gene assays in transiently transfected CHO cells.
  • a transcription factor binding site involved in the regulation of apolipoprotein B was identified.
  • the putative ABCA8 coding sequence is app. 6.5 kb in size.
  • the nucleotide sequence exhibits a 73% homology with the known human ABCAl (ABCl) cDNA sequence.
  • Tissue expression of ABCA8 is shown in table 1.
  • epidermal keratinocytes Differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes is accompanied by the synthesis of specific lipids composed mainly of sphingolipids (SL), free fatty acids (FFA ), cholesterol (CH), and cholesterol sulfate, all involved in the establishment of the epidermal permeability barrier.
  • SL sphingolipids
  • FFA free fatty acids
  • CH cholesterol
  • cholesterol sulfate cholesterol
  • lipids for the barrier function of the skin are sphingolipids that account for one third of the lipids in the cornified layer, and consist of a large ceramide fraction as a result of glucosylceramide degradation by intercellular glycosidases and de novo synthesis of ceramide .
  • Glucosylceramide is synthesized intracellulary and stored in lamellar bodies and glucosylceramide synthase expression was found up-regulated during the differentiation of human keratinocytes.
  • Cholesterol sulfate is formed by the action of cholesterol sulfotransferase during keratinocyte differentiation .
  • Cholesterol sulfate and the degrading enzyme steroid sulfatase are present in all viable epidermal layers, with the highest levels in the stratum granulosum.
  • Cholesterol sulfate induces transglutaminase 1 and the coordinate regulation of both factors is essential for normal keratinization .
  • the final step in lipid barrier formation involves lamellar body secretion and the subsequent post-secretory processing of polar lipids into their nonpolar lipid products through the action of hydrolytic enzymes that are simultaneously released ( ⁇ - glucocerebrosidase, phospholipases, steroid sulfatase, acid sphingomyelinase).
  • hydrolytic enzymes that are simultaneously released ( ⁇ - glucocerebrosidase, phospholipases, steroid sulfatase, acid sphingomyelinase).
  • Disruption of the permeability barrier results in an increased cholesterol, fatty acid, and ceramide synthesis in the underlying epidermis. It has been shown that mRNA levels for the key enzymes required for cholesterol, fatty acid, and ceramide synthesis increased rapidly after artificial barrier disruption .
  • FABPs plasma membrane fatty acid transport proteins
  • FATP plasma membrane fatty acid transport proteins
  • FABPs intracellular fatty acid binding proteins
  • HaCaT cell line has a full epidermal differentiation capacity. Keratinocytes grown in vitro as a monolayer at low calcium concentration ( ⁇ 0.1 mM ) can be differentiated by increasing calcium concentration in the culture medium ( 1 -2 mM ) .
  • the cells were seeded at a density of 2x10 5 / cm 2 in 60 mm culture dishes. The culture medium was replaced every two day and the cells were harvested after 24 h. 48h h, 4 d, 6 da, 8 d and 10 d in culture, respectively.
  • Total RNA from HaCaT cells was isolated using the isothiocyanate/cesium chloride-ultracentrifugation method.

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EP99969740A 1998-09-25 1999-09-21 Atp bindende kassettengene und proteine zur diagnose und behandlung von fettstörungen und entzündlichen krankheiten Withdrawn EP1115865A2 (de)

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US6759515B1 (en) 1997-02-25 2004-07-06 Corixa Corporation Compositions and methods for the therapy and diagnosis of prostate cancer
ATE359291T1 (de) 1998-02-05 2007-05-15 Univ Maryland Brustkrebsresistenzprotein (bcrp) und für dieses kodierende dna
CA2333147C (en) 1998-07-13 2012-02-07 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Cancer treatment methods using antibodies to aminophospholipids
DE60035163T2 (de) * 1999-03-15 2008-02-21 University Of British Columbia, Vancouver Abc1 polypeptide und verfahren und reagenzien zur modulation des cholesterolgehalts
EP1854880A1 (de) * 1999-03-15 2007-11-14 University of British Columbia Verfahren und Reagenzien zur Modulation von Cholesterinspiegeln
US6835563B1 (en) 1999-06-18 2004-12-28 Cv Therapeutics Compositions and methods for increasing cholesterol efflux and raising HDL ATP binding cassette transporter protein ABC1
US6821774B1 (en) 1999-06-18 2004-11-23 Cv Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods for increasing cholesterol efflux and raising HDL using ATP binding cassette transporter ABC1
FR2796808B1 (fr) * 1999-07-30 2004-03-12 Inst Nat Sante Rech Med Nouvelles applications des transporteurs de type abca
CA2389237A1 (en) * 1999-11-01 2001-05-10 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Abc1 modulation for the modulation of cholesterol transport
US6830913B1 (en) 1999-11-29 2004-12-14 Active Pass Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ABCB9 transporter and uses thereof
WO2001053490A1 (en) * 2000-01-24 2001-07-26 Warner-Lambert Company Genes encoding abc1 paralogs and the polypeptides derived therefrom
EP1136554A1 (de) * 2000-03-24 2001-09-26 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Polymorphismus des ATP-Bindungs Cassette-Transporter 1 (ABC1) Gens, und Verwendungen davon zur Diagnose und Behandlung von Fettstörungen, Herzgefässerkrankungen und entzündlichen Krankheiten
WO2001070810A2 (en) * 2000-03-20 2001-09-27 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Atp binding cassette transporter 1 (abc1) gene polymorphisms and uses thereof for the diagnosis and treatment of lipid disorders, cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory diseases
EP1136552A1 (de) * 2000-03-20 2001-09-26 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Polymorphismus des ATP-Bindungs Cassette-Transporter 1 (ABC1) Gens, und Verwendungen davon zur Diagnose und Behandlung von Fettstörungen, Herzgefässerkrankungen und entzündlichen Krankheiten
JP2004500112A (ja) * 2000-03-30 2004-01-08 メルク　パテント　ゲゼルシャフト　ミット　ベシュレンクテル　ハフトング 新しいヒトｔａｐ様タンパク質
WO2001092523A2 (en) * 2000-05-30 2001-12-06 Curagen Corporation Human polynucleotides and polypeptides encoded thereby
EP1421101A4 (de) 2001-03-19 2005-01-19 Gentest Corp P-glycoproteine und deren verwendungen
AU2007251275A1 (en) 2006-05-12 2007-11-22 Solvo Biotechnology Cholesterol loaded insect cell membranes as test systems for ABC transporter proteins

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WO1998037764A1 (en) * 1997-02-27 1998-09-03 Baylor College Of Medicine Nucleic acid sequences for atp-binding cassette transporter

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