EP1133367A1 - Procede pour actionner une presse de formage - Google Patents

Procede pour actionner une presse de formage

Info

Publication number
EP1133367A1
EP1133367A1 EP00960426A EP00960426A EP1133367A1 EP 1133367 A1 EP1133367 A1 EP 1133367A1 EP 00960426 A EP00960426 A EP 00960426A EP 00960426 A EP00960426 A EP 00960426A EP 1133367 A1 EP1133367 A1 EP 1133367A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
force
hold
forces
locking cylinder
individual
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00960426A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1133367B1 (fr
Inventor
Konrad Schnupp
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP1133367A1 publication Critical patent/EP1133367A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1133367B1 publication Critical patent/EP1133367B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
    • B21D22/20—Deep-drawing
    • B21D22/24—Deep-drawing involving two drawing operations having effects in opposite directions with respect to the blank
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
    • B21D22/20—Deep-drawing
    • B21D22/205—Hydro-mechanical deep-drawing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49805—Shaping by direct application of fluent pressure

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for actuating a forming press, in which a workpiece is pretensioned against a tool in a rigid press frame by means of a hold-down force, at least one ram tool applying a pushing force parallel to the holding-down force, and locking cylinder forces against the pushing force and the holding-down force are applied and a water box is formed in the tool, through which water box forces can act on the workpiece.
  • This forming press features with the decisive advantage that it is possible for both internal high pressure forming and external high pressure forming to lock both the ram tool and the hold-down device and to apply the necessary additional forming forces through a large number of locking cylinders.
  • These locking cylinders are selectively adjustable and can be arranged in a wide variety of areas of the workpiece. As a result, large forces can be applied with small piston paths of the cylinders.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method of the type mentioned, which allows the application of exact hold-down forces with a simple structure and easy implementation and which can also be used for a wide variety of workpieces.
  • the interference force resulting from the application of the impact force is determined and compensated for by a change in the locking cylinder forces.
  • the method according to the invention is distinguished by a number of considerable advantages.
  • the procedure according to the invention makes it possible to compensate for the interference force resulting from the application of the impact force in the overall system. It has been shown that the locking cylinders at least partially react like elastic elements and deform when a pushing force and / or a water box force is applied. This deformation in turn, together with an elasticity of the tool, leads to the fact that the hold-down forces change. These become either higher or lower, depending on the deformation that occurs. As a result, the forming parameters change so that errors occur (the material of the workpiece flows too strongly or too weakly).
  • the hold-down force controls the sheet feed and creates sufficient surface pressure on the tool to seal the water tank against the pressure that occurs.
  • the hold-down force is ideally adapted to the required water tank pressure depending on the ram travel and varies in size over the entire flange area of the workpiece in order to be able to compensate for the locally different degrees of deformation.
  • the pressure in the water tank is initially a few bar and then increases to a few hundred bar during the final shaping of the workpiece.
  • the interference force is measured by changing the hold-down force. It is possible to use the hold-down cylinders as pressure sensors so that additional measuring devices, such as pressure load cells, can be omitted. This considerably simplifies the construction of the forming press. Similarly, in an advantageous development of the invention, the change in the hold-down force can be determined by a change in pressure in the respective hold-down cylinder.
  • the interfering force is advantageously compensated for by locally different locking cylinder forces.
  • the locking cylinders can be variably arranged in the forming press according to the invention in order to position them in a manner adapted to the geometry of the workpiece and the forces that occur, it is also possible to apply different pressures to individual locking cylinders.
  • individual lock cylinders can thus be pressurized more than other lock cylinders.
  • the elastic deformation of the tool can be compensated so that the desired hold-down forces are maintained.
  • the pressure of individual locking cylinders can thus be changed differently in an advantageous manner.
  • the sum of the locking cylinder forces is constant for a respective phase of a forming process.
  • This percentage distribution of the total locking cylinder force takes into account a hold-down force curve as the guide variable, which is dependent, among other things, on the hold-down travel and the ram travel or the ram force.
  • the hold-down force curve is measured by the pressure of the hold-down cylinders multiplied by the active area.
  • This percentage compensation is preferably carried out fully automatically within the scope of the invention.
  • the hold-down force that is optimal in terms of time and place is determined in advance and that the change in the locking cylinder forces is changed to maintain this hold-down force. In this way, an optimal progression of the hold-down force can be realized at different locations locally by means of the press control.
  • hold-down forces required for each forming operation are divided into individual zone-like areas of the workpiece and their respective values are determined, and if the individual locking cylinder forces are adapted to the respective areas.
  • the forming process is preferably broken down into individual phases and the hold-down forces for these phases are determined both locally and temporally and in terms of value using finite element methods.
  • the respective locking cylinder forces can thus be applied locally and in time to the hold-down forces.
  • the value of the locking cylinder forces is selected to be greater than the locally and temporally predetermined locking cylinder forces calculated in each case.
  • the resulting total force is determined in terms of size and three-dimensional position and when the locking cylinders are locally assigned as a function of the respective position of the resulting total force.
  • the ideal force curve for the partial hold-down forces and the water box pressure are thus calculated as a function of the path of the ram tool by means of finiter element methods and / or by means of computer simulation.
  • the forming process is broken down into individual phases and assigned to the respective force profiles.
  • the paths (strokes) and the associated force profiles determine the functional sequence of the forming press.
  • the forming With a high depth of draw and low force, the forming can e.g. only with the ram tool, with flat components with high force possibly only with the locking cylinder. Normally, i.e. with a high depth of drawing and great force, the shaping takes place via the ram tool and the locking cylinder.
  • the above-mentioned individual phases can either form time segments of the forming process or path segments of the ram tool. It is therefore possible in many ways within the scope of the invention to optimize the shaping process in a manner adapted to the respective requirements. It is thus possible, for example, to carry out a weighting during the stroke of, for example, the ram tool according to predetermined paths (for example 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm etc.) and to regulate the locking cylinder forces as described above, be it in their total height or in percentage distribution. The same applies to the possibility of developing the individual phases as time segments. It is thus possible for the control to query the respective values in millisecond steps and to compensate or compensate accordingly. After the forces (impact force, water box force and partial hold-down forces) have been determined or predetermined over the entire forming process, the forming process according to the invention takes place as follows:
  • the locking cylinders are positioned so that the calculated hold-down forces and the closing forces can be optimally introduced. For this purpose, all forces over the entire forming process have to be considered.
  • the pressure range during forming can be set so that an optimal result is achieved. It goes without saying that the forces occurring with regard to their minimum and maximum values can be determined mathematically in order to determine both the size and the position of the individual locking cylinders.
  • the press is closed and the hold-down clamps can be retracted.
  • the hold-down cylinders are thus extended to the stop, the locking cylinders are lowered.
  • the locking cylinder forces in addition to the hold-down force, must overcome the press and tool parts to be lifted and the resulting forces, the frictional force on the guides and in the cylinders and the pushing force.
  • the latter is in turn a function of the water tank pressure plicated with the current contact surface between the punch tool and the circuit board.
  • Another component of the thrust force is created by the board being pulled in at an angle and also acts on the water tank.
  • the respective hold-down force is possible directly by recording the pressures (bottom and annulus side) on the hold-down cylinders, multiplied by the effective areas. The weights of the hold-down rings and the tool are added to this value. The total hold-down force results from this.
  • Re b The extended hold-down cylinders are blocked and generate maximum force, the locking cylinders open and clamp the workpiece between the water box and the hold-down ring, so that when the machine is stretched out, the workpiece does not retract and the maximum hold-down force is not reached. Fluid is now fed into the water tank and either via the pressure in the water tank or via measured the amount of fluid supplied until the desired bulge is achieved.
  • the locking cylinders lower their force in such a way that the required hold-down pressure is partially achieved without retracting the hold-down cylinder.
  • the hold-down cylinders are briefly depressurized so that they can then be used as a "pressure cell”.
  • the locking cylinders then move upwards and develop the locking force assigned to them.
  • the sum of the locking cylinder forces must result in the specified total hold-down force.
  • the current hold-down force is determined in a computer in order to correct the interference forces, such as ram force, friction and weights. This compares the setpoint and actual value and controls the individual locking cylinder control loops as a percentage. This ensures that the partial allocation of the hold-down forces takes place according to the specified values in the intended relationship to each other.
  • the hold-down cylinders act as a rigid distance and only take on a measuring function.
  • control automatically adds an offset to the specified values of the locking cylinder forces, which is always a few percent higher than can be achieved by force.
  • moderate accessibility is understood to mean the generation of the specified hold-down force and thus the displacement of the hold-down cylinder, which corresponds to a further lock cylinder stroke. This method ensures variable hold-down forces with partially different distribution in the flange area of the workpiece during the forming stroke.
  • both the locking pressure of the locking cylinder and the water box pressure are raised to a maximum value. In this case, it may still be necessary to pull in the sheet metal of the workpiece without overcoming the sealing effect between the workpiece and the water tank.
  • the possibility is created for the operator who designs or programs or operates the forming press to take into account a large number of parameters for optimizing the forming process.
  • the most important parameters are listed below:
  • FIG. 2 is a view, analogous to FIG. 1, in a method step of bulging the workpiece
  • Fig. 3 is a view of the forming press, analogous to Figs. 1 and 2, in a state of retracting the ram tool, and
  • FIGS. 4 is a view, analogous to FIGS. 1 to 3, in the state of the final shaping of the workpiece,
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic side view of the forming press showing the forces that occur
  • Fig. 10 shows an example of different hold-down forces over time
  • FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a controller according to the invention.
  • a forming press is shown in a schematic manner.
  • This has a closed press frame 1 (see also FIG. 5).
  • the press frame 1 comprises an upper spar 8 and a lower spar 9.
  • a ram cylinder 10 is arranged on the upper spar 8, the piston rod 12 of which supports a ram 11.
  • a plunger tool 4 which corresponds to the shape of the finished workpiece 2, is in turn attached to the plunger 11.
  • the workpiece 2 is shown as a flat sheet metal board.
  • the forming press also includes hold-down bolts 13 and ram bolts 14 in its upper region.
  • the hold-down bolts 13 and the ram bolts 14 can each be moved horizontally.
  • hold-down cylinders 6 are also arranged, which act on a hold-down ring 15, on the end face of which a hold-down tool 16 is arranged.
  • locking cylinders 7 are arranged on the lower beam, which are individually supplied with hydraulic fluid and whose position can be adapted to the respective requirements.
  • the locking cylinders 7 act on a table top 17 on which a tool 3 is mounted. This comprises a water box 5, which can be acted upon with water.
  • 1 shows the forming press in the open state, in which a blank-shaped workpiece 2 can be inserted.
  • 2 shows a state in which the plunger has been moved down together with the plunger tool. In this state, a slight pressure is applied to the water box 5 in order to bulge the workpiece 2.
  • FIG. 3 shows a process in which the plate of the workpiece 2 is deformed by the ram force F st .
  • the plunger latches 14 are already retracted after the plunger 11 together with the plunger tool 4 have passed through the bottom dead center.
  • the hold-down bolts 13 are also retracted and form a counter bearing in order to apply a suitable hold-down pressure by means of the hold-down cylinders 6.
  • FIG. 4 shows a process state which shows the final forming of the workpiece 2. While the locking cylinders are shown in the state of FIG. 3 without any further function, they are extended in the state of FIG. 4 (FIG. 4 shows the piston rods and the cylinders of the individual locking cylinders 7 in a schematic manner). Both the plunger 11 with the plunger tool 4 and the hold-down cylinder 6 with the hold-down ring 15 and the hold-down tools 16 are locked by the hold-down bolts 13 and the plunger bolts 14, so that there is a fixed abutment within the press frame 1 against the force of the lock cylinder 7 , By pressurizing the water tank, the workpiece 2 can be reshaped. The workpiece 2 is thus calibrated in this state.
  • FIG. 5 shows the balance of forces on the press frame 1, the tool 3 is only shown schematically. 5, a cylinder closing force F S z acts upwards, while a weight G of the tool 3 acts down.
  • the weight G also includes the weight of the water in the water tank 5 and other associated components as well as the workpiece 2.
  • the plunger force F S t and the hold-down forces F NH are also shown in FIG. 5. From this representation it can be seen which forces act and which force balance prevails.
  • the locking cylinder force must therefore compensate for both the weight G and the tappet force F st and the hold-down forces F NH . It follows that a change in one of these forces must also result in a change in the locking cylinder force F S z.
  • Fig. 6 the balance of forces on the workpiece 2 (sheet metal plate) is shown schematically.
  • a water box force acts from below, which results from the product of pressure and area (p * A).
  • the plunger force F st and the hold-down force F NH act from above. This results in a resulting force F R to be applied .
  • the result is:
  • F R F NH + F St -p * A
  • FIG. 7 shows the equilibrium of forces on the tool 3.
  • the hold-down force F NH and the weight force G act on this.
  • a reaction force R is shown which is initiated by the workpiece.
  • the water box force p * A also acts, and the locking cylinder force F S z acts as a counterforce.
  • FIG. 8 shows an example of a typical pressure curve in the water tank over time. In the first stage, the previously described bulging of the workpiece takes place, in the subsequent stages there is a reshaping by ram force and a further reshaping, in particular also by the pressurization of the locking cylinder, while in the following stage the calibration (stamping) takes place analogously to FIG. 4. The pressure reduction is shown in the last stage.
  • the ram is locked while the locking cylinders are opened.
  • the locking cylinder force increases, while the hold-down force decreases again.
  • the force in the water tank remains essentially constant.
  • the hold-down device is then locked or blocked.
  • the locking cylinder force increases to a maximum value, while at the same time the water box force also increases linearly.
  • the theoretical hold-down force and the theoretical ram force are shown in dashed lines. Decompression takes place in the last forming phase, as a result of which all forces decrease. 10 shows portions of different locking cylinder forces, which are numbered from 1 to 6. The actual value of the sum of the locking cylinder forces is also shown (second line from above in the left half of FIG.
  • the broken line shows the hold-down force.
  • the curve parallel to the curve of the sum of the locking cylinder forces is the target curve of the sum of the locking cylinder forces. It can be seen that in the right half of FIG. 10 the total curve of the actual values of the locking cylinder forces lies above the total curve of the target values of the locking cylinder forces. This slight increase in force is required to cause the tools to move and to initiate the forming process.
  • the immersion of the ram tool in the workpiece according to FIG. 3 is shown. From this period, the tappet force F St r increases at the same time, the diagram shows that the locking cylinder forces F sz are each increased proportionately.
  • the control then switches over from static loading of the hold-down device to dynamic control.
  • the sum of the locking cylinder forces becomes higher than the hold-down force F NH , while the ram force F st increases exponentially.
  • the impetus of the pushing force F st inevitably results from the forming process.
  • the ram force acts against the hold-down force in the manner described.
  • the locking cylinder forces then run essentially constant over the further relative path of the ram tool and the hold-down device.
  • the calculation formula for the locking cylinder forces is based on this:
  • the sum of the locking cylinder forces is as large as the pushing force plus the hold-down force plus the weight loads of the table, tool, hold-down device, plunger and attachments plus the frictional forces in the guides and cylinders.
  • the sum of the locking cylinder forces is therefore equal to that t ⁇ ro ⁇ uKt from pressure and effective area per cylinder, multiplied by the number of activated locking cylinders. In the case of several locking cylinder circles, the total sum results from the sum of the individual circles.
  • the total sum of the hold-down cylinder forces results from the product of pressure times the effective area per cylinder, multiplied by the number of hold-down cylinders connected. In the case of several hold-down cylinder circles, the total force results from the summation of the individual circles.
  • the abbreviation for locking cylinder is "SZ".
  • the control is carried out in the following manner:
  • the controller detects the actual pressure value of the individual hold-down devices or hold-down device circuits and compares this with the respective target pressure, which it reads from a table, a graphic or a similar storage medium.
  • the deviation is calculated from the comparison value, this value of the deviation is passed on to a higher-level controller (PI controller), which divides the deviation into the number of active locking cylinder control loops, in the ratio of the percentage weighting given by the operator lock cylinder control circuits.
  • PI controller higher-level controller
  • This value is multiplied by the specified control parameters (PID) and output as a new default value to the actuators (servo valves) of the individual locking cylinder circuits.
  • the pressure correction takes place at clock rates of, for example, one msec until the desired setpoint is reached. If, for example, it is determined that the target pressure falls below one to (in comparison of the respective actual values of the individual hold-down devices), then for example three lock cylinder control loops, which are weighted, for example, with 50%, 30% and 20%, are divided into pressure values of 50%, 30% and 20%. The pressure in the respective lock cylinder circuit is changed by these percentages.
  • the invention relates to a method for actuating a forming press, in which a workpiece 2 is prestressed against a tool 3 in a rigid press frame 1 by means of a hold-down force F NH , at least one plunger tool 4 applying a plunger force F st parallel to the hold-down force F NH and whereby against the tappet force F st and the hold-down force F NH, locking cylinder forces F sz are applied and in the tool 3 a water box 5 is formed, through which water box forces p * A can act on the workpiece 3, characterized in that the force exerted by the plunger F st resulting interference force is determined and compensated for by a change in the locking cylinder forces F sz .

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Presses (AREA)
  • Press Drives And Press Lines (AREA)
  • Presses And Accessory Devices Thereof (AREA)
  • Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour actionner une presse de formage dans laquelle une pièce (2) est sollicitée contre un outil (3) au moyen d'une force de retenue Fnh dans un cadre de presse rigide (1). Au moins un outil à piston (4) exerce une force de piston Fst parallèlement à la force de retenue Fnh. Des forces de cylindres de fermeture Fsz sont appliquées à l'encontre de la force de piston Fst et de la force de retenue Fnh. Un réservoir d'eau (5) formé dans l'outil (3) permet d'exercer des forces correspondantes p*A sur la pièce (2). Ce procédé est caractérisé en ce que la force perturbatrice résultant de l'application de la force de piston Fst est déterminée et compensée par une modification des forces de cylindres de fermeture Fsz.
EP00960426A 1999-08-20 2000-08-09 Procede pour actionner une presse de formage Expired - Lifetime EP1133367B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19939504A DE19939504A1 (de) 1999-08-20 1999-08-20 Verfahren zur Betätigung einer Umformpresse
DE19939504 1999-08-20
PCT/EP2000/007753 WO2001014078A1 (fr) 1999-08-20 2000-08-09 Procede pour actionner une presse de formage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1133367A1 true EP1133367A1 (fr) 2001-09-19
EP1133367B1 EP1133367B1 (fr) 2003-01-29

Family

ID=7919016

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00960426A Expired - Lifetime EP1133367B1 (fr) 1999-08-20 2000-08-09 Procede pour actionner une presse de formage

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6519992B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1133367B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2003507187A (fr)
DE (2) DE19939504A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2191640T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2001014078A1 (fr)

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CA2440722A1 (fr) * 2000-12-12 2002-06-20 Schweitzer, Karl Heinz Dispositif et procede de formage sous haute pression interne (innenhochdruckumformung : ihu) et systeme d'outillage de formage sous haute pression interne
DE10110161A1 (de) * 2001-03-02 2003-01-02 Audi Ag Umformwerkzeug zum hydromechanischen Tiefziehen von Werkstücken aus Blechzuschnitten
DE102004054120B4 (de) * 2004-11-08 2006-08-24 Thyssenkrupp Steel Ag Verfahren zum Umformen einer großflächigen Blechplatine zu einem Formteil, wie einem Außenhautteil einer Kraftfahrzeugkarosserie
JP4408922B2 (ja) * 2007-08-24 2010-02-03 株式会社椿本チエイン エンジン用チェーンガイド
US7810366B2 (en) 2008-05-05 2010-10-12 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Electrohydraulic trimming, flanging, and hemming of blanks
US7802457B2 (en) 2008-05-05 2010-09-28 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Electrohydraulic forming tool and method of forming sheet metal blank with the same
US7827838B2 (en) 2008-05-05 2010-11-09 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Pulsed electro-hydraulic calibration of stamped panels
US9522419B2 (en) 2008-05-05 2016-12-20 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Method and apparatus for making a part by first forming an intermediate part that has donor pockets in predicted low strain areas adjacent to predicted high strain areas
US7516634B1 (en) 2008-05-05 2009-04-14 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Electrohydraulic forming tool
FR3000909B1 (fr) * 2013-01-11 2015-05-15 Adm28 S Ar L Procede, outillage et presse de formage d'une piece
FR3034690B1 (fr) * 2015-04-09 2017-10-20 Aurock Procede de pilotage d'une machine de formage superplastique et machine correspondante
CN111842606B (zh) * 2020-07-31 2025-04-01 河南孟电集团兴迪锻压设备制造有限公司 大型充液冲击复合成形装置使用方法

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US4191045A (en) * 1978-07-11 1980-03-04 Abramov Valentin S Power hammer with opposed movement of ram and bolster
FR2564339B1 (fr) * 1984-05-17 1987-12-24 Usinor Procede et dispositif d'emboutissage de toles.
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DE4339828A1 (de) 1993-11-23 1995-05-24 Hygrama Ag Kolbenstangenloser Druckmittelzylinder
DE19513444C2 (de) * 1995-04-13 1999-12-23 Konrad Schnupp Vorrichtung zum hydromechanischen Umformen
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1133367B1 (fr) 2003-01-29
JP2003507187A (ja) 2003-02-25
DE19939504A1 (de) 2001-03-08
ES2191640T3 (es) 2003-09-16
US6519992B1 (en) 2003-02-18
DE50001166D1 (de) 2003-03-06
WO2001014078A1 (fr) 2001-03-01

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