EP1168924A1 - Induction in vitro de cellules t specifiques a un antigene a l'aide d'immunogenes derives de cellules dendritiques-cellules tumorales ou de cellules dendritiques-cellules virales - Google Patents

Induction in vitro de cellules t specifiques a un antigene a l'aide d'immunogenes derives de cellules dendritiques-cellules tumorales ou de cellules dendritiques-cellules virales

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Publication number
EP1168924A1
EP1168924A1 EP00921528A EP00921528A EP1168924A1 EP 1168924 A1 EP1168924 A1 EP 1168924A1 EP 00921528 A EP00921528 A EP 00921528A EP 00921528 A EP00921528 A EP 00921528A EP 1168924 A1 EP1168924 A1 EP 1168924A1
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Prior art keywords
cells
cell
tumor
dendritic
group
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EP00921528A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1168924A4 (fr
Inventor
Louis D. Falo, Jr.
Walter Storkus
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University of Pittsburgh
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University of Pittsburgh
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Publication of EP1168924A4 publication Critical patent/EP1168924A4/fr
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K40/10—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
    • A61K40/11—T-cells, e.g. tumour infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL] or regulatory T [Treg] cells; Lymphokine-activated killer [LAK] cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
    • A61K40/41—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K40/42—Cancer antigens
    • A61K40/4271—Melanoma antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
    • A61K40/41—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K40/42—Cancer antigens
    • A61K40/428—Undefined tumor antigens, e.g. tumor lysate or antigens targeted by cells isolated from tumor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
    • C12N5/0636—T lymphocytes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/10—Cells modified by introduction of foreign genetic material
    • C12N5/12—Fused cells, e.g. hybridomas
    • C12N5/16—Animal cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2239/00—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K40/00
    • A61K2239/46—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K40/00 characterised by the cancer treated
    • A61K2239/55—Lung
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2239/00—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K40/00
    • A61K2239/46—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K40/00 characterised by the cancer treated
    • A61K2239/57—Skin; melanoma
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/20—Cytokines; Chemokines
    • C12N2501/22—Colony stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/20—Cytokines; Chemokines
    • C12N2501/23—Interleukins [IL]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2502/00—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by
    • C12N2502/30—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by tumour cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2502/00—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by
    • C12N2502/99—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by genetically modified cells

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to antigen-specific T-cells and methods for making and using the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to antigen-specific T-cells that have been generated by co-culture with immunogens derived from a formulation comprising either hybridomas of dendritic cells and tumor cells or co-culture products of dendritic cells and tumor cells. Alternatively, virally infected cells can be used instead of tumor cells in these hybridomas and co-cultures. The use of these T-cells as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against tumors and viral infection is also the subject of the present invention.
  • T-cells including cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), are a critical component of effective human immune responses to tumors and viral infections. T-cell responses are sufficient to protect against tumors and viruses and can eliminate even established cancers in murine tumor models and in humans. T-cells destroy neoplastic cells or virally infected cells through recognition of antigenic peptides presented by MHC Class I molecules on the surface of the effected target cells. These antigenic peptides are degradation products of foreign proteins present in the cytosol of the effected cell, which are processed and presented to T-cells through the endogenous MHC Class I processing pathway.
  • CTLs cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
  • CTLs target tumors through recognition of a ligand consisting of a self MHC Class I molecule and a ⁇ - peptide antigen.
  • the development of CTL-dependent anti-tumor immunization strategies therefore, typically depends on both the identification of tumor antigens recognized by CTLs and the development of methods for effective antigen delivery.
  • APCs can provide both the antigen MHC Class I ligand and the accessory signals required in the induction phase of CTL mediated immunity.
  • General properties of APCs include MHC Class I and Class II expression, expression of various adhesion molecules important for APC-lymphocyte interaction, and
  • APCs include, for example, macrophages, B-cells, and dendritic cells, including cutaneous epidermal Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, and dendritic cells resident in lymph nodes and spleen.
  • Dendritic cells are believed to be the most potent APCs, and can induce effective CTL-dependent anti-tumor immunity.
  • a tumor cell expresses a set of tumor-specific peptide MHC complexes which can be recognized by CTLs.
  • Progressive tumors are generally non-immunogenic, at least in part, because they are incapable of providing co-stimulation.
  • Flamand et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:605-610 (1994), disclosed in vitro culture of dendritic cells pulsed with a peptide antigen BCLl , and subsequeni t induction of a T-cell dependent humoral response to the B-cell tumor BCLl .
  • a similar methodology is reported by Celluzzi et al., J. Exp. Med. , 183:203-287 (1996).
  • MHC I-peptide antigens were pulsed onto dendritic cells; immunized hosts showed protective immunity to a lethal challenge by a tumor transfected with the antigen gene.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,788,963 discloses preparation of dendritic cells for prostate cancer immunotherapy; stimulation of antigen specific T-cells by the dendritic cells is reported.
  • the patent appears to be limited to exposure of dendritic cells to specific, defined prostate cancer antigens, or to ly sates or fractionated lysates as potential sources for these antigens.
  • the patent methodologies do not appear to include fusion or co-culture of dendritic cells with whole tumor cells or with virally infected cells, or the use of undefined antigens.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,846,827 reports methods for using peptide-loaded antigen presenting cells for the activation of CTL. The methods appear to rely on the modification of antigen presenting cells in vivo by exposure to specific identified and isolated epitopes. There does not appear to be any teaching of the antigen specific T-cells or methods of producing these T-cells as taught below.
  • the present invention has met the above described needs by providing antigen-specific T-cells and methods of making and using the same.
  • the T-cells are prepared by co-culture of T-cells with formulations comprising dendritic cells and either tumor cells or virally-infected cells.
  • formulations comprising dendritic cells and either tumor cells or virally-infected cells.
  • One embodiment of this invention uses a formulation comprising one or more hybridomas; each hybridoma is further comprised of at least one dendritic cell fused to at least one of either a tumor cell or a virally-infected cell.
  • Another embodiment of this invention uses a formulation comprising the products of co-culture of dendritic cells and either tumor cells or virally-infected cells.
  • Both of these formulations produce immunogens specific for the type of tumor or virus used in the formulation. Co-culture of either of these formulations with T-cells results in T-cells that are antigen-specific; the generated T-cells will recognize, and attack, cells expressing the particular antigens with which the T-cells have been co-cultured.
  • the generated T-cells provide both protection against tumor challenge and regression of tumor growth.
  • the T-cells of the present invention provide prophylactic resistance to tumors of the type represented by the tumor cell used in the formulation, and also provide a therapeutic treatment for patients suffering from such tumors.
  • the generated T-cells protect against the viral infection caused by the virally infected cells used in the formulation, and/or provide therapeutic relief for patients having such viral infections.
  • T-cells Tumor cells and virally infected cells express antigens which can be targeted by T-cells, but the tumor cells and virally infected cells themselves do not stimulate T-cell immunity. This is presumably because the tumor cells and viral cells are incapable of providing the antigen or antigens in the appropriate context of co-stimulation.
  • Antigen presenting cells APC
  • DC dendritic cells
  • the present invention uses formulations in which DCs are fused to or are in a co-culture with either tumor cells or virally infected cells.
  • Fusion or co- culture of the DCs with the tumor cells or virally infected cells causes the antigens to become more immunogenic by association with the DCs, which are "professional" antigen presenting cells.
  • the fusion products and the co-culture products express properties of both the DC and either the tumor or virus.
  • the fused cells and/or co-cultured cells are then further co-cultured with unstimulated T-cells. During this co-culture, the T-cell is exposed to a complete array of antigens from either the tumor cells or virally-infected cells.
  • the generated T-cells which result are then antigen-specific, and will destroy tumor cells that express the same or similar tumor antigens or virally-infected cells that express the same or similar viral antigens.
  • the present invention obviates the need to identify specific antigens that elicit a T-cell response by providing T-cells that are generated or engineered to recognize the antigens with which they are co-cultured.
  • T-cells that are generated or engineered to recognize the antigens with which they are co-cultured.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide methods for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of cancer and viral infections.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide antigen-specific T-cells which can be used to identify tumor or viral antigens.
  • Figure 1 illustrates flow labelling patterns showing the efficiency of association between tumor cell components and dendritic cells, as described in Example 3.
  • Figure 2 shows the % specific lysis of peptide loaded cells, as described in Example 4.
  • Figure 3 shows the % lysis of tumor cells, as described in Example 4.
  • the present invention is directed to methods for generating tumor antigen-specific T-cells by combining dendritic cells from a patient with tumor cells, preferably from the same patient, in vitro; adding T-cells from the patient to the combination of DCs and tumor cells; culturing the T-cell/DC/tumor cell mixture; and harvesting the T-cells from the co-culture.
  • the present invention is further directed to similar methods using virally-infected cells rather than tumor cells, which would result in viral antigen-specific T-cells.
  • T-cells prepared according to either of these methods are also within the scope of the present invention.
  • the T- cells prepared according to the present invention have demonstrated efficacy in providing both prophylactic and therapeutic relief to patients at risk for, or suffering from, tumors or viral infections.
  • the first step of the present methods involves combining dendritic cells from a patient with either tumor cells or virally-infected cells.
  • the tumor cells or virally infected cells are from the same patient.
  • the cells can be combined in any manner known in the art.
  • Preferred for use in the present methods are fusions of the DC with the afflicted cell and co-culture of the DC with the afflicted cell.
  • the terms "afflicted cell” or "afflicted cells” refer generally to either tumor cells or virally infected cells; the afflicted cells will vary from application to application depending on the particular type of T-cell that is to be generated and the type of immunotherapy desired.
  • the DC and afflicted cell are fused to form a hybridoma.
  • a hybridoma is a physical combination of at least two different kinds of cells. At least two different hybridomas fall within the scope of the present invention-namely a hybridoma between at least one DC and one tumor cell, and a hybridoma between at least one DC and at least one virally infected cell.
  • one or more dendritic cells are fused to one or more tumor cells to form hybridomas or fusion products in the first step of the present methods.
  • Any starting ratio of dendritic cells to tumor cells can be used.
  • the starting ratio can be anywhere from 1 :10 to 10:1, 1:100 to 100: 1, or even higher.
  • this fusion product is made with a starting ratio of dendritic cells to tumor cells of about 6: 1; this starting ratio was found to yield a sufficient number of DC/tumor cell hybridomas.
  • the DC:tumor cell ratio includes a higher number of DCs, as a higher number of DCs increases the probability that the tumor cells will become fused to at least one DC.
  • the hybridomas prepared in the first step of the methods can have a range of DC: tumor cell ratios.
  • the resulting hybridomas could have an DC: tumor cell ratio of anywhere from about 1: 1 to 10:1 or more.
  • DCs are one type of antigen presenting cell (“APC"), which is a cell capable of presenting antigens.
  • APC antigen presenting cell
  • DCs are found throughout the body, and include cutaneous epidermal Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, dendritic cells located in the lymph nodes and spleen, and dendritic cells derived through in vitro culture of precursors.
  • Dendritic cells can be obtained from a host by any means known in the art. For example, dendritic cells can be obtained from bone marrow according to the methods of Celluzzi, et al., /. Exp. Med. 183:283-287 (1996).
  • DCs can also be obtained from peripheral blood and skin. Blood-derived DCs are the preferred DCs for use in the present invention.
  • tumor cells can be used, including but not limited to, tumor cells obtained from patients including melanomas, lung cancers, prostate cancers, breast cancers, colon cancers and cervical cancers. Tumor cells for which single-cell suspensions of auto-tumor may be obtained are preferred. In addition, while autologous tumor cells are preferred, allogenic tumor cell lines can also be - 8 - used as the source of tumor antigen. It is well known in the art that certain tumor antigens can be found to be present in tumor cells obtained from more than one patient. These are often referred to as "shared" tumor antigens. In the present invention, allogenic tumor cells can be used as a source of antigen as these cells can contain "shared" tumor antigens also present in the patient's tumor. For use in the present invention, the tumor cells can be treated before or after use in the present formulations by, for example, radiation or similar treatment.
  • one or more DCs are fused to one or more virally infected cells.
  • any starting ratio of DCs to virally infected cells can be used.
  • this ratio is sufficient to allow for the fusion of all of the virally infected cells to one or more DC.
  • Any virally infected cells can be used, including but not limited to, cells infected with influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human papilloma virus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV).
  • the hybridomas or fusion products of the present invention can be formed by any method known in the art.
  • the DC-tumor cell or DC-virally infected cell hybridoma is formed by fusing the two types of cells together with polyethylene glycol (PEG).
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • this method involves adding DCs and afflicted cells to the same container and centrifuging the cell suspensions to form a pellet. Approximately 1 ml of a 50% PEG solution heated to about 37 °C should be gradually added to the pellet. The pellet/PEG is gradually diluted with PBS while gentle stirring is applied. The fused cells are then washed by centrifugation and the supernatant decanted, to form the fusion product.
  • the first step in the methods of the present invention can also be achieved by combining DCs and afflicted cells in vitro, and co-culturing the mixture, rather than fusing the two cell types together.
  • co- culture refers to the culturing together of at least two different types of cells, here DCs and afflicted cells alone or in further combination with unstimulated T-cells.
  • a co-culture of DCs and either tumor cells or virally infected cells can be prepared by simply culturing the DCs with either the tumor or virally infected cells; that is, the two cell types can simply be mixed and co-incubated together.
  • any method of co-culturing cells known in the art can be used, in a preferred methodology the two cell types are combined and centrifuged to form a pellet. The pellet is then diluted with a culture medium, preferably RPMI or AIM 5, and incubated overnight at about 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.
  • a culture medium preferably RPMI or AIM 5
  • any ratio of DC to afflicted cell can be used; a ratio of between about 1 :100-100:1 is preferred, a ratio of between about 1:10-10:1 is more preferred and the ratio of about 6:1 is most preferred.
  • the co-culture product can be used in the methods of the present invention without a selection step.
  • products of co-culture refer to matter resulting from co-culture of afflicted cells and DCs and can include, for example, tumor cells and dendritic cells which have become fused together, dendritic cells which have internalized or become associated with antigenic tumor components or other components of tumor cells, tumor cells which have internalized or become associated with dendritic cell components relevant to antigen-presentation function, or subcellular components derived from any of the cells described above. It will be understood, therefore, that these terms reflect that during co-culture a stimulator cell complex is produced which contains tumor antigen and molecules necessary for antigen presentation to T-cells. The same applies to use of virally infected cells. Following preparation of either the fusion product or the co-culture of
  • the DCs and afflicted cells, T-cells from the patient should then be added to the dendritic cell/afflicted cell combination.
  • the T-cells like the DCs and, in a preferred embodiment the afflicted cells, should all derive from the same patient.
  • the DCs, afflicted cells, and T-cells are preferably all autologous, and should be obtained from the patient who will ultimately be treated with the T-cells generated according to the present methods.
  • the use of autologous cells eliminates the need to identify and characterize the specific antigens unique to various tumor cells and virally infected cells, which can vary from patient to patient and from illness to illness.
  • T-cells prepared according to the present methods have the capability of targeting the particular antigens generated by each host, since they themselves have been co-cultured with those antigens. In addition, if using allogenic tumor cells, "shared" antigens will be present in the co-culture.
  • T-cell as used herein will be understood by those skilled in the art. The term includes, but is not limited to CD8 + or CD4 + T-cells capable of lysing target cells or providing effector or helper functions, such as cytokine secretion, which can result in the death of target cells or the generation or enhancement of anti-target effector activity. The invention is not intended to be limited to these examples, however, and any T-cells known in the art can be used according to the present invention.
  • the T-cells are unstimulated T-cell precursors.
  • T-cells can be obtained from any suitable source, including, but not limited to spleen tissue, lymph nodes, peripheral blood, tumors, ascitic fluid, dermal biopsies, and CNS fluids. Any method for harvesting T-cells from the host can be used. For example, Ficoll-Paque (commercially available from Pharmacia) centrifuged peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) can be used. Alternatively, purified CD4 + or CD8 + T-cells isolated by immunoaffinity procedures, such as through the use of MACs or dyna-beads, can be used. Appropriate methods for obtaining T-cells are taught, for example, in T ⁇ ting, et al., J. Immunol. 160: 1139- 1147 (1998).
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • the harvested T-cells should then be added to the media containing the fusion product or co-culture product of the dendritic cells and afflicted cells.
  • a ratio of 10: 1 to 100:1 T-cells: dendritic cells is preferred, although any other suitable ratio is also within the scope of the invention.
  • the mixture of the T-cells, dendritic cells, and either tumor cells or virally infected cells should then be cultured.
  • the cells can be cultured for seven to ten days in culture medium with restimulation at seven to ten-day intervals with identically prepared DC/afflicted cell stimulators. Cultures may be maintained indefinitely using this protocol.
  • Culture medium is preferably RPMI or AIM-V medium supplemented with FCS or HABS (0-10%) and interleukin-2 (5-100 IU/ml). Approximately five to ten days after the last stimulation, T-cells are analyzed for cytotoxicity and cytokine-release assays, or after three to five days from the last stimulation for proliferation-based assays.
  • Harvesting the T-cells from the co-culture can be accomplished by any means known in the art. For example, harvesting can be simply accomplished by pipet transfer of cultured cells from the flask or plate into a centrifuge tube. After centrifugation, cells are recovered from the pellet and used in the readout assays (i.e. , cytotoxicity, cytokine release and proliferation assays). More specifically, CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells can be selectively recovered using the immunoaffinity procedures discussed above. Typically, after 2-3 rounds of in vitro stimulation only T-cells are in the cultures. The T-cells can be used in any variety of manners, including in methods for treating patients, as probes for specific antigens, and in methods of establishing animal models useful in the study of the immunological arts.
  • the present invention is therefore also directed to a method of effecting immunotherapy in a host comprising combining dendritic cells from a patient with afflicted cells in vitro; adding unstimulated T-cell precursors from the patient to the dendritic cell/afflicted cell combination; co-culturing the mixture; harvesting the T-cells from the mixture; and administering to a mammalian host an effective amount of harvested T-cells.
  • the terms "host”, “mammalian host” and “patient” refer to the organism from which the relevant cells are being extracted and/or who is being treated by the present methods, including but not limited to humans.
  • immunotherapy includes the prophylactic treatment of a patient susceptible to tumors, such as a patient in a high risk group for certain types of cancer; “immunotherapy” also includes the therapeutic treatment of a tumor-bearing patient.
  • DCs and tumor cells as described above can be used.
  • type of tumor cell used will depend on the type of cancer for which the treatment is being administered. For example, if the patient is being treated to provide prophylactic resistance to melanoma, melanoma cells should be used. The patient's own melanoma cells, or allogenic melanoma cells containing shared antigens, should be used.
  • Immunotherapy also includes both the prophylactic treatment of a patient prior to a viral infection and the therapeutic treatment of patients having a viral infection. Any DCs and virally infected cells as described above can be used. Again, the type of virally infected cell used will vary depending on the viral infection for which treatment is being provided.
  • an effective amount of the T-cells generated according to the present methods should be administered to the host being treated.
  • the term "effective amount” refers to that amount of T-cells to achieve the desired immunotherapy, such as the amount of T-cells which will bring about the desired level of prophylactic resistance or therapeutic relief to a patient.
  • the effective amount will differ from patient to patient depending on such variables as whether the use is prophylactic or therapeutic, the size and/or severity of the tumor or tumors, the type and/or severity of the viral infection, the size and weight of the patient, and the like. Even a minimal dosage of antigen-specific T-cells would provide a benefit to a patient. It is within the skill of one practicing in the art to determine the effective amount for each patient; a typical maximum dosage per treatment would be about 10 n T-cells. Higher or lower doses can be used depending on the patient being treated. The number of treatments will also depend on the patient being treated, the illness being treated, the patient's response to treatments, and the like.
  • the T-cells can be introduced to the host by any means known in the art including but not limited to the use of a pharmaceutical composition prepared with the T-cells.
  • the T-cells can be combined with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. Any suitable pharmaceutical carrier can be used, as long as compatibility problems do not arise.
  • the preferred carriers are saline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and media which contains T-cell growth factors.
  • the T-cell compositions can be administered, for example, intravenously, intramuscularly, intralymphatically, intradermally, subcutaneously and intratumorally.
  • the T-cells of the present invention can also be utilized to identify tumor or viral antigens. It will be appreciated that when tumor cells are used to stimulate T-cells, the T-cells will be useful in the identification of tumor antigens, and when virally infected cells are used to stimulate T-cells the T-cells will be useful in identifying viral antigens.
  • T-cells may be used as indicator reagents to identify specific tumor peptides or tumor gene products, as taught by Storkus et al. , J. Immunol. 151 :3719-3727 (1993) and van der Bruggen et al., Science 254:1643-1647 (1991).
  • Antigen presenting cells may be loaded with fractionated peptides extracted from tumor cells (Storkus et al., 1993) and then analyzed for reactivity (cytotoxicity, proliferation, cytokine release, etc.) with T-cells prepared according to the current invention. Those peptide pools recognized by T-cells may then be analyzed using mass spectroscopy or Edman degradation sequencing methods to identify the sequence of individual peptides within the pool. Synthetic peptides conforming to these sequences may then be generated and tested for T-cell reactivity, with positively recognized peptides constituting potential vaccine components.
  • tumor-derived DNA or cDNA may be transfected into DC or transformed cell lines (van der Bruggen, 1991) and the resulting transfectants screened for their ability to be recognized by T-cells obtained by the methods of the current invention.
  • Transfected DNA extracted from targets recognized by T-cells may then be sequenced, with the resulting tumor-associated gene/gene product constituting a potential gene vaccine component.
  • peptides derived from these gene products may also serve as components of peptide-based vaccines and therapies.
  • T-cells can also be generated according to the present methods for use in preparing animal models. Such models would be useful, for example, in studying the various effects of various types of immunotherapy on the host being treated. For example, T-cells may be induced in vivo in mice as outlined by Celluzzi and Falo, J. Immunol. 3081-3085 (1998), with tumor vaccination and therapy being the outcome. Alternatively, using the current invention, antigen- specific T-cells may be generated ex vivo, with the expanded cells adoptively transferred into tumor bearing mice or patients, or virally-infected patients. Since murine models allow for both protective and therapeutic systems to be evaluated, this approach serves to define surrogate systems in which to validate the potential clinical efficacy of various treatment methodologies.
  • the immunotherapy of the present invention results in the induction of tumor specific lytic activity in an immunized mammalian host. That is, prophylactic or therapeutic treatment will be specific for the type of tumor used in the DC-tumor cell hybridoma or co-culture. Such immunization protects patients from tumor challenge and/or results in regression of established tumors. Similarly, prophylactic or therapeutic treatment will be specific for the type of virus used, and will protect patients from viral challenge and/or will result in reduction of viral infection.
  • the present methods of immunotherapy eliminate the need to isolate and characterize individual antigens.
  • the present invention therefore provides a rapid, inexpensive and efficient technology for generating antigen-specific T-cells in vitro. These T-cells can be used as immunotherapy through the adoptive transfer of autologous antigen-specific T-cells in patients suffering from tumors or viral infections.
  • mice used in the examples were female C57BL/6 mice, 5-8 weeks old and were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine.
  • B16 is a C57BL/6 melanoma (H-2 b ) obtained from ATCC, Rockville, Maryland, and 3LL is a lung carcinoma also available from ATCC.
  • Cell lines were maintained in DME containing 10% FCS and antibiotics.
  • Monoclonal antibodies used to deplete cell subsets were prepared from the hybridomas GK 1.5 (anti-CD4, ATCC TIB 207), 2.43 (anti-CD8, ATCC TIB 210), 30-H12 (anti-Thy 1.2, ATCC T1B107), B220 (anti-B cell surface glycoprotein, ATCC TIB 146), and NK1.1, obtained from W. Chambers,
  • Example 1 Fusion of DCs and Tumor Cells
  • Dendritic cells were prepared from bone marrow as generally described in Celluzzi et al., J. Exp. Med. 183:283-287 (1996) using GM-CSF as described in the reference. Briefly, bone marrow cells were depleted of lymphocytes and cultured at 5 x 10 5 cells/ml in 10% FCS-containing RPMI 1640, obtained from Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, California, with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), in a concentration of 10 3 U/ml, obtained from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Loosely adherent cells were collected on day 6 for fusion. Between about 50 and 75% of the DCs expressed CD86 (B7.2) and Class II MHC (I-A + ) antigens, as determined by flow cytometry.
  • GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor
  • Example 2 Preparation of Dendritic Cell and Tumor Cell Co-cultures
  • Dendritic cells were prepared according to the methods of Example 1. Day 6 dendritic cells were then used to form a co-culture with either B16 cells or 3LL cells. Each DC/tumor cell co-culture was prepared by placing DCs into test tubes with the respective tumor cells. A pellet of cells was formed by centrifugation. The pellet was then diluted with RPMI (10% FCS) and incubated overnight at about 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator. The ratio of DCs:tumor cells was about 6:1. The products of the co-culture were prepared to further evaluate whether tumor antigens were present in close association with DCs and to evaluate if soluble factors released from the tumors were present on the DCs.
  • Example 3 Efficiency of Fusion and Co-culture To determine the efficiency of fusion and co-culture, each of the cell types — DCs, B16 and 3LL — was stained with a different lipophilic fluorochrome before fusion and analyzed using flow cytometry. The tumor cells were stained with DiO while the DCs were stained with Dil, both of which were obtained from
  • Example 4 Preparation of Antigen-Specific T-Cells Melanoma was resected from a human HLA-A2+ patient, digested to produce a single cell suspension, and cryopreserved. Dendritic cells were derived from peripheral blood by culture in AIM V medium containing rhIL-4 and rhGmCSF, following the procedure generally set forth by Tuting, et al., J.
  • T-cells were assessed for their ability to lyse tumor peptide pulsed T2 cells (Fig. 2) or tumor cell line targets (Fig. 3).
  • Lysis in the cytotoxic assay was performed using standard procedures.
  • Targets were HLA-A2 matched allogeneic melanoma targets (i.e., Mel526).
  • Figure 2 demonstrates that T-cell lines not normally recognized can become recognized when loaded with peptides that derive from proteins expressed by melanoma cells (such as MART-1 , gplOO, tyrosinase, etc.).
  • the results illustrated in Figure 2 demonstrate that the DC-tumor stimulators of the present invention can be used to drive the expansion of T-cells that recognize a wide array of tumor-associated antigens. The same concept would apply with DC-virally infected cell stimulators against viral associated antigens.
  • the T-cells of the present invention have a broad range of reactivity; that is particularly applicable in a clinical setting, since tumor cells or virally infected cells may attempt to modulate their expression of individual antigens based on immune selective pressure in vivo.
  • Figure 3 demonstrates the results obtained when the T-cells of the present invention were evaluated for their ability to lyse an HLA-A2 matched melanoma target (Me 1526). The T-cells killed the target effectively; this killing could be blocked by antibodies that bind to the HLA-2 molecule (BB7.2 and W6/32), demonstrating the HLA-A2 class 1 restriction of T-cells in these expanded T-cell cultures.
  • the T-2 cell line is an HLA-A2 matched target.

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne des cellules T spécifiques à un antigène, lesquelles sont obtenues en cultivant des cellules T dans des formulations qui comprennent des combinaisons de cellules dendritiques et de cellules soit tumorales, soit infectées par un virus. Ces formulations comprennent de manière générale un hybridome d'au moins une cellule dendritique fusionnée à au moins une cellule qui est soit tumorale, soit infectée par un virus, ou des co-cultures de cellules dendritiques et de cellules soit tumorales, soit infectées par un virus. Les cellules T ainsi obtenues peuvent être utilisées dans des procédés d'immunothérapie par le transfert adoptif chez le patient de cellules T spécifiques à un antigène et autologues, ceci à l'aide de techniques bien établies. Ces cellules peuvent être utilisées comme agents permettant d'identifier des antigènes de tumeurs, et d'établir des modèles animaux.
EP00921528A 1999-03-31 2000-03-30 Induction in vitro de cellules t specifiques a un antigene a l'aide d'immunogenes derives de cellules dendritiques-cellules tumorales ou de cellules dendritiques-cellules virales Withdrawn EP1168924A4 (fr)

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WO2001029193A2 (fr) * 1999-10-22 2001-04-26 Peter Leskovar Constructions cellulaires adaptees a l'immunotherapie, leur production et leur utilisation
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US7572631B2 (en) 2000-02-24 2009-08-11 Invitrogen Corporation Activation and expansion of T cells
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DE10164819A1 (de) 2001-11-20 2005-05-19 Deml, Ludwig, Dr. Verfahren zur Identifizierung von Zielepitopen der T-Zell-vermittelten Immunantwort und zum Nachweis Epitop-spezifischer T-Zellen
JP5638804B2 (ja) 2006-08-04 2014-12-10 アストラゼネカ アクチボラグ ＥｒｂＢ２に対する抗体
DE102010037622B4 (de) * 2010-09-17 2012-07-12 Lophius Biosciences Gmbh Verfahren zum Nachweis, Differenzieren und Quantifizieren von T-Zellpopulationen mittels der Reverse Transkription quantitativen Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR) Technologie
CN102827826B (zh) * 2012-09-11 2017-07-04 赵永祥 一种诱导树突状细胞与肿瘤细胞融合的方法
WO2016145578A1 (fr) 2015-03-13 2016-09-22 Syz Cell Therapy Co. Procédés de traitement du cancer au moyen de lymphocytes t activés
CN104830793A (zh) * 2015-05-05 2015-08-12 杨光华 基于lmp-1抗原的dc细胞、靶向性免疫细胞群及其制备方法和用途
EP4446402A3 (fr) * 2015-05-08 2025-01-08 Wilson Wolf Manufacturing, LLC Procédés de culture améliorés et dispositifs de test
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MX2018003757A (es) 2015-09-26 2018-09-21 Primevax Immuno Oncology Inc Composiciones y metodos para producir celulas dendriticas.
CN105532575A (zh) * 2016-01-14 2016-05-04 中国科学院昆明动物研究所 一种单纯疱疹病毒感染树鼩动物模型的构建、评估方法及其应用
JP2020500847A (ja) 2016-11-16 2020-01-16 プライムヴァックス イミュノ−オンコロジー，インク． 癌の処置のための併用免疫療法
EP3565567A4 (fr) 2017-01-04 2020-07-29 Primevax Immuno-Oncology, Inc. Compositions et méthodes de thérapie avec le virus de la dengue
WO2019183924A1 (fr) 2018-03-30 2019-10-03 Syz Cell Therapy Co. Procédés améliorés de thérapie cellulaire spécifique à l'antigène

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DE69839215T2 (de) * 1997-04-15 2009-03-19 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc., Boston Dendritische zellhybride
EP1071436A4 (fr) * 1998-01-26 2003-08-27 Dana Farber Cancer Inst Inc Hybrides de cellules effectrices immunes

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EP2606897A1 (fr) 2011-12-22 2013-06-26 Laboratorios Del. Dr. Esteve, S.A. Procédés et compositions pour le traitement des maladies causées par les virus enveloppés
WO2013092509A1 (fr) 2011-12-22 2013-06-27 Laboratorios Del Dr. Esteve, S.A. Inhibiteurs de sialoadhésine pour le traitement de maladies provoquées par des virus enveloppés
US9789130B2 (en) 2011-12-22 2017-10-17 Laboratorios Del Dr. Esteve, S.A. Method for blocking HIV entry into dendritic cells by inhibiting sialoadhesin-sialyllactose binding interactions with gangliosides

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