EP1183281A1

EP1183281A1 - Method for producing inherently microbicidal polymer surfaces

Info

Publication number: EP1183281A1
Application number: EP00920629A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Peter Ottersbach; Friedrich Sosna
Original assignee: Creavis Gesellschaft fuer Technologie und Innovation mbH
Current assignee: Creavis Gesellschaft fuer Technologie und Innovation mbH
Priority date: 1999-05-12
Filing date: 2000-03-30
Publication date: 2002-03-06
Also published as: DE19921904A1; WO2000069926A1; AU4520400A

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing antimicrobial polymers by polymerizing aliphatically unsaturated monomers that are at least mono-functionalized by a quaternary amino group. The antimicrobial polymers produced according to the invention can be used as microbicidal paints, protective coats or coatings, e.g. on hygiene products or in the area of medicine.

Description

Process for the production of inherently microbicidal polymer surfaces

The invention relates to a process for the preparation of antimicrobial polymers by polymerizing amino-functionalized monomers and the use of the antimicrobial polymers thus produced.

Furthermore, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of antimicrobial polymers by graft polymerization of amino-functionalized monomers on a substrate and the use of the antimicrobial substrates thus produced.

Colonization and spreading of bacteria on surfaces of pipelines, containers or packaging are highly undesirable. Mucus layers often form, which cause microbial populations to rise extremely, which have a lasting impact on the quality of water, beverages and food, and can even lead to product spoilage and consumer health damage.

Bacteria must be kept away from all areas of life where hygiene is important. This affects textiles for direct body contact, especially for the genital area and for nursing and elderly care. In addition, bacteria must be kept away from furniture and device surfaces in care stations, in particular in the area of intensive care and the care of small children, in hospitals, in particular in rooms for medical interventions and in isolation stations for critical infections and in toilets.

Devices, surfaces of furniture and textiles against bacteria are currently being treated as necessary or as a precautionary measure with chemicals or their solutions as well as mixtures that act as a disinfectant, more or less broadly and massively antimicrobially. Such chemical agents have a non-specific effect, are often themselves toxic or irritating or form degradation products which are harmful to health. Often, intolerances also appear in people who are appropriately sensitized.

Another way of preventing surface bacteria from spreading is to incorporate antimicrobial substances into a matrix. Tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate is a commercially available monomer of methacrylate chemistry and is used in particular as a hydrophilic component in copolymerizations. EP-PS 0 290 676 describes the use of various polyacrylates and polymethacrylates as a matrix for the immobilization of bactericidal quaternary ammonium compounds

From another technical field, US Pat. No. 4,532,269 discloses a terpolymer of butyl methacrylate, tributyltin methacrylate and tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate. This polymer is used as an antimicrobial coating for ships, the hydrophilic tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate demanding the slow erosion of the polymer and thus the highly toxic tributyltin methacrylate active ingredient releases

In these applications, the copolymer made with aminomethacrylates is only a matrix or carrier for added microbicidal agents that can diffuse or migrate from the carrier. Polymers of this type lose their effect more or less quickly if the necessary "minimal inhibitory concentration" () MIK) is no longer achieved

From European patent applications 0 862 858 and 0 862 859 it is known that homo- and copolymers of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, a methacrylic acid ester with a quaternary amino function, have inherent microbicidal properties in order to undesirably adapt the microbial life forms, especially in view of those known from antibiotic research Resistance developments of germs to counteract effectively must also be developed in the future systems based on new compositions and improved effectiveness

The present invention is therefore based on the object of developing novel, antimicrobial polymers which, if necessary, are intended as a coating to prevent the settling and spreading of bacteria on surfaces

It has now surprisingly been found that by polymerizing aliphatic unsaturated monomers which are functionalized at least simply by a quaternary amino group, polymers having a surface area which is permanently microbicidal are obtained by means of solvents and physical stress is not attacked and shows no migration. It is not necessary to use other biocidal agents

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of antimicrobial polymers, characterized in that aliphatic unsaturated monomers which are functionalized at least once by a quaternary amino group are polymerized

Suitable monomer units are all aliphatic unsaturated monomers which have at least one quaternary amino function, such as, for example, 3-methacryloylaminopropyltrimethylammonium chloride, 2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride, 2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammoniummethosulfate, 3-acrylamidopropyltrimethylzimethylchloride ammonium chloride, 2-acryloyloxyethyl-4-benzoylbenzyl-dimethylammonium bromide, 2-acryloyloxyethyl-trimethylammonium methosulfate, N, N, N-trimethylammonium ethenobromide, 2-hydroxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-3 - [(2-methyl- l-oxo-2-propenyl) oxy] -ammonium propane chloride, N, N, N-trimethyl-2 - [(1-oxo-2-propenyl) oxy] -ammoniumethane-methyl-sulfate, N, N-diethyl- N-methyl-2 - [(1-oxo-2-propenyl) oxy] ammonium ethane methyl sulfate, N, N, N-trimethyl-2 - [(l-oxo-2-propenyl) oxy] ammonium ethane chloride, N, N, N-Trimethyl-2 - [(2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propenyl) oxy] ammonium ethane chloride, N, N, N-Trimethyl-2 - [(2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propenyl ) oxy] ammonium ethane methyl sulfate, N, N, N-triethyl -2 - [(1-oxo-2-propenyl) amιno] - ammonium ethane

The aliphatic unsaturated monomers functionalized at least once by a quaternary amino group in the process according to the invention can have a hydrocarbon radical of up to 50, preferably up to 30, particularly preferably up to 22 carbon atoms. The substituents of the amino group can have aliphatic or vinyl hydrocarbon radicals such as methyl, ethyl -, Propyl or acrylic radicals or cyclic hydrocarbon radicals, such as substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or cyclohexyl radicals having up to 25 carbon atoms. Furthermore, the amino group can also be substituted by keto or aldehyde groups such as acryloyl or oxo groups. For example, halides such as quaternary ammonium ions can be substituted Chlorides, bromides or fluorides, the salts of mineral acids such as nitrides or sulfates and methyl sulfate are used In order to achieve a sufficient polymerization rate, the monomers used in the process according to the invention should have a molar mass below 900, preferably below 550 g / mol

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, aliphatic unsaturated monomers of the general formula which are functionalized simply by a quaternary amino group

with Ri branched, unbranched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical with up to 50 C atoms, which can be substituted by O, N or S atoms, R ₂ , R ₃ , K. branched, unbranched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical with up to 25 C atoms, which can be substituted by O, N or S atoms, where R ₂ , R ₃ , t are identical or different and XF, Cl ^" , Br ^_ , F, SO ₄ ^{2 "} , SO ₃ ^2" , CH, SO, \ CH, CO ₂ ^" , C ₂ O ₄ ^2" , CO, ^{2 "} , PO, ^1" , PO ₃ ^{2 "} , NO ₃ ^" , NO ₂ ^" , NO ^" , CN ^" , SCN ^" , CNO ^" , CIO ^" , ClO ₂ ^" , ClO ₃ ^" , ClO ₄ ^" can be used

The process according to the invention can also be carried out by polymerizing the monomers functionalized at least once by a quaternary amino group on a substrate. A physisorbed coating of the antimicrobial copolymer is obtained on the substrate

All polymeric plastics, such as polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters and ethers, polyether block amides, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonates, polyorganosiloxanes, polyolefins, polysulfones, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), are suitable as substrate materials Copolymers and blends as well as natural and synthetic rubbers, with or without radiation-sensitive groups The method according to the invention can also be applied to surfaces of lacquered or otherwise plastic, metal, glass or wood bodies

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the antimicrobial polymers can be obtained by graft polymerization of a substrate with an aliphatic unsaturated monomer functionalized at least simply by a quaternary amino group. The grafting of the substrate enables the antimicrobial polymer to be covalently bound to the substrate how the plastics already mentioned are used

The surfaces of the substrates can be activated before the graft copolymerization using a number of methods. All standard methods for activating polymeric surfaces can be used here. For example, the activation of the substrate before the graft polymerization is carried out by UV radiation, plasma treatment, corona treatment, flame treatment, ozonization, electrical discharge of γ-radiation, methods used The surfaces are expediently freed of oils, fats or other contaminants beforehand in a known manner by means of a solvent

The substrates can be activated by UV radiation in the wavelength range 170-400 nm, preferably 170-250 nm. A suitable radiation source is, for example, a UV excimer device HERAEUS Noblelight, Hanau, Germany. However, mercury vapor lamps are also suitable for substrate activation if they are emit significant amounts of radiation in the areas mentioned The exposure time is generally 0 1 seconds to 20 minutes, preferably 1 second to 10 minutes

The activation of the standard polymers with UV radiation can also be carried out with an additional photosensitizer. For this purpose, the photosensitizer, such as benzophenone, is applied to the substrate surface and irradiated.This can also be done with a mercury vapor lamp with exposure times of from 0 seconds to 20 minutes, preferably from 1 second to 10 minutes According to the invention, the activation can also be achieved by plasma treatment using an RF or microwave plasma (Hexagon, Fa Technics Plasma, 85551 Kirchheim, Germany) in air, nitrogen or argon atmosphere. The exposure times are generally 2 seconds to 30 minutes, preferably 5 seconds up to 10 minutes The energy input for laboratory devices is between 100 and 500 W, preferably between 200 and 300 W.

Corona devices (SOFTAL, Hamburg, Germany) can also be used for activation. The exposure times in this case are generally 1 to 10 minutes, preferably 1 to 60 seconds

Activation by electrical discharge, electron or γ-rays (e.g. from a cobalt 60 source) and ozonization enable short exposure times, which are generally 0 1 to 60 seconds

Flaming substrate surfaces also leads to their activation. Suitable devices, in particular those with a barrier flame front, can be easily built or, for example, obtained from ARCOTEC, 71297 Monsheim, Germany. They can be operated with hydrocarbons or hydrogen as fuel gas In any case, damaging overheating of the substrate must be avoided, which is easily achieved by intimate contact with a cooled metal surface on the surface of the substrate facing away from the flame side. Activation by flame is accordingly limited to relatively thin, flat substrates. The exposure times generally amount to 0 1 second to 1 minute, preferably 0 5 to 2 seconds, all of which are non-luminous flames and the distances between the substrate surfaces and the outer flame front are 0 2 to 5 cm, preferably 0 5 to 2 cm

The substrate surfaces activated in this way are coated using known methods, such as dipping, spraying or brushing, with aliphatic unsaturated monomers which are at least simply functionalized by a quaternary amino group, if appropriate in solution. Water and water / ethanol mixtures have retained as solvents, however are also other solvents can be used, provided they have sufficient bulk for the monomers and wet the substrate surfaces well.Other solvents are, for example, ethanol, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ether, dioxane, hexane, heptane, benzene, toluene, chloroform, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile solutions with monomer-containing substances from 1 to 10% by weight, for example with about 5% by weight, have been found to be effective in practice and generally give coherent coatings covering the substrate surface with layer thicknesses which can be more than 0.1 μm in one pass Monomers applied to activated surfaces can expediently be initiated by radiation in the short-wave segment of the visible region or in the long-wave segment of the UV region of the electromagnetic radiation. For example, radiation from a UV excimer of the wavelengths 250 to 500 nm, preferably from 290 to 32 nm, is particularly suitable 0 nm Mercury vapor lamps are also suitable here, provided they emit considerable amounts of radiation in the areas mentioned. The exposure times are generally 10 seconds to 30 minutes, preferably 2 to 15 minutes

Furthermore, graft copolymerization can also be achieved by a process which is described in European patent application 0 872 512 and is based on a graft polymerization of swollen monomer and initiator molecules

In the process according to the invention, further aliphatically unsaturated monomers can be used, in addition to the monomers functionalized by a quaternary amino group. Thus, an aliphatic unsaturated monomer functionalized at least once by a quaternary amine group with acrylates or methacrylates, for example acrylic acid, tert-butyl methacrylate or methyl methacrylate, can be used as the monomer mixture. Styrene, vinyl chloride, vinyl ether, acrylamides, acrylonitriles, olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene), allyl compounds, vinyl ketones, vinyl acetic acid, vinyl acetate or vinyl esters can be used

The antimicrobial polymers made from aliphatic unsaturated monomers, which are functionalized at least simply by a quaternary amino group, produced by the process according to the invention show a microbicidal or antimicrobial behavior even without grafting onto a substrate surface If the process according to the invention is used directly on the substrate surface without grafting, customary free-radical initiators can be added. Among the initiators are azonitriles, alkyl peroxides, hydroperoxides, acyl peroxides, peroxoketones, peresters, peroxocarbonates, peroxodisulfate, persulfate and all customary photoinitiators such as, for example, α-acetophenone -Using hydroxy ketones, dimethyl ketals and benzophenone. The polymerization can also be initiated thermally or, as already stated, by electromagnetic radiation, such as UV light or γ radiation

Use of the modified polymer substrates The present invention further relates to the use of the antimicrobial polymers produced according to the invention for the production of antimicrobially active products and the products thus produced as such. The products can contain or consist of modified polymer substrates according to the invention. Such products are preferably based on polyamides, polyurethanes, Polyether block amides, polyester amides or imides, PVC, polyolefins, silicones, polysiloxanes, polymethacrylate or polyterephthalates, which have surfaces modified with the polymers produced according to the invention

Antimicrobial products of this type are, for example, and in particular machine parts for food processing, components of air conditioning systems, roofing, bathroom and toilet articles, cake articles, components of sanitary facilities, components of animal cages and dwellings, toys, components in water systems, food packaging, operating elements (touch panel ) of devices and contact lenses

The present invention also relates to the use of the polymer substrates modified on the surface with the antimicrobial polymers produced according to the invention for the production of hygiene products or medical articles. The above statements regarding preferred materials apply accordingly. Such hygiene products are, for example, toothbrushes, toilet seats, combs and packaging materials also other objects that may come into contact with many people, such as telephone listeners, Handrails of stairs, door and window handles as well as holding straps and handles in public transport. Medical technology articles are eg catheters, tubes, cover foils or surgical cutlery

The polymers, copolymers or produced by the method according to the invention

Graft polymers can be used wherever bacteria-free, ie microbicidal surfaces or surfaces with non-stick properties are important

Examples of uses for microbicidal polymers produced by the process according to the invention are, in particular, lacquers, protective coatings or coatings in the following

Areas

Marine hull, port facilities, buoys, drilling platforms, ballast water tanks - house roofing, cellars, walls, facades, greenhouses, sun protection,

Garden fence, wood protection

Sanitary Public toilets, bathrooms, shower curtains, toiletries,

Swimming pool, sauna, joints, sealing compounds

Food machinery, kitchen, cake items, sponges, toys, food packaging, milk processing, drinking water systems, cosmetics

Machine parts air conditioning systems, ion exchangers, process water, solar systems,

Heat exchangers, bioreactors, membranes

Medical technology contact lenses, diapers, membranes, implants

Articles of daily use car seats, clothing (stockings, sportswear) hospital equipment, door handles, telephone receiver, public transport,

Animal cages, cash registers, carpeting, wallpaper

To further describe the present invention, the following examples are given, which further illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit its scope as set out in the claims

example 1 A polyamide 12 film is exposed for 2 minutes at a pressure of 1 mbar to 172 nm radiation from an excimer radiation source from Heraeus. The film activated in this way is placed in an irradiation reactor under protective gas and fixed thereupon the film is countercurrently flowed with 20 ml of a mixture of 3 g of 2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (Aldrich), 57 g of demineralized water and 40 g of methanol are coated. The radiation chamber is closed and placed at a distance of 10 cm under an excimer radiation unit from Heraeus, which has an emission of the wavelength 308 nm. The radiation is started, the exposure time is 15 minutes. The film is then removed and rinsed with a mixture of 15 ml of methanol and 15 ml of demineralized water. The film is then dried in vacuo for 12 hours at 50 ° C. The film is then 5 times 6 hours in water Extracted 30 ° C, then dried at 50 ° C for 12 hours

The back of the film is then treated in the same way, so that finally a polyamide film coated on both sides with grafted polymer is obtained

Example la

A coated piece of film from Example 1 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test microbial suspension of Staphylococcus aureus and shaken. After a contact time of 30 minutes, 1 ml of the test microbial suspension is removed, and the number of bacteria in the test batch is determined dropped from 10 ⁷ to 10 ³

Example lb

A coated piece of film from Example 1 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test microbial suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and shaken. After a contact time of 60 minutes, 1 ml of the test microbial suspension is removed, and the number of bacteria in the test mixture is determined dropped from 10 ⁷ to 10 ⁴

Example 2 A polyamide 12 film is exposed for 2 minutes at a pressure of 1 mbar to 172 nm radiation from an excimer radiation source from Heraeus. The film activated in this way is placed in an irradiation reactor under protective gas and fixed thereupon the film is exposed to 20 ml of a mixture in a protective gas countercurrent 3 g of 2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium methosulfate (from Aldrich), 57 g of demineralized water and 40 g of methanol are coated. The radiation chamber is closed and placed at a distance of 10 cm under an excimer radiation unit from Heraeus, which has an emission of the wavelength 308 nm. The radiation is started, the exposure time is 15 minutes. The film is then removed and rinsed with a mixture of 15 ml of methanol and 15 ml of demineralized water. The film is then dried in vacuo at 50 ° C. for 12 hours. The film is then 5 times 6 hours in water extracted at 30 ° C, then dried at 50 ° C for 12 hours net

Example 2a

A coated piece of film from Example 2 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test microbial suspension of Staphylococcus aureus and shaken. After a contact time of 15 minutes, 1 ml of the test microbial suspension is removed, and the number of bacteria in the test batch is determined more detectable from Staphylococcus aureus

Example 2b

A coated piece of film from Example 2 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test microbial suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and shaken. After a contact time of 60 minutes, 1 ml of the test microbial suspension is removed, and the number of bacteria in the test batch is determined dropped from 10 ⁷ to 10 ²

Example 3

A polyamide 12 film is exposed to the 172 nm radiation of an excimer radiation source from Heraeus for 2 minutes at a pressure of 1 mbar. The film activated in this way is placed under The protective gas is placed in a radiation reactor and fixed. The film is then coated in a protective gas countercurrent with 20 ml of a mixture of 3 g of 3-acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride (Aldrich), 57 g of demineralized water and 40 g of methanol. The radiation chamber is closed and at a distance of 10 cm placed under an excimer radiation unit from Heraeus, which has an emission of the wavelength 308 nm. The radiation is started, the exposure time is 15 minutes. The film is then removed and rinsed with a mixture of 15 ml of methanol and 15 ml of demineralized water. The film is then 12 Hours dried at 50 ° C under vacuum Then the film is extracted 5 times 6 hours in water at 30 ° C, then dried at 50 ° C for 12 hours

Example 3a A coated piece of film from example 3 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test germ suspension of Staphylococcus aureus and shaken. After a contact time of 15 minutes, 1 ml of the test germ suspension is removed, and the number of germs in the test mixture is determined Staphylococcus aureus germs no longer detectable

Example 3b

A coated piece of film from Example 3 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test microbial suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and shaken. After a contact time of 60 minutes, 1 ml of the test microbial suspension is removed, and the number of bacteria in the test mixture is determined dropped from 10 ⁷ to 10 ³

Example 4 A polyamide 12 film is exposed to the 172 nm radiation of an excimer radiation source from Heraeus for 2 minutes at a pressure of 1 mbar. The film activated in this way is placed in an irradiation reactor under protective gas and fixed thereupon Shielding gas countercurrent with 20 ml of a mixture of 3 g of 2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (Aldrich), 2 g of methyl methacrylate (Aldrich) and 95 g of methanol. The radiation chamber is closed and placed 10 cm below an excimer radiation unit from Heraeus, which has an emission of the wavelength 308 nm. The irradiation is started, the exposure time is 15 minutes. The film is then removed and rinsed with 30 ml of methanol. The film is then dried in vacuo for 12 hours at 50 ° C. The film is then 5 times 6 in water Extracted for hours at 30 ° C, then dried at 50 ° C for 12 hours. The back of the film is then treated in the same way, so that a polyamide film coated with grafted polymer on both sides is finally obtained

Example 4a

A coated piece of film from example 4 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test germ suspension of Staphylococcus aureus and shaken. After a contact time of 15 minutes, 1 ml of the test germ suspension is removed, and the number of germs in the test mixture is determined. After this time there are no germs more detectable from Staphylococcus aureus

Example 4b A coated piece of film from example 4 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test microbial suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and shaken. After a contact time of 60 minutes, 1 ml of the test microbial suspension is removed, and the number of bacteria in the test batch is determined the bacterial count dropped from 10 ⁷ to 10 ³

Example 5

A polyamide 12 film is exposed for 2 minutes at a pressure of 1 mbar to 172 nm radiation from an excimer radiation source from Heraeus. The film activated in this way is placed in an irradiation reactor under protective gas and fixed thereupon the film is exposed to 20 ml of a mixture in a protective gas countercurrent 3 g of 2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium methosulfate (from Aldrich), 2 g of methyl methacrylate (from Aldrich) and 95 g of methanol The radiation chamber is closed and placed at a distance of 10 cm under an excimer radiation unit from Heraeus, which has an emission of 308 nm. The radiation is started, the exposure time is 15 minutes. The film is then removed and rinsed with 30 ml of methanol. The film is then dried in vacuo for 12 hours at 50 ° C. Then the film is extracted 5 times 6 hours in water at 30 ° C., then dried at 50 ° C. for 12 hours. The back of the film is then treated in the same way so that finally a polyamide film coated with grafted polymer on both sides

Example 5a

A coated piece of film from Example 5 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test microbial suspension of Staphylococcus aureus and shaken. After a contact time of 15 minutes, 1 ml of the test microbial suspension is removed, and the number of bacteria in the test batch is determined more detectable from Staphylococcus aureus

Example 5b

A coated piece of film from Example 5 (5 × 4 cm) is placed in 30 ml of a test germ suspension from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and shaken. After a contact time of 60 minutes, 1 ml of the test germ suspension is removed, and the number of bacteria in the test mixture is determined dropped from 10 ⁷ to 10 ³

In addition to the microbicidal activity against cells from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus described above, all samples also showed a microbicidal activity against cells from Klebsieila pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Rhizopus oryzae, Candida tropicalis and Tetrahymena pyriformis

Claims

claims

1 Process for the preparation of antimicrobial polymers, characterized in that aliphatic unsaturated monomers, which are at least simply by a quaternary

Amino group are functionalized, are polymerized

2 The method according to claim 1, characterized in that functionalized by a quaternary amino group aliphatic unsaturated

Monomers of the general formula

with R 1 branched, unbranched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical with up to 50 carbon atoms, which can be substituted by O, N or S atoms, R ₂ , R ₃ , R branched, unbranched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical with up to 25 carbon atoms, which can be substituted by O, N or S atoms, where R ₂ , Ri, R4 are identical or different and

XF ^" , Cf, B, T, SO ₄ ^2" , SO ₃ ^{2 "} , CH ₃ SO ₃ \ CH ₃ CO ₂ ^" , C ₂ O ₄ ² \ CO ₃ ^{2 "} , PO ₄ ^3" ,

PO ₃ ^{2 "} , NO ₃ ^" , NO ₂ \ NO ^" , CN \ SCN ^" , CNO ^" , CIO ^" , ClO ₂ ^" , ClO ₃ ^" , ClO ₄ ^" can be used

3 The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the polymerization is carried out with further, aliphatic unsaturated monomers

4 The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the polymerization is carried out on a substrate

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the polymerization is carried out as a graft polymerization of a substrate.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the substrate is activated before the graft polymerization by UV radiation, plasma treatment, corona treatment, flame treatment, ozonization, electrical discharge or γ-radiation.

7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the substrate is activated before the graft polymerization by UV radiation with a photosensitizer.

8. Use of antimicrobial polymers produced according to one of claims 1 to 7 for the production of products with an antimicrobial coating from the polymer.

9. Use of antimicrobial polymers produced according to one of claims 1 to 7 for the production of medical articles with an antimicrobial coating from the polymer.

10. Use of antimicrobial polymers produced according to one of claims 1 to 7 for the production of hygiene articles with an antimicrobial coating made of the polymer.

11. Use of antimicrobial polymers produced according to one of claims 1 to 7 for the production of lacquers, protective coatings or coatings.