EP1214471A1 - Papier d'impression couche, optiquement blanchi, et procede de fabrication de ce papier - Google Patents
Papier d'impression couche, optiquement blanchi, et procede de fabrication de ce papierInfo
- Publication number
- EP1214471A1 EP1214471A1 EP00966052A EP00966052A EP1214471A1 EP 1214471 A1 EP1214471 A1 EP 1214471A1 EP 00966052 A EP00966052 A EP 00966052A EP 00966052 A EP00966052 A EP 00966052A EP 1214471 A1 EP1214471 A1 EP 1214471A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- optical brightener
- solution
- coated
- application
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002320 enamel (paints) Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006184 cellulose methylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- REJHVSOVQBJEBF-OWOJBTEDSA-N 5-azaniumyl-2-[(e)-2-(4-azaniumyl-2-sulfonatophenyl)ethenyl]benzenesulfonate Chemical class OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC(N)=CC=C1\C=C\C1=CC=C(N)C=C1S(O)(=O)=O REJHVSOVQBJEBF-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032912 absorption of UV light Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/80—Paper comprising more than one coating
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
- D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
- D21H21/30—Luminescent or fluorescent substances, e.g. for optical bleaching
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
- D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
- D21H23/22—Addition to the formed paper
- D21H23/50—Spraying or projecting
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
- D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
- D21H23/22—Addition to the formed paper
- D21H23/52—Addition to the formed paper by contacting paper with a device carrying the material
- D21H23/56—Rolls
Definitions
- the invention relates to a coated, optically brightened printing paper according to the preamble of claim 1 and a method for its production according to the preamble of claim 4.
- optical brighteners are also known. In addition to their main area of application in the detergent industry, they have also been used in the paper industry for decades to increase the whiteness of the paper produced. From a chemical point of view, optical brighteners are derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid. Their effect is based on the absorption of UV light in a wavelength range of 300 - 400 nm and radiation in the blue range of visible light in the range of 400 - 450 nm. This leads to a shift in the yellow cast of fibers and fillers in the blue white range and ultimately to an increase in the spectral reflection factor.
- Optical brighteners can be used in various ways during papermaking. When producing coated printing paper, it can be added to the fiber suspension before the headbox of the paper machine. If the paper machine has a so-called size press for surface treatment of the paper, the optical brightener can be added, for example, to the starch solution used there. A third possibility is to meter the optical brightener into a coating color which is applied inside or outside the paper machine to the coating base paper or, if appropriate, to an already coated base paper.
- a device for applying glue liquors in addition to the known size press is disclosed by DE-A-34 17 487, where a paper web guided around a roller is treated with coating color on the front and with liquid media on the back.
- EP-A-0 373 276 describes a method and an apparatus for continuously spraying additives onto a moving paper web.
- Coated, optically brightened papers made in accordance with the prior art have certain disadvantages.
- the optical brightener is added to the fiber suspension before the headbox or applied to the surface of the coating base paper by means of a size press, the subsequently applied coating layer dampens the UV light and the remitted blue light, so that the effect of the optical brightener is insufficient. An increase in the additional quantity is prohibited for cost reasons.
- An addition of the optical brightener in the coating color to be applied is in principle possible, but requires the addition of so-called carrier substances, since the optical brightener itself does not adhere to the pigments of the coating color and therefore, for. T. strikes away with the water of the coating color in the base paper. This problem was solved by adding carrier substances. These are e.g. B. starch, CMC and polyvinyl alcohol. Due to their anionic charge, they are able to hold the cationically charged optical brightener in the applied coating color layer and to bring it into effect under the influence of light.
- the disadvantage of using carrier substances is their relatively high intrinsic viscosity in aqueous solution, which adds to the already relatively high viscosity of the coating color used.
- this leads to viscosity problems which either limit the working speeds, lead to uneven coating applications or require thinning of the coating color, which in turn leads to problems with the drying capacity of the downstream drying device.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a coated, optically brightened printing paper and a method for the production thereof, which overcomes the problems mentioned above overcomes.
- a one-sided or double-sided, single or multiple coated, optically brightened printing paper which consists of a coating base paper and a coating layer applied thereon of pigment, binder and coating color aid, which is characterized in that the optical brightener on the Is arranged outside of a coat layer.
- One-sided coated printing paper means papers of this type which are only intended for one-sided printing. These include e.g. B. Label papers for bottles and can bands. Correspondingly, coated papers coated on both sides are printed on both sides. These include e.g. B. so-called magazine papers for magazines or catalogs, but also art paper. High-quality printed products require the highest surface quality of the page to be printed. This can no longer be achieved with a single line. That is why the coating base paper is first coated with one or two so-called primers and the so-called top coat is arranged on it.
- All common coating pigments such as kaolin, calcium carbonate, talc, titanium dioxide, gypsum, etc., are suitable as pigments for the coat layer.
- coating color binders such as starch, protein, casein, plastic latices, etc.
- the coating layer also contains conventional coating color aids, such as defoamers, deaerators, lubricants and viscosity regulators. Pigments, binders and coating color auxiliaries are active in this area Expert familiar.
- the arrangement of the optical brightener on the outside of the coat layer means that it is arranged both on the outside of the coat layer and in the outer layer below the outside.
- the always present porosity of the coating layer possibly also after a previous smoothing process, has the effect of this arrangement with the advantageous effect that UV portion of the light hits the optical brightener with little or no attenuation and as visible blue light in the range from 400 to 450 nm is emitted with little or no attenuation, which shifts the yellow tinge of the fibers and pigments into the blue white area. This ultimately leads to an increase in the spectral reflection factor and to an improvement in the paper quality.
- a reduction in the amount of brightener is also possible because of the improved mode of operation, so that a cost reduction is possible.
- the optical brightener is arranged on the outside of the top coat of a coat layer consisting of one or more primers and a top coat.
- This version has the advantage that the white quality of the pre-coat pigments does not have to be too high, since the lower whiteness of these pigments is compensated for by the brightening effect on the outer layer of the top coat. This makes it possible to reduce costs.
- the optical brightener is arranged on the outside of a first coat layer and, above that, another coat layer without an optical brightener is arranged. It is known that optical Brighteners are destroyed by constant exposure to UV light and the paper turns gray. On the other hand, however, it cannot be avoided in certain applications of optically brightened printing paper that it is constantly exposed to the light. This applies e.g. B. with illuminated advertising posters. In this case, the optical brightener arranged on a first coat layer is protected from too much UV light by the further coat layer arranged above it, without losing its brightening effect.
- a method according to the invention for producing optically brightened printing paper coated on one or both sides, one or more coats is characterized by the combination of the following features:
- a coating base paper containing cellulose and / or wood pulp and / or recycling fibers and / or fillers is coated with a coating color containing white pigments, binders and coating color aids in a manner known per se by roller, nozzle, doctor blade or doctor application.
- the applied coating is dried directly in a manner known per se by means of infrared emitters, hot air or cylinder contact. A combination of the different drying systems is also possible.
- An aqueous solution containing an optical brightener is then applied to the dried top of the coat layer and dried again.
- roller applicators can be used to apply the aqueous solution.
- Another tried and tested application technique is the nozzle application of the aqueous solution.
- Such nozzle applicators are familiar to the person skilled in the art.
- a preferred embodiment of the method is that the application of the aqueous solution is carried out on one or both sides of the coated paper web by means of a roller or nozzle moistener, the solution of the optical brightener being added to the fountain solution. This embodiment is particularly useful when a moisture correction has to be carried out on the coated paper web.
- the aqueous solution of the optical brightener can be applied in the coating machine directly downstream of the paper machine or in a coating machine which is operated separately. However, it is also possible to apply the aqueous solution of the optical brightener to the smoothed coat layer in a remoistening device arranged after a calender, the solution of the optical brightener being added to the fountain solution.
- the binder contained in the coat layer has carrier properties, such as starch, polyvinyl alcohol or CMC, then a purely aqueous solution of an optical brightener can be used for application. However, if the coating layer lacks these carrier properties, then a water-soluble carrier such as starch, CMC or polyvinyl alcohol is added to the aqueous solution.
- carrier properties such as starch, polyvinyl alcohol or CMC
- a water-soluble carrier such as starch, CMC or polyvinyl alcohol
- a wood-containing, pre-coated paper was provided with an additional top coat with an application weight of 8 g / m 2 .
- the primer and top coat contained no optical brightener.
- the whiteness of the coated paper was 75.2%.
- a 10% aqueous solution of an optical brightener was then applied to the top coat and dried.
- the absolutely dry application quantity of optical brightener was 0.32 g / m 2 of merchandise. The whiteness increased to 97.1%.
Landscapes
- Paper (AREA)
Abstract
L'invention concerne un papier d'impression couché, optiquement blanchi, composé d'un support de couche et d'une couche de couchage appliquée sur ce support, composée de pigment, de liant, et d'un auxiliaire de teinture de couchage. Ce papier d'impression est caractérisé en ce que l'agent de blanchiment optique est disposé sur le côté extérieur de la couche de couchage. L'invention concerne également un procédé de fabrication d'un papier d'impression couché, optiquement blanchi, caractérisé par la combinaison des étapes suivantes, un support de couche est revêtu de manière connue d'une teinture de couchage composée de pigment blanc et de liant, au moyen d'une application au rouleau, par buse, à la raclette, ou au grattoir; le revêtement est séché de manière connue par rayonnement IR, air chaud, ou contact cylindrique; et une solution aqueuse contenant un agent de blanchiment optique est appliquée sur la surface séchée de la couche de couchage et éventuellement séchée à nouveau.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19945580A DE19945580C5 (de) | 1999-09-23 | 1999-09-23 | Gestrichenes, optisch aufgehelltes Druckpapier und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| DE19945580 | 1999-09-23 | ||
| PCT/EP2000/009140 WO2001021891A1 (fr) | 1999-09-23 | 2000-09-19 | Papier d'impression couche, optiquement blanchi, et procede de fabrication de ce papier |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1214471A1 true EP1214471A1 (fr) | 2002-06-19 |
Family
ID=7923016
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00966052A Withdrawn EP1214471A1 (fr) | 1999-09-23 | 2000-09-19 | Papier d'impression couche, optiquement blanchi, et procede de fabrication de ce papier |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6773549B1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1214471A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2385365A1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE19945580C5 (fr) |
| NO (1) | NO20021423L (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2001021891A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10138631A1 (de) | 2001-08-13 | 2003-02-27 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von beschichtetem Papier mit hoher Weiße |
| US20060038314A1 (en) * | 2001-11-27 | 2006-02-23 | Capaldo Kevin P | Method for producing low birefringence plastic film |
| US20060191654A1 (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2006-08-31 | John Theisen | Paper product and method for manufacturing |
| US7893244B2 (en) * | 2005-04-12 | 2011-02-22 | Intradigm Corporation | Composition and methods of RNAi therapeutics for treatment of cancer and other neovascularization diseases |
| US8980504B2 (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2015-03-17 | Xerox Corporation | Substrate fluorescence mask utilizing a multiple color overlay for embedding information in printed documents |
| US8283004B2 (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2012-10-09 | Xerox Corporation | Substrate fluorescence pattern mask for embedding information in printed documents |
| US8277908B2 (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2012-10-02 | Xerox Corporation | Substrate fluorescence mask for embedding information in printed documents |
| US7622022B2 (en) | 2006-06-01 | 2009-11-24 | Benny J Skaggs | Surface treatment of substrate or paper/paperboard products using optical brightening agent |
| US7800785B2 (en) | 2007-05-29 | 2010-09-21 | Xerox Corporation | Methodology for substrate fluorescent non-overlapping dot design patterns for embedding information in printed documents |
| US8821996B2 (en) | 2007-05-29 | 2014-09-02 | Xerox Corporation | Substrate fluorescent non-overlapping dot patterns for embedding information in printed documents |
| US8460781B2 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2013-06-11 | Xerox Corporation | Infrared encoding of security elements using standard xerographic materials |
| US8455087B2 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2013-06-04 | Xerox Corporation | Infrared encoding of security elements using standard xerographic materials with distraction patterns |
| US8009329B2 (en) * | 2007-11-09 | 2011-08-30 | Xerox Corporation | Fluorescence-based correlation mark for enhanced security in printed documents |
| US20130189457A1 (en) | 2012-01-23 | 2013-07-25 | International Paper Company | SEPARATED TREATMENT OF PAPER SUBSTRATE WITH MULTIVALENT METAL SALTS AND OBAs |
| ES2959753T3 (es) | 2018-09-14 | 2024-02-28 | Archroma Ip Gmbh | Látex ópticamente abrillantados |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2322685C3 (de) * | 1973-05-05 | 1978-05-03 | Vereinigte Verpackungsgesellschaft Mbh, 4019 Monheim | Bedruckbarer Sperrschichtkarton |
| DE3417487A1 (de) * | 1984-05-11 | 1985-11-21 | J.M. Voith Gmbh, 7920 Heidenheim | Vorrichtung zum auftragen einer fluessigkeit auf eine laufende bahn |
| DE3502038A1 (de) | 1985-01-23 | 1986-07-24 | Sandoz-Patent-GmbH, 7850 Lörrach | Waessrige aufhellerpraeparate und deren verwendung im papierstrich |
| SE456168C (sv) * | 1987-02-27 | 1991-08-12 | Mo Och Domsjoe Ab | Foerfarande foer ljushetsstabilisering av blekt lignininnehaallande cellulosamassa |
| ES2029345T3 (es) | 1987-08-26 | 1992-08-01 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Blanqueadores opticos de dispersion. |
| FR2622479B1 (fr) * | 1987-11-04 | 1990-07-13 | Tenstar Aquitaine Sa | Procede et dispositif de pulverisation continue d'adjuvants sur des produits permeables en bande lors de leur defilement |
| SE461596B (sv) * | 1988-08-05 | 1990-03-05 | Lumalampan Ab | Foerfarande foer tillverkning av ljusstabilt papper samt papper erhaallet genom foerfarandet |
| NO903004L (no) * | 1989-07-21 | 1991-01-22 | Bayer Ag | Fremgangsmaate for hvittoning av papirbestrykningsmasser samt hvittoningspreparater for fremgangsmaaten. |
| DE4230656A1 (de) | 1992-09-14 | 1994-03-17 | Ciba Geigy | Verfahren zur Verbesserung von Weissgrad, Helligkeit und Farbort von Füllstoffen und Pigmenten |
| GB2277749B (en) * | 1993-05-08 | 1996-12-04 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Fluorescent whitening of paper |
| GB9422280D0 (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1994-12-21 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Fluorescent whitening agent formulation |
| US6001463A (en) * | 1996-12-26 | 1999-12-14 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Image recording medium and image recording process |
-
1999
- 1999-09-23 DE DE19945580A patent/DE19945580C5/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-09-19 EP EP00966052A patent/EP1214471A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-09-19 CA CA002385365A patent/CA2385365A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2000-09-19 WO PCT/EP2000/009140 patent/WO2001021891A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2000-09-19 US US10/070,839 patent/US6773549B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-03-21 NO NO20021423A patent/NO20021423L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO0121891A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO20021423D0 (no) | 2002-03-21 |
| DE19945580B4 (de) | 2004-03-04 |
| CA2385365A1 (fr) | 2001-03-29 |
| US6773549B1 (en) | 2004-08-10 |
| DE19945580A1 (de) | 2001-04-05 |
| DE19945580C5 (de) | 2007-03-15 |
| WO2001021891A1 (fr) | 2001-03-29 |
| NO20021423L (no) | 2002-03-21 |
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