EP1306643B1 - Optischer Zünder mit niedriger Energie - Google Patents

Optischer Zünder mit niedriger Energie Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1306643B1
EP1306643B1 EP02292357A EP02292357A EP1306643B1 EP 1306643 B1 EP1306643 B1 EP 1306643B1 EP 02292357 A EP02292357 A EP 02292357A EP 02292357 A EP02292357 A EP 02292357A EP 1306643 B1 EP1306643 B1 EP 1306643B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
optical
detonator
powder
ignition
explosive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP02292357A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1306643A1 (de
Inventor
Henry Moulard
Augustre Ritter
Jean-Marie Brodbeck
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Institut Franco Allemand de Recherches de Saint Louis ISL
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Institut Franco Allemand de Recherches de Saint Louis ISL
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
    • F42B3/10—Initiators therefor
    • F42B3/113—Initiators therefor activated by optical means, e.g. laser, flashlight

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to low energy optical detonators in which the ignition is performed by a laser source which can be, for example a laser diode.
  • a detonator is a device designed to detonate an external loading of secondary explosive downstream; for this, any detonator contains a small amount of secondary explosive (100 mg to 1 g) which must be brought into detonation (at least) in its terminal part from the energy supplied to the entry of the detonator by a source external.
  • the optical detonator is of the type comprising a secondary explosive disposed in a cavity, an optical fiber connected at a first end to a laser radiation source, and an optical focusing interface located between the other end of the optical fiber and the secondary explosive and adapted to transmit the laser radiation to the secondary explosive.
  • secondary explosives are relatively insensitive explosives, as opposed to primary explosives, for example lead azide, which are very sensitive and therefore dangerous.
  • the light energy of laser radiation from a solid laser source in relaxed mode or a quasi-continuous laser diode (limited space of 1 cm 3 ) via an optical fiber to ignite the charged secondary explosive at the optical interface In low-energy optical detonators (less than 10 mJ) and low-power detonators (a few watts), the light energy of laser radiation from a solid laser source in relaxed mode or a quasi-continuous laser diode (limited space of 1 cm 3 ) via an optical fiber to ignite the charged secondary explosive at the optical interface.
  • This heating by absorption of the laser radiation through the optical interface has a recognized security of use of the optical detonators with respect to the electric detonators in which the explosive substance near the input interface is in intimate and permanent contact with a wire resistive electrical conductor which heats up when an electric current passes therethrough and transmits its heat by thermal conduction to the explosive substance which coats it but which may be accidentally activated by unintended electrostatic discharges or by induced currents due to parasitic electromagnetic radiation.
  • the state of the art teaches to optically boost the secondary explosive, that is to say to mix with this secondary explosive (with a particle size close to 3 microns) between 1 and 3% mass of ultrafine carbon black (with a particle size between 50 and 200 nm) which absorbs laser light.
  • the ignition laser energy threshold is lowered, which makes it possible to ensure a thermal ignition of the explosive composition even with laser diodes that deliver a nominal power of one watt for 10 milliseconds.
  • the coefficient of thermal expansion of the organic secondary explosive crystals is much higher (between 3 and 7 times) than that of the materials used for the construction of the detonator (the silica of the optical interface, the stainless steel or the inconel of the loading body).
  • the materials used for the construction of the detonator the silica of the optical interface, the stainless steel or the inconel of the loading body.
  • the problem is to realize a low energy optical detonator whose ignition device efficiency is reliable and high, especially when such a detonator is intended to be used in severe environments.
  • the invention provides a detonator according to claim 1.
  • an ignition powder layer formed by a pyrotechnic composition is disposed in the cavity of the optical detonator of the aforementioned type, between the secondary explosive and the optical focusing interface.
  • Propellant powders are usually used in large quantities - a 120 mm gun uses about 8 kg of propellant powder in a 10-liter chamber - and igniting the combustion of such a large volume is difficult and necessary. the use of an igniter containing an ignition powder.
  • the igniters used to ignite the propellant powders are electrical igniters in which the ignition powder is ignited by thermal conduction of the heat released by the electric wires, the start of the chemical reaction between the oxidizing body and the reducing body being obtained when a very small amount of the ignition powder has reached the critical start temperature of this reaction (typically 400 ° C).
  • the combustion of the ignition powders used in the electric igniters is generated by the high temperature released by the resistive wires.
  • the ignition powders are ignited by the photonic absorption of a light energy.
  • an optical detonator comprising an ignition powder according to the present invention
  • their reliability is considerably increased compared with those using optical dopants, especially those intended for use in environmental conditions. severe.
  • the triggering time of the detonators according to the present invention is reduced by a factor of 5, or even 10, with respect to the optically doped detonators.
  • the optical detonator 1 comprises a nozzle 2, a first stage 3 and a second stage 4.
  • the tip 2 serves to support an optical fiber 5, a first end is connected to a laser source, and the second end 6 is free.
  • the first stage 3 comprises a housing 7 inside which is contained a secondary explosion explosive 8. This confinement is achieved by the walls of the structure 9 of the first stage 3, a device 10 for triggering the transition to the detonation in the second stage 4 at a first end, and an optical focusing interface 11 at the other end.
  • the second end 6 of the optical fiber 5 is in the immediate vicinity of the optical focusing interface 11, this interface 11 serving as a separation between the housing 7 and the optical fiber 5.
  • the second stage 4 comprises a housing 12 within which a detonating secondary explosive 13 is confined. This confinement is achieved by the walls of the structure 14 of the second stage 4, the device 10 enabling the transition to detonation to be triggered in the second floor 4 and a plate 15 propelled during the detonation of the second stage 4.
  • an ignition powder 16 formed by a pyrotechnic composition is disposed in the housing 7 of the first stage 3, between the explosive secondary explosive 8 and the optical focusing interface 11.
  • the laser source is activated.
  • the laser infrared light is transported by the optical fiber 5 and is focused on the ignition powder 16 by the optical focusing interface 11 comprising a glass ball 11b associated with a glass plate 11c.
  • the ignition powder 16 located in the first stage 3 is ignited by absorption of the laser infrared light and undergoes, consequently, a combustion.
  • One of the constituents of the pyrotechnic composition forming the ignition powder 16 is absorbing the light energy provided by a radiation in the near infrared.
  • the reducing metals in micronized form exhibit this optical absorption property.
  • the laser ignition threshold of the ignition powder 16 formed by a pyrotechnic composition depends on its loading density, the stoichiometry and the particle size of its constituents.
  • the compaction pressure of the ignition powder 16 will advantageously be chosen to be equal to that of the explosive secondary explosive 8, the loading density of this explosive secondary explosive 8 being greater than 80% of its theoretical maximum density.
  • an ignition powder 16 whose particle size is small makes it possible to lower its laser ignition threshold. Effective focusing of the laser spot by the optical interface 11 necessary to reduce the threshold of laser ignition energy, reduces the laser spot to a diameter of 50 to 100 microns, so that the reducing metals used are in micronized form (with a particle size less than 10 ⁇ m) to increase the absorption in the near infrared.
  • the inorganic oxidants will preferably have a similar particle size.
  • the explosive secondary explosive 8 located in the first stage 3 is ignited by the combustion of the ignition powder 16 formed by a pyrotechnic composition with which it is in contact.
  • the chemical combustion reaction of the pyrotechnic composition 16 (oxidation-reduction reaction) is exothermic and releases a great heat of reaction making it possible to start in a reliable and immediate manner the deflagration of the secondary explosive 8 in contact with this layer of powder. ignition 16.
  • this ignition powder 16 releases a lot of heat favorable to the ignition of the explosive in the explosion 8, on the other hand it alone releases too little gas to replace the secondary explosives, which limits its use to the ignition of these.
  • the detonating secondary explosive 13 located in the second stage 4 is detonated by the transmission of the energy released by the explosive secondary explosive 8.
  • the transition to the detonation regime is triggered by the explosion of the explosive secondary explosive 8: the explosion causes the dynamic compaction of the detonating secondary explosive charge 13.
  • the high porosity of the explosive 13 (the compactness is close to 50%, the explosive having a large particle size and being loaded with a low density) and the use of the disc 10a (which is cut into flakes and acts as a piston crushing the porous detonating secondary explosive column 13 ) favoring the transition deflagration - detonation over a reduced distance.
  • the plate 15 is propelled by the detonation of the detonating secondary explosive 13, which detonates the external loading of secondary explosive.
  • the operation of the detonator 1 according to the figure 2 differs from the one illustrated in figure 3 only by priming detonating secondary explosive 13 (fourth beat).
  • the transition to the detonation regime is triggered by the shock wave which is created during the impact of the projectile disk 10b propelled into the cavity 10c by the explosion of the explosive secondary explosive 8, this wave being focused on the bare surface of the detonating secondary explosive 13 by the configuration of this cavity 10c.
  • the detonating secondary explosive 13 has a fine particle size and is loaded with a density higher than that of detonating secondary explosives 13 used in blast-detonation transition detonators.
  • optical focusing interface 11 a glass rod with index gradient 11a (as illustrated in FIG. figure 1 ) instead of the glass ball 11b associated with the glass plate 11c (as illustrated in FIGS. Figures 2 and 3 ).
  • carbon black or any other optical dopant, is chemically inert and does not participate in any exothermic chemical reaction, it must be used in very small quantities so as not to reduce the total chemical energy contained in mixing the secondary explosive.
  • a first advantage of the ignition powders 16 formed by pyrotechnic compositions is that they readily absorb laser light.
  • the ignition powder 16 does not have to be mixed with any optically doping material, it is ignited by its own absorption of light energy.
  • a second advantage of the ignition powders 16 formed by pyrotechnic compositions is that they are chemically reactive.
  • the ignition powder 16 undergoes combustion (exothermic chemical reaction) whose flame ignites the combustion of the explosive secondary explosive 8.
  • the ignition powder 16 does not have to be mixed with the secondary explosive 8, a contact between the pyrotechnic composition 16 and the explosive secondary explosive 8 being sufficient.
  • the ignition powder 16 is only used to ignite the explosion of the explosive secondary explosive 8 which remains the majority energy material of the first stage 3. It is sufficient only a thin layer of ignition powder 16 of which the thickness is between 4 and 10 times less than that of the explosive secondary explosive 8. For example, a thickness of between 0.5 and 1 mm of ignition powder adjacent to a layer of 4 mm explosive secondary explosive 8 (for example of octogen) is enough to carry out a deflagration allowing the detonation of explosive secondary explosive 13.
  • a third advantage of the ignition powders 16 formed by pyrotechnic compositions is that they make it possible to reduce the triggering time of the detonator by a factor of 5 or even 10.
  • the exothermic chemical combustion reaction of the ignition powder 16 releases a greater heat of reaction (+ 100%) than the decomposition reaction of the secondary explosive doped optically with the carbon black, so that this greater heat of reaction makes it possible to start quickly and immediately the explosion of secondary explosive 8 in contact with this ignition powder 16.
  • a fourth advantage of the ignition powders 16 formed by pyrotechnic compositions is that they are physically stable.
  • the ignition powder 16 is much more physically stable when it is subjected to the impact resistance and thermal cycling tests and therefore remains integrated in contact with the optical interface 11.
  • the ignition powder 16 has a coefficient less thermal expansion than the secondary organic explosive.
  • zirconium which is one of the reducing metals that can be used in these powders, is ten times less expandable than the octogen.
  • the ignition powder 16 formed by a pyrotechnic composition is a redox powder composed of a mixture of reducing metal and inorganic oxidants. Indeed, these powders 16 easily absorb infrared laser light and have a particularly high flame temperature.
  • the reducing metals are, for example, zirconium, zirconium-nickel alloys, titanium, titanium hydrides, aluminum, or magnesium.
  • the inorganic oxidants used are, for example, potassium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium dichromate, barium chromate, or iron oxides.
  • the invention is not limited to the ignition powders described above.
  • Other powders absorbing laser light and generating exothermic reactions may be suitable.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Optischer Zünder (1), umfassend eine Laserquelle, eine optische Faser (5), die über ein erstes Ende mit der Laserquelle verbunden ist, eine erste Stufe (3), die einen Hohlraum (7) umfasst, an dessen einem Ende eine optische Schnittstelle (11) angeordnet ist, die der Trennung zwischen dem Hohlraum (7) und der optischen Faser (5) dient, wobei der Hohlraum (7) einerseits einen Sekundärsprengstoff (8) und andererseits eine Schicht aus einem Zündpulver (16) einschließt, die aus einer pyrotechnischen Zusammensetzung gebildet wird und die zwischen der optischen Schnittstelle (11) und dem Sekundärsprengstoff (8) angeordnet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Laserquelle aus einem Diodenlaser gebildet wird, dadurch, dass die optische Schnittstelle (11) eine optische Fokussierungsschnittstelle (11) ist, die angepasst ist, um den Laserspot auf einen Durchmesser von 50 bis 100 µm zu reduzieren, und dadurch, dass die pyrotechnische Zusammensetzung (16) zu fast 15 % stöchiometrisch ist und ein pulverförmiges reduzierendes Metall umfasst, dessen Granulometrie kleiner als 10 µm ist.
  2. Optischer Zünder (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Dicke der Schicht aus Zündpulver (16) zwischen 4 und 10 Mal weniger dick ist als die Dicke des Sekundärsprengstoffs (8).
  3. Optischer Zünder (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verdichtungsdruck des Zündpulvers (16) im Wesentlichen gleich dem des Sekundärsprengstoffs (8) ist.
  4. Optischer Zünder (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das reduzierende Metall die Eigenschaft aufweist, die Lichtenergie zu absorbieren, die durch eine Strahlung im nahen Infrarotbereich geliefert wird.
  5. Optischer Zünder (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das reduzierende Metall Zirconium, eine Zirconium-Nickel-Legierung, Titan, ein Titanhydrid, Aluminium oder Magnesium ist.
  6. Optischer Zünder (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das mineralische Oxidationsmittel Kaliumperchlorat, Ammoniumperchlorat, Bariumchromat, Ammoniumbichromat, Ammoniumnitrat oder ein Eisenoxid ist.
  7. Optischer Zünder (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die pyrotechnische Zusammensetzung entweder ein Thermit ist, das Aluminium und Eisenoxid umfasst, oder ein Pulver vom Typ ZPP, das im Wesentlichen Zirconium und Kaliumperchlorat umfasst, oder ein Pulver, das im Wesentlichen Zirconium und Bariumchromat umfasst, oder ein Pulver, das im Wesentlichen Titan und Kaliumperchlorat umfasst.
  8. Optischer Zünder (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er eine zweite Stufe (4) umfasst, wobei der Übergangsprozess zur Detonation, der in der zweiten Stufe (4) ausgelöst wird, vom Typ Deflagration-Detonation ist.
  9. Optischer Zünder (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er eine zweite Stufe (4) umfasst, wobei der Übergangsprozess zur Detonation, der in der zweiten Stufe (4) ausgelöst wird, vom Typ Schock-Detonation ist.
EP02292357A 2001-10-26 2002-09-25 Optischer Zünder mit niedriger Energie Expired - Lifetime EP1306643B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0113911 2001-10-26
FR0113911A FR2831659B1 (fr) 2001-10-26 2001-10-26 Detonateur optique basse energie

Publications (2)

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EP1306643A1 EP1306643A1 (de) 2003-05-02
EP1306643B1 true EP1306643B1 (de) 2010-03-03

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EP02292357A Expired - Lifetime EP1306643B1 (de) 2001-10-26 2002-09-25 Optischer Zünder mit niedriger Energie

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US (1) US7051655B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1306643B1 (de)
DE (2) DE60235518D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2831659B1 (de)

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FR2888234B1 (fr) 2005-07-05 2008-05-02 Saint Louis Inst Composition energetique dopee optiquement
US7133604B1 (en) * 2005-10-20 2006-11-07 Bergstein David M Infrared air heater with multiple light sources and reflective enclosure
CN100393673C (zh) * 2006-10-15 2008-06-11 江西省万载县美泰化工制造有限公司 花炮氧化剂及其制备方法
RU2326263C1 (ru) * 2007-05-14 2008-06-10 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Исследовательский центр имени М.В. Келдыша" (ФГУП "Центр Келдыша") Способ воспламенения компонентов топлива в камере сгорания ракетного двигателя и устройство для его осуществления (варианты)
FR2943128A1 (fr) * 2009-03-11 2010-09-17 Seva Technologies Generateur de gaz comprenant un dispositif energisant non pyrotechnique
FR2959809B1 (fr) * 2010-05-10 2013-07-05 Saint Louis Inst Dispositif de mise a feu pour un initiateur
FR2960541B1 (fr) * 2010-05-31 2012-05-04 Nexter Munitions Detonateur securise
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FR3005500B1 (fr) * 2013-05-07 2017-12-22 Commissariat Energie Atomique Initiateur opto-pyrotechnique ameliore
US20150345922A1 (en) * 2014-05-28 2015-12-03 Baker Hughes Incorporated Igniter for Downhole Use Having Flame Control
JP6650830B2 (ja) * 2016-05-24 2020-02-19 株式会社Ｉｈｉエアロスペース レーザ点火装置
US10088288B1 (en) 2016-10-06 2018-10-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Munition fuze with blast initiated inductance generator for power supply and laser ignitor
CN109631678B (zh) * 2018-12-26 2021-06-29 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 一种降低激光起爆能量的方法
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1306643A1 (de) 2003-05-02
FR2831659A1 (fr) 2003-05-02
US7051655B1 (en) 2006-05-30
DE02292357T1 (de) 2004-04-15
US20060096484A1 (en) 2006-05-11
FR2831659B1 (fr) 2004-04-09
DE60235518D1 (de) 2010-04-15

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