Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
  • H04R19/00—Electrostatic transducers
  • H04R19/04—Microphones
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
  • H04R19/00—Electrostatic transducers
  • H04R19/005—Electrostatic transducers using semiconductor materials
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
  • H04R31/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of transducers or diaphragms therefor
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
  • H04R31/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of transducers or diaphragms therefor
  • H04R31/006—Interconnection of transducer parts

Definitions

• the present invention relates to. miniature silicon transducers. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION i
• the use of silicon based capacitive transducers as microphones is well known in the art.
• such microphones consist of four elements: a fixed backplate; a highly compliant, moveable diapliragm (which together form the two plates of a variable air-gap capacitor); a voltage bias source and a buffer.
• the batch fabrication of acoustic transducers using similar processes as those known from the integrated circuit technology offers interesting features with regard to production cost, repeatability and size reduction. Furthermore, the technology offers the unique possibility of constructing a single transducer having a wide bandwidth of operation with a uniform high sensitivity. This provides for a transducer that, with little or no modification, can be used in such diverse applications as communications, audio, and ultrasonic ranging, imaging and motion detection systems.
• the key to achieve wide bandwidth and high sensitivity lies in creating a structure having a small and extremely sensitive diaphragm. Designs have previously been suggested in U.S. Patent No. 5,146,435 to Bernstein, and in U.S. Patent. No. 5,452,268 to Bernstein.
• the diaphragm is suspended on a number of very flexible movable springs.
• the implementation of the springs leads to an inherent problem of controlling the acoustic leakage in the structure, which in turn affects the low frequency roll-off of the transducer.
• Another approach is to suspend the diaphragm in a single point, which also provides an extremely sensitive structure. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,220 to Loeppert.
• the properties of the diaphragm material become critical, especially the intrinsic stress gradient which causes a free film to curl. Eventually, this leads to a similar problem for this structure concerning the reproducibility of the low frequency roll-off of the transducer.
• the two mechanical elements are typically formed on a single silicon substrate using a combination of surface and bulk micromachining well known in the art.
• One of these two elements is generally formed to be planar with the surface of the supporting silicon wafer.
• the other element, while itself generally planar, is supported several microns above the first element by posts or sidewalls, hence the term "raised microstructure.”
• the positioning of the two elements with respect to each other affects the performance of the entire device.
• Intrinsic stresses in the thin films comprising the raised microstructure cause the structure to deflect out of the design position.
• variations in the gap between the diaphragm and backplate affect the microphone sensitivity, noise, and over pressure response.
• the goal is to create a stiff element at a precise position relative to the diaphragm.
• One method to achieve this is to form the backplate using a silicon nitride thin film deposited over a shaped silicon oxide sacrificial layer which serves to establish the desired separation. This sacrificial layer is later removed through well known etch processes, leaving the raised backplate. Intrinsic tensile stress in the silicon nitride backplate will cause it to deflect out of position. Compressive stress is always avoided as it causes the structure to buckle.
• FIG. 12 depicts one such raised microstructure 110 of the prior art.
• an intrinsic tension will be present within the plate 112.
• This tension T results from the manufacturing process as well as from the difference between the coefficient of expansion of the material of the raised microstructure 110 and the supporting wafer 116. As shown, the tension T is directed radially outwards.
• the tension T intrinsic in the plate 112 will result in a moment as shown by arrow M about the base 118 of sidewall 114. This moment M results in a tendency of the plate 112 to deflect towards the wafer 116 in the direction of arrow D. This deflection of plate 112 results in a negative effect on the sensitivity and performance of the microphone.
• a number of undesirable means to negate the effects of this intrinsic tension within a thin- film raised microstructure are known in the prior art. Among them are that the composition of the thin film can be adjusted by making it silicon rich to reduce its intrinsic stress levels. However, this technique has its disadvantages. It results in making the thin film less etch resistant to HF acid, increasing the difficulty and expense of manufacture.
• An additional solution known in the prior art would be to increase the thickness of the sidewall supporting the raised backplate thereby increasing the sidewall' s ability to resist the intrinsic tendency of the thin film to deflect. While this sounds acceptable from a geometry point of view, manufacture of a thick sidewall when the raised microstructure is made using thin film deposition is impractical.
• the object of the present invention is to solve these and other problems.
• a diaphragm has the highest mechanical sensitivity if it is free to move in its own plane. Furthermore, if the diapliragm is resting on a support ring attached to the perforated member, a tight acoustical seal can be achieved leading to a well controlled low frequency roll-off of the transducer. Additionally, if a suspension method is chosen such that the suspension only allows the diaphragm to move in its own plane and does not take part in the deflection of the diaphragm to an incident sound pressure wave, complete decoupling from the perforated member can be achieved which reduces the sensitivity to external stresses on the transducer.
• the present invention features an acoustic transducer consisting of a perforated member and a movable diaphragm spaced from the perforated member.
• the spacing is maintained by a support ring attached to the perforated member upon which the diaphragm rests.
• the suspension is achieved by restraining the diaphragm laterally between the support ring and the substrate attached to the perforated member.
• the thickness and size of the diaphragm are chosen such that the resonance frequency of the diaphragm is larger than the maximum acoustical operating frequency.
• the dimensions of the perforated member are chosen such that the resonance frequency is larger than the maximum acoustical operating frequency.
• the perimeter at which the perforated member is attached to the substrate can optionally be shaped to minimize the curvature of the perforated member due to intrinsic stress in said perforated member.
• the suspension means of the diaphragm are made such that minimal mechanical impedance exists in the plane of the diaphragm, and yet maintains the close spacing of the diaphragm to the perforated member.
• the support ring is formed in the perforated member and sets the size of the active part of the diaphragm.
• the height of the support ring defines the initial spacing between the diapliragm and the perforated member.
• the low roll-off frequency of the transducer is limited by the corner frequency formed by the acoustical resistance of said openings and the narrow gap between the diaphragm and substrate in combination with the acoustical compliance of the transducer back chamber.
• the perforated member has a systematic pattern of openings providing a low acoustical resistance of the air flowing to and from the air gap between the movable diaphragm and the perforated member.
• the systematic pattern and size of the openings are chosen such that the high roll-off frequency of the transducer is limited by the corner frequency introduced by the acoustical resistance in combination with the acoustical compliance of the diaphragm and back chamber of the transducer.
• This acoustical resistance is largely responsible for the acoustic noise generated in the device. As will be appreciated by those having skill in the art, there is a tradeoff to be made between damping and noise.
• the perforated member, support ring, suspension means, and diaphragm can be made from a silicon wafer using micro machining thin-film technology and photolithography and can be made of one or more materials from the group consisting of: carbon-based polymers, silicon, poly crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, germanium, gallium arsenide, carbon, titanium, gold, iron, copper, chromium, tungsten, aluminum, platinum, palladium, nickel, tantalum and their alloys.
• the present invention also features an acoustic transducer consisting of a perforated member and a movable diaphragm spaced from the perforated member.
• the spacing is maintained by a support ring attached to the perforated member upon which the diaphragm rests.
• the suspension is achieved by utilizing high compliance springs between the diaphragm and perforated member. The spring assists in the construction and diaphragm release process, but once in operation the electrostatic attraction brings the diaphragm into contact with the perforated member support structure. Contrary to that taught by U.S. Patent No. 5,146,435 to Bernstein, and U.S. Patent No.
• the spring of the present invention plays an insignificant role in establishing the diaphragm compliance.
• the thickness and size of the diaphragm is chosen such that the resonance frequency of the diaphragm is larger than the maximum acoustical operating frequency.
• the dimensions of the perforated member are chosen such that the resonance frequency is larger than the maximum acoustical operating frequency.
• the perimeter at which the perforated member is attached to the substrate can optionally be shaped to minimize the curvature of the perforated member due to intrinsic stress in said perforated member.
• the high compliance suspension springs are made rigid enough for the structure to be made by micro machining technology, and yet compliant enough to mechanically decouple the diaphragm from the perforated member and to ensure that the in-plane resonance frequency of the diaphragm and springs is as small as possible compared to the intended low roll-off frequency of the transducer to prevent in-plane vibration of the diaphragm in operation.
• the support ring is formed in the perforated member and sets the size of the active part of the diaphragm. The height of the support ring defines the initial spacing between the diapliragm and the perforated member.
• the support ring There are one or more openings in the support ring, providing an acoustical path from the back chamber of the transducer to the surroundings tliereby eliminating any barometric pressure from building up across the diaphragm.
• the low roll-off frequency of the transducer is limited by the corner frequency formed by the acoustical resistance of the openings and the acoustical compliance of the back chamber.
• the perforated member has a systematic pattern of openings providing a low acoustical resistance of the air flowing to and from the air gap between the movable diaphragm and the perforated member.
• the systematic pattern and size of the openings are chosen such that the high roll-off frequency of the transducer is limited by the corner frequency introduced by the acoustical resistance in combination with the acoustical compliance of the diaphragm and back chamber of the transducer.
• the perforated member, support ring, suspension means, and diaphragm can be made from a silicon wafer using micro machining thin-film technology and photolithography and may be made of one or more materials from the group consisting of: carbon-based polymers, silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, germanium, gallium arsenide, carbon, titanium, gold, iron, copper, chromium, tungsten, aluminum, platinum, palladium, nickel, tantalum and their alloys.
• a raised microstructure for use in a silicon based device comprising a generally planar thin-film and a sidewall supporting the film, wherein the sidewall is ribbed.
• FIG. 1 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view taken along the line 1-1 in FIG. 2 of an acoustic transducer with clamped suspension in accordance with the present invention
• FIG. 2 is a top plan view, partially in phantom, of the acoustic transducer of FIG. 1 ;
• FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the acoustic transducer of FIG. 2 taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;
• FIG.4 is an enlarged partial top view, partially in phantom, of an acoustic transducer similar to FIG. 2 wherein the perforated member includes an optionally shaped attach perimeter;
• FIG. 5 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view taken along the plane 5-5 in FIG. 6 of an acoustic transducer with high compliance spring suspension in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 6 is a top plan view, partially in phantom, of the acoustic transducer of FIG. 5;
• FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the acoustic transducer of FIG. 6 taken along plane 7-7;
• FIG. 8 is a greatly enlarged partial top view, partially in phantom, of an acoustic transducer similar to FIG. 5 wherein the perforated member includes an optionally shaped attach perimeter;
• FIG. 9 is an electrical circuit for the detection of the change of the microphone capacitance while maintaining a constant electrical charge on the microphone
• FIG. 10 is an electrical circuit for the detection of the change of the microphone capacitance while maintaining a constant electrical potential on the microphone
• FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the acoustic transducer of FIG. 4;
• FIG. 12 is a cross sectional schematic of a raised microstructure known in the prior art.
• FIG. 13 is a cross sectional perspective view of a raised microstructure embodying the present invention
• FIG. 14 is a cross section of the raised microstructure of FIG. 13;
• FIG. 15 is a plan view of FIG. 13, taken along line 11-11.
• the acoustic transducer 10 includes a conductive diaphragm 12 and a perforated member 40 supported by a substrate 30 and separated by an air gap 20.
• a very narrow air gap or width 22 exists between the diaphragm 12 and substrate
• the support structure 41 may either be a continuous ring or a plurality of bumps. If the support structure 41 is a continuous ring, then diaphragm 12 resting on the support structure 41 forms tight acoustical seal, leading to a well controlled low frequency roll-off of the transducer. If the support structure 41 is aplurality of bumps, then the acoustical seal can be formed either by limiting the spacing between the bumps, by the narrow air gap 22, or a combination thereof.
• the conducting diaphragm 12 is electrically insulated from the substrate 30 by a dielectric layer 31.
• a conducting electrode 42 is attached to the non-conductive perforated member 40.
• the perforated member contains a number of openings 21 through which a sacrificial layer (not shown) between the diaphragm and perforated member is etched during fabrication to form the air gap 20 and which later serve to reduce the acoustic damping of the air in the air gap to provide sufficient bandwidth of the transducer.
• a number of openings are also made in the diaphragm 12 and the perforated member 40 to form a leakage path 14 wliicli together with the compliance of the back chamber (not shown), on which the transducer will be mounted, forms a high-pass filter resulting in a roll-off frequency low enough not to impede the acoustic function of the transducer and high enough to remove the influence of barometric pressure variations.
• the openings 14 are defined by photo lithographic methods and can therefore be tightly controlled, leading to a well defined low frequency behavior of the transducer.
• the attachment of the perforated member 40 along the perimeter 43 can be varied to reduce the curvature of the perforated member due to intrinsic internal bending moments.
• the perimeter can be a continuous curved surface (FIGS. 1-3) or discontinuous, such as corrugated (FIG. 4).
• a discontinuous perimeter 43 provides additional rigidity of the perforated member 40 thereby reducing the curvature due to intrinsic bending moments in the perforated member 40
• the transducer 50 includes a conductive diaphragm 12 and a perforated member 40 supported by a substrate 30 and separated by an air gap 20.
• the diaphragm 12 is attached to the substrate through a number of springs 11, which serve to mechanically decouple the diaphragm from the substrate, thereby relieving any intrinsic stress in the diaphragm. Moreover, the diaphragm is released for stress in the substrate and device package.
• the lateral motion of the diaphragm 12 is restricted by a support structure 41 in the perforated member 40, which also serves to maintain the proper initial spacing between diaphragm and perforated member 40.
• the support structure 41 may either be a continuous ring or a plurality of bumps. If the support structure 41 is a continuous ring, then diaphragm 12 resting on the support structure 41 forms tight acoustical seal, leading to a well controlled low frequency roll-off of the transducer. If the support structure 41 is a plurality of bumps, then the acoustical seal can be formed by limiting the spacing between the bumps, or by providing a sufficiently long path around the diaphragm and through the perforations 21.
• the conducting diaphragm 12 is electrically insulated from the substrate 30 by a dielectric layer 31.
• a conducting electrode 42 is attached to the non-conductive perforated member 40.
• the perforated member contains a number of openings 21 through which a sacrificial layer (not shown) between the diaphragm 12 and the perforated member is etched during fabrication to form the air gap 20 and which later serves to reduce the acoustic damping of the air in the air gap to provide sufficient bandwidth of the transducer.
• a number of openings are made in the support structure 41 to form a leakage path 14 (FIG.
• the openings 14 are preferably defined by photo lithographic methods and can therefore be tightly controlled, leading to a well defined low frequency behavior of the transducer.
• the attachment of the perforated member along the perimeter 43 can be varied to reduce the curvature of the perforated member due to intrinsic internal bending moments.
• the perimeter 43 can be smooth (FIGS. 5-7) or corrugated (FIGS. 8 and 11).
• a corrugated perimeter provides additional rigidity of the perforated member thereby reducing the curvature due to intrinsic bending moments in the perforated member.
• an electrical potential is applied between the conductive diaphragm 12 and the electrode 42 on the perforated member.
• the electrical potential and associated charging of the conductors produces an electrostatic attraction force between the diaphragm and the perforated member.
• the free diaphragm 12 moves toward the perforated member 40 until it rests upon the support structure 41, which sets the initial operating point of the transducer with a well defined air gap 20 and acoustic leakage through path 14.
• a pressure difference appears across the diaphragm 12 causing it to deflect towards or away from the perforated member 40.
• the deflection of the diaphragm 12 causes a change of the electrical field, and consequently capacitance, between the diaphragm 12 and the perforated member 40.
• the electrical capacitance of the transducer is modulated by the acoustical energy.
• FIG. 9 A method to detect the modulation of capacitance is shown in FIG. 9.
• the transducer 102 is connected to a DC voltage source 101 and a unity-gain amplifier
• a bias resistor 103 ties the DC potential of the amplifier input to ground whereby the DC potential "Vbias" is applied across the transducer. Assuming in this circuit a constant electrical charge on the transducer, a change of transducer capacitance results in a change of electrical potential across the transducer, which is measured by the unity-gain amplifier. Another method to detect the modulation of capacitance is shown in FIG. 10. In the detection circuit 200, the transducer 202 is connected to a DC voltage source 201 and a charge amplifier configuration 205 with a feedback resistor 203 and capacitor 204.
• the feedback resistor ensures DC stability of the circuit and maintains the DC level of the input of the amplifier, whereby the DC potential "Vbias-Vb" is applied across the transducer.
• Vbias-Vb the DC potential
• the amplifier supplies a mirror charge on output side of the feedback capacitor to remove the offset, resulting in a change of output voltage "Vout.”
• the charge gain in this circuit is set by the ratio between the initial transducer capacitance and the capacitance of the feedback capacitor.
• An advantage of this detection circuit is that the virtual ground principle of the amplifier eliminates any parasitic capacitance to electrical ground in the transducer, which otherwise attenuate the effect of the dynamic change of the microphone capacitance. However, care should be taken to reduce parasitic capacitances to minimize the of gain of any noise on the signal "Vb" and the inherent amplifier noise.
• the raised microstructure 110 comprises a generally circular thin-film plate or backplate 112 supported by a sidewall 114.
• the raised microstructure 110 is comprised of a thin film plate 112 of silicon nitride deposited on top of a sacrificial silicon oxide layer on a silicon wafer 116 using deposition and etching techniques readily and commonly known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant arts.
• the sacrificial silicon oxide layer has already been removed from the figure for clarity.
• the sidewall 114 of the raised microstructure 110 is attached at its base 118 to the silicon wafer 116 and attached at its opposite end to the plate 112.
• the sidewall 114 is generally perpendicular to plate 112, but it is noted other angles may be utilized between the sidewall 114 and the plate 112.
• FIG. 15 shows a plan view ofthe assembly of FIG. 13 with a surface ofthe sidewall 114 of the present invention shown in phantom. It can be seen that the sidewall 114 of the present invention as shown in FIGS . 13 - 15 is ribbed, forming a plurality of periodic ridges 120 and grooves 122. In the preferred embodiment, the ridges 120 and grooves 122 are parallel and equally spaced, forming a corrugated structure. Furthermore, the preferred embodiment utilizes ridges 120 and grooves 122 of a squared cross section. The effect of corrugating the side wall in this manner is to create segments 124 ofthe sidewall 114 that are radial, as is the intrinsic tension T ofthe plate 112.
• the sidewall 114 By making portions ofthe sidewall 114 radial, as is the tension T, the sidewall 114 is stiffened. It has been found that the sidewall 114 ofthe prior art, which is tangential to plate 112, is easily bent as compared to the radial segments 124 ofthe present invention.
• FIGS. 13-15 of the corrugations or ridges 120 and grooves 122 can be imagined and used effectively to increase the sidewall's 114 ability to resist moment M and the geometry depicted in the FIGS. 13-15 is not intended to limit the scope ofthe present invention.
• a generally annular geometry, generally triangular geometry or any combination or variation of these geometries or others could be utilized for the ridges 122 and grooves 124.
• the corrugations are radial and hence the sidewalls 114 are parallel to the tension in the backplate 112. Furthermore, the sacrificial material is etched in such a way that the sidewalls 114 are sloped with respect to the substrate to allow good step coverage as the thin film backplate 112 is deposited.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Electrostatic, Electromagnetic, Magneto- Strictive, And Variable-Resistance Transducers (AREA)
• Pressure Sensors (AREA)
• Micromachines (AREA)
• Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
• Silicon Compounds (AREA)
• Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
• Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
• Amplifiers (AREA)
• Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
• Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
• Inorganic Insulating Materials (AREA)
• Silicon Polymers (AREA)
• Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Fluid Adsorption Or Reactions (AREA)

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