EP1380410B1 - Cylindre cannelé et procédé de sa fabrication - Google Patents

Cylindre cannelé et procédé de sa fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1380410B1
EP1380410B1 EP02015396A EP02015396A EP1380410B1 EP 1380410 B1 EP1380410 B1 EP 1380410B1 EP 02015396 A EP02015396 A EP 02015396A EP 02015396 A EP02015396 A EP 02015396A EP 1380410 B1 EP1380410 B1 EP 1380410B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heads
grinding
roll
longitudinal direction
fluting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP02015396A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1380410A1 (fr
Inventor
Heribert Reich
Alfons Gnan
Thomas Kamm
Edmund Bradatsch
Norbert Städele
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BHS Corrugated Maschinen und Anlagenbau GmbH
Original Assignee
BHS Corrugated Maschinen und Anlagenbau GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to ES02015396T priority Critical patent/ES2258119T3/es
Application filed by BHS Corrugated Maschinen und Anlagenbau GmbH filed Critical BHS Corrugated Maschinen und Anlagenbau GmbH
Priority to EP02015396A priority patent/EP1380410B1/fr
Priority to AT02015396T priority patent/ATE318695T1/de
Priority to DE50205908T priority patent/DE50205908D1/de
Priority to CN03146544.7A priority patent/CN1228186C/zh
Priority to JP2003194866A priority patent/JP2004042259A/ja
Priority to US10/617,305 priority patent/US7059051B2/en
Publication of EP1380410A1 publication Critical patent/EP1380410A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1380410B1 publication Critical patent/EP1380410B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B1/00—Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B19/00—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group
    • B24B19/02—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group for grinding grooves, e.g. on shafts, in casings, in tubes, homokinetic joint elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F1/00—Mechanical deformation without removing material, e.g. in combination with laminating
    • B31F1/20—Corrugating; Corrugating combined with laminating to other layers
    • B31F1/24—Making webs in which the channel of each corrugation is transverse to the web feed
    • B31F1/26—Making webs in which the channel of each corrugation is transverse to the web feed by interengaging toothed cylinders cylinder constructions
    • B31F1/28—Making webs in which the channel of each corrugation is transverse to the web feed by interengaging toothed cylinders cylinder constructions combined with uniting the corrugated webs to flat webs ; Making double-faced corrugated cardboard
    • B31F1/2845—Details, e.g. provisions for drying, moistening, pressing
    • B31F1/2863—Corrugating cylinders; Supporting or positioning means therefor; Drives therefor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49544—Roller making
    • Y10T29/4956—Fabricating and shaping roller work contacting surface element
    • Y10T29/49561—Fabricating and shaping roller work contacting surface element toothed roller

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a corrugating roll, in particular for corrugated cardboard plants, and to a process for their production.
  • corrugated cardboard pairs of corrugating rolls are used to produce a corrugated web from a smooth paper web, as is known, for example, from DE 100 34 780 A1.
  • at least one of the corrugating rolls is provided with a camber, i. H. the roller has a diameter increasing steadily from both ends toward the center. It has been observed that in corrugating roll pairs where at least one corrugating roll is cambered, the pullout behavior of a paper web is nonuniform, resulting in corrugated paperboard pleats.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a corrugating roll and a method for their preparation, which is designed such that the collection of a paper web in the contact area between two corrugating rolls is carried out as evenly as possible.
  • the core of the invention is to form a corrugating roll such that the curvature behavior of the corrugated heads over the entire width of the corrugating roll - even in the presence of a camber - is consistent. This means that the outer contour of the corrugated heads and optionally also parts of the flanks of a corrugation adjoining the corrugated heads are identical even in the presence of a camber.
  • the basic structure of a machine for producing corrugated cardboard is known from DE 100 34 780 A1 (corresponding to US Ser. No. 09/667 713), there in particular FIG. 1, to which reference is hereby made.
  • the corrugating machine has a lower corrugating roll 1 and an upper corrugating roll 2.
  • the corrugating rollers 1 and 2 have at their ends projecting shafts 3 and 4 with associated, mutually parallel axes of rotation 5 and 6, respectively. On their cylinder surfaces, they are provided with corrugations 7 and 8 extending parallel to the axes 5, 6, which mesh with one another in a contact region 9.
  • the upper corrugating roller 2 is driven in a rotational direction 10 by a drive 11, while the lower corrugating roller 1 is entrained in a rotational direction 12.
  • a paper web 13 enters, which is formed by the corrugations 7, 8 to a corrugated web 14.
  • a glue application device described in DE 100 34 780 A1 (corresponding to US Ser. No. 09/667 713) for gluing the tips of the corrugated web 14 and also one Pressing device for pressing a laminating against the glued corrugated web 14 is provided.
  • the corrugating rolls 1 and 2 are, as known for example from DE 100 34 780 A1, Figure 2, pressed against each other to produce a predetermined line contact pressure, which should be as uniform as possible over the width of the corrugating roll in the contact region 9.
  • a givenmilinanpresskraft by pressing together the bearings of the shafts 3 and 4 can not be achieved due to the dead weight and the resulting deflection. It therefore equips at least one of the two corrugating rolls 1, 2, in the present case, the lower corrugating roll 1, with a so-called camber. This means that the diameter of the corrugating roll 1 increases continuously from the two ends to the middle.
  • corrugations 7 and 8 have an ideal course shown in Figure 5 in more detail.
  • Each corrugation 7, 8 has a radially projecting corrugation head 15, which has a predetermined, constant curvature with radius of curvature R K shown in cross section in Figure 5.
  • the curvature of the corrugated head 15 is convex relative to the axes of rotation 5 and 6, respectively.
  • the corrugated head 15 has a ridge line 16. Every corrugated head 15 is formed with respect to a plane passing through the ridge line 16 and the axes of rotation 5 and 6 perpendicularly intersecting plane of symmetry mirror symmetry.
  • Each corrugated head 15 is bounded on both sides by a substantially straight flank 17 which extends approximately from the end of the upper quarter of the height H of the corrugation to the beginning of the lower quarter of H.
  • Each of the flanks 17 is adjoined by a concave corrugated foot 18 in relation to the axes of rotation 5 and 6, respectively.
  • the corrugated foot 18 has a predetermined, constant curvature with radius of curvature R F.
  • the radius of curvature R K is smaller than the radius of curvature R F.
  • the difference of R F and R K depends on the paper thickness, the type of paper and other parameters and is often between 0.1 and 0.8 mm, in particular between 0.28 mm and 0.51 mm.
  • the corrugations 7, 8 extend parallel to each other across the width of the corrugating rolls 1 and 2 parallel to their axes of rotation 5 and 6. Further, the corrugations 7, 8 are uniformly distributed over the circumference of the lateral surfaces of the corrugating rolls 1 and 2 respectively.
  • the spacing of adjacent corrugated heads 15 is referred to as pitch T.
  • Each division T is associated with a pitch angle ⁇ T , the adjacent corrugated heads 15 with respect to the respective axis of rotation 5 and 6 include.
  • the pitch angle ⁇ T is constant in each case, wherein the pitch angle of the corrugating roll 1 need not be the same pitch angle of the corrugating roll 2.
  • the structure of the corrugations 7, 8 shown in Figure 5 corresponds to the ideal course in a cylindrical roller without camber.
  • FIG. 6 shows the cross-section through the center of a prior art corrugated corrugating roll.
  • the reference numerals in FIG. 6 merely serve to identify parts which have the same function in function as compared to the machine according to the invention for the production of corrugated cardboard described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5.
  • Figure 6 shows a corrugating roll according to the prior art
  • the same reference numerals are used in Figure 6 for the functionally similar parts as in the embodiment according to the invention with a raised line.
  • the solid line in FIG. 6 at the upper end of the corrugating roll 1 ' shows the actual outer contour of the corrugations 7' in the region of the center of the corrugated roll 1 'provided with a camber.
  • the dashed line shows the ideal course 20 'of the corrugations according to FIG. 5.
  • the corrugated feet 18' also correspond in the center of the corrugating roll 1 ', ie the region of maximum diameter, to the ideal course according to FIG. 5.
  • the pitch T ' ie the distance between adjacent ridge lines 16', is thus greater in the region of the center of the corrugated roller 1 'provided with a camber than at the two edge areas. This is the cause of the widening of the corrugated heads 15 'in the prior art grinding method. Since the corrugation heads of the lower corrugating roll do not fit exactly to the corrugation heads of the upper corrugating roll over the entire width of the corrugating roll, this leads to an uneven feeding behavior of the paper web 13 'into the draw-in region 19' and thus to a wrinkling which reduces the quality the corrugated cardboard produced deteriorated permanently.
  • a grinding device 21 has a machine frame 22 with two mutually opposite, vertical pillars 23, between which two mutually parallel guide rods 24 are attached.
  • a carriage 25 is slidably guided.
  • the carriage 25 is driven, for example by means of a spindle drive with appropriate design of the guide rods 24 or a rack drive also with appropriate design of the guide rods 24 on the guide rods 24 slidably.
  • On the carriage 25 is provided with a shaft 26, rotatably mounted grinding wheel 27 is attached.
  • the grinding wheel 27 is mounted vertically adjustable in corresponding lateral guides 29, so that the contact force of the grinding wheel 27 is constant against an object to be ground during a displacement of the carriage 25 on the guide rods 24.
  • the grinding wheel 27 is rotationally driven by a drive 30 shown schematically.
  • the grinding wheel 27 has two with respect to the shaft 26 radially projecting, mutually parallel annular beads 33, 34, between which a relative to this radially recessed annular recess 35 is provided.
  • the annular beads 33 and 34 are based on the circumferential line maximum distance from the shaft 26 from the recess 35 facing halves 36 and the opposite halves 37.
  • the recess 35 together with the adjacent halves 36 corresponds exactly to the negative contour of an ideal shown in Figure 5 Riffel 8, ie a corrugated head 15, the two shown ideal corrugations 7, 8, ie a corrugated head 15, the two adjacent flanks 17 and each half a corrugated foot 18.
  • the two outer halves 37 of the grinding wheel 27 each go into outer cylindrical sections 38, whose distance from the shaft 26 is equal to or preferably slightly smaller than the distance of the lowest point 39 of the recess 35.
  • the outer contour of the half 37 is slightly narrower compared to the outer contour of the half 36, so that the two halves 36 and 37 with respect to the center line 40th are not mirror-symmetric.
  • a corrugating roll blank 41 is clamped in the bearing blocks 31.
  • the blank 41 may have a camber.
  • the rotating grinding wheel 27 is lowered onto the blank 41 and displaced along a longitudinal direction 43 extending parallel to the central longitudinal axis 44 of the blank 41 on the blank 41. If the blank 41 has a camber, the grinding wheel 27 in the guide 29 is displaced upward.
  • FIG. 8 shows a grinding process in which a blank 41 with a smooth lateral surface 42 is ground.
  • a blank 41 with already existing tubular corrugation in the lateral surface is formed 42 ground, which is why both left and right of the grinding wheel 27 already corrugated heads 15 exist.
  • the grinding method according to the invention also has great advantages in terms of the wear of the grinding wheel 27 during grinding.
  • the annular bead of the abrasive wheel becomes more and more sharpened because most of the abrasion takes place in the region of the flanks.
  • all the material in the edge region of the annular bead must be removed to produce an annular bead again, which corresponds to the shape of a corrugated foot.
  • the annular beads 33, 34 are largely retained, since most of the removal takes place in the region of the flanks of the annular recess 35 and the grinding wheel thereby self-aligns to a certain extent.
  • a self-centering of the grinding wheel 27 on the Rohriffelung especially in blanks with a tubular corrugation, a self-centering of the grinding wheel 27 on the Rohriffelung.
  • FIG. 10 the section is shown perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis 44 by a finished ground corrugating roll with camber, wherein the outer corrugation 45 represents the corrugation in the region of the center of the corrugating roll.
  • the illustrated inner corrugation 46 corresponds the projection of the corrugation at one of the ends of the corrugating roll along the central longitudinal axis 44 on the cutting plane 47.
  • the corrugated heads 15 of the outer corrugation 45 shown in Figure 11, ie in the area the maximum camber, and the illustrated inner corrugation 46, ie in the edge region of the corrugating roll, are of the same design and have a ridge line 16 which lies in each case in a plane in which the central longitudinal axis 44 also lies.
  • the pull-in behavior of a paper web 13 dominated by the corrugated heads 15 and shown in FIG. 3 is uniform over the full width of the corrugating roll, as a result of which no wrinkling occurs.
  • the corrugated feet 18 of the illustrated inner corrugation 46 are also ideally formed as shown in FIG.
  • the corrugated feet 18 of the outer corrugation 45 have a flattened central portion 48 whose width corresponds to the circumferential difference by the camber, in the example 12.6 mm by the number of corrugations.
  • the corrugated feet 18 of the outer corrugation 45 do not correspond to the ideal course according to FIG. 5.
  • this does not matter with regard to the feeding behavior of a paper web 13, since the feeder, as already explained, is determined by the corrugated heads 15.
  • FIG. 12 shows the section through a ground corrugating roll according to the invention, for example corrugating roll 1, according to the cutting plane 47.
  • the section allows a comparison with the ground according to the method according to the prior art and shown in Figure 6 corrugating roll.
  • the solid upper line shows the actual course of the corrugation.
  • the dashed line shows the ideal course, from which deviates in the area of the maximum camber.
  • the corrugated heads 15 correspond to the ideal course, the corrugated feet 18 are formed comparatively too wide. This also applies to the lower part of the flanks 17th

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Machines For Manufacturing Corrugated Board In Mechanical Paper-Making Processes (AREA)
  • Making Paper Articles (AREA)
  • Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
  • Bending Of Plates, Rods, And Pipes (AREA)
  • Shaping Of Tube Ends By Bending Or Straightening (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Procédé de fabrication de cylindres cannelés, en particulier pour des installations de carton ondulé, comprenant les étapes suivantes :
    a. fourniture d'une ébauche de cylindre cannelé (41) présentant un bombement, avec un axe longitudinal médian (44), une direction longitudinale (43) s'étendant parallèlement à celui-ci et une surface enveloppe (42),
    b. fourniture d'un dispositif de meulage (21) pour meuler, dans la surface enveloppe (42), des cannelures (7, 8) s'étendant le long de la direction longitudinale (43),
    i. les cannelures (7, 8) étant constituées par des sommets de cannelures (15) et par des fonds de cannelures (18), répartis de manière régulière, agencés en alternance et s'étendant de manière sensiblement parallèle les uns aux autres sur la périphérie de la surface enveloppe (42), et
    c. meulage des sommets de cannelures (15) dans la surface enveloppe (42) au moyen du dispositif de meulage (21),
    i. les sommets de cannelures (15) possédant chacun en section transversale la même courbure le long de la direction longitudinale (43).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'ébauche de cylindre cannelé (41) présente un diamètre différent le long de la direction longitudinale (43).
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise dans le dispositif de meulage (21) un disque de meulage (27) déplaçable le long de la direction longitudinale (43).
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise un disque de meulage (27) avec deux bourrelets annulaires (33, 34) faisant saillie radialement et avec un évidement annulaire (35) en retrait radial, agencé entre ceux-ci.
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que l'évidement annulaire (35) correspond en section transversale à la courbure des sommets de cannelures (15).
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que lors du meulage, le disque de meulage (27) est approché de la surface enveloppe (42) de l'ébauche de cylindre cannelé (41).
  7. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que lors du meulage d'un sommet de cannelure (15), le dispositif de meulage (21) meule une partie des deux fonds de cannelures (18) adjacents à celui-ci.
  8. Cylindre cannelé, en particulier pour une installation de carton ondulé, comprenant
    a. un corps de base de cylindre cannelé en forme de rouleau, lequel présente un axe longitudinal médian (44), une direction longitudinale (43) s'étendant parallèlement à celui-ci et une surface enveloppe (42), et
    b. des cannelures (7, 8) prévues dans la surface enveloppe (44), réparties de manière régulière sur sa périphérie et s'étendant le long de la direction longitudinale (43),
    i. les cannelures (7, 8) étant constituées par des sommets de cannelures (15) en saillie radiale et des fonds de cannelures (18) en retrait radial, agencés en alternance et s'étendant sensiblement parallèlement les uns aux autres, caractérisé en ce que
    c. les sommets de cannelures (15) possèdent chacun la même courbure en section transversale, le long de la direction longitudinale (43), et
    d. le cylindre cannelé présente un bombement.
  9. Cylindre cannelé selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que les sommets de cannelures (15) présentent chacun une ligne de crête (16) à distance maximale par rapport à l'axe longitudinal médian (44), une ligne de crête (16) et l'axe longitudinal médian (44) se trouvant respectivement dans un plan commun.
EP02015396A 2002-07-11 2002-07-11 Cylindre cannelé et procédé de sa fabrication Expired - Lifetime EP1380410B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02015396A EP1380410B1 (fr) 2002-07-11 2002-07-11 Cylindre cannelé et procédé de sa fabrication
AT02015396T ATE318695T1 (de) 2002-07-11 2002-07-11 Riffelwalze sowie verfahren zu deren herstellung
DE50205908T DE50205908D1 (de) 2002-07-11 2002-07-11 Riffelwalze sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
ES02015396T ES2258119T3 (es) 2002-07-11 2002-07-11 Cilindro estriado asi como procedimiento para su fabricacion.
CN03146544.7A CN1228186C (zh) 2002-07-11 2003-07-07 槽纹辊及其制造方法
JP2003194866A JP2004042259A (ja) 2002-07-11 2003-07-10 溝付きロールおよびその製造方法
US10/617,305 US7059051B2 (en) 2002-07-11 2003-07-11 Fluted roll and method for the manufacture thereof

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02015396A EP1380410B1 (fr) 2002-07-11 2002-07-11 Cylindre cannelé et procédé de sa fabrication

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1380410A1 EP1380410A1 (fr) 2004-01-14
EP1380410B1 true EP1380410B1 (fr) 2006-03-01

Family

ID=29724427

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02015396A Expired - Lifetime EP1380410B1 (fr) 2002-07-11 2002-07-11 Cylindre cannelé et procédé de sa fabrication

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US7059051B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1380410B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2004042259A (fr)
CN (1) CN1228186C (fr)
AT (1) ATE318695T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE50205908D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2258119T3 (fr)

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CN1297385C (zh) * 2004-03-01 2007-01-31 马剑波 一种波纹丝的生产加工方法
JP5563316B2 (ja) * 2009-03-18 2014-07-30 東海興業株式会社 芯材の製造方法及びトリム材の製造方法並びに芯材
JP5457882B2 (ja) 2010-02-26 2014-04-02 三菱重工印刷紙工機械株式会社 段ロール及びその再加工方法、及びシングルフェーサ
DE102011017487A1 (de) 2011-04-19 2012-10-25 RSD - Industrietechnik GmbH Einseitige Maschine mit einem Riffelwalzenpaar
DE102011018939A1 (de) 2011-04-29 2012-10-31 Felix Titz Verbindungseinrichtung
CN102825523B (zh) * 2012-09-04 2016-01-20 马钢(集团)控股有限公司 一种电工钢涂料涂层辊刻槽装置及应用刻槽装置进行刻槽的工艺方法
JP6013305B2 (ja) * 2013-10-30 2016-10-25 住友理工株式会社 紙送り用ローラ
CN103707560B (zh) * 2013-12-31 2017-01-04 上海大松瓦楞辊有限公司 一种m楞型瓦楞辊
CN103921195A (zh) * 2014-04-10 2014-07-16 马钢(集团)控股有限公司 一种电工钢涂层辊刻槽方法
IT201700020032A1 (it) * 2017-02-22 2018-08-22 Giorgio Trani Procedimento ed apparecchiatura per produrre un nastro continuo di materiale fibroso ondulato longitudinalmente.
CN107617469B (zh) * 2017-09-11 2023-08-18 邢台恒丰轧辊制造有限公司 合金辊压机辊套、工装及制造工艺
DE102023204993A1 (de) * 2023-05-26 2024-11-28 Bhs Corrugated Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh Riffelwalzen-Herstell-Verfahren
CN119772690A (zh) * 2024-12-31 2025-04-08 滨州永光工贸有限公司 一种耐腐蚀纳米石墨烯彩涂板及彩涂板的生产装置

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JP3744337B2 (ja) * 2000-10-16 2006-02-08 東海ゴム工業株式会社 紙送り用ローラ

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2258119T3 (es) 2006-08-16
DE50205908D1 (de) 2006-04-27
CN1472065A (zh) 2004-02-04
EP1380410A1 (fr) 2004-01-14
JP2004042259A (ja) 2004-02-12
US7059051B2 (en) 2006-06-13
ATE318695T1 (de) 2006-03-15
CN1228186C (zh) 2005-11-23
US20040009861A1 (en) 2004-01-15

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