EP1412256A2 - Couvercle pour recipient a ouverture cylindrique et recipient pour la conservation de produits et preparations biologiques - Google Patents

Couvercle pour recipient a ouverture cylindrique et recipient pour la conservation de produits et preparations biologiques

Info

Publication number
EP1412256A2
EP1412256A2 EP02701146A EP02701146A EP1412256A2 EP 1412256 A2 EP1412256 A2 EP 1412256A2 EP 02701146 A EP02701146 A EP 02701146A EP 02701146 A EP02701146 A EP 02701146A EP 1412256 A2 EP1412256 A2 EP 1412256A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
closure
container
rubber
seal
rubbers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP02701146A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christoph Oberer
Freddy Thommen
Andreas Maier
Christoph Weibel
Martin A. BÜHLER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP1412256A2 publication Critical patent/EP1412256A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01LCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/508Rigid containers without fluid transport within
    • B01L3/5082Test tubes per se
    • B01L3/50825Closing or opening means, corks, bungs
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D39/00Closures arranged within necks or pouring openings or in discharge apertures, e.g. stoppers
    • B65D39/12Closures arranged within necks or pouring openings or in discharge apertures, e.g. stoppers expansible, e.g. inflatable

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a lid for containers with a cylindrical opening and a container for the preservation of biological products and preparations, namely a lid according to the preamble of claim 1 and a container according to the preamble of claim 5.
  • the main reason for the loss of preservation liquid in the known preparation jars lies primarily in the construction of the closures. These are mechanically unstable and in most cases do not allow the container to be opened and closed repeatedly. This means that the known lids will deform over time as a result of the vapor pressure in the container and, after opening for the first time, must often be replaced together with the seal used in the lid base.
  • many of the known closures for specimen glasses are designed so that they can be screwed onto the glass container. agreed lid can be turned when closing. This over-rotation as well as the deformation of the lid caused by the vapor pressure then means that the lid does not exert the constant pressure on the seal which is necessary for, for example, an optimal sealing of the preparation glass that lasts for several years.
  • the maintenance intervals for the preparation jars are from
  • Preservative fluid is not insignificant. It can amount to several hundred liters per year and museum. In order to keep these evaporation losses within limits, the alcohol preparations are kept in energy and costly cooled storage rooms in some museums. Since many of the preservation liquids also contain highly toxic substances (e.g. formalin), the latter must also be constantly ventilated using complex ventilation systems.
  • highly toxic substances e.g. formalin
  • a container is proposed in European patent application 0 857 663, which has a resistant seal which consists at least in part of an aging-resistant, reversibly deformable plastic and has a water vapor permeability which is less than 100 with a layer thickness of 40 ⁇ g / 24h • m 2 .
  • Containers which were produced according to the idea of this application, have the disadvantage that, although equipped with a seal made of high-quality rubber or plastic, they cannot be opened after a short time. A plastic that has all of the above-mentioned properties will stick to the container in the sealing zone or at least strongly adhere.
  • the lids and closures available on the market have the major disadvantage that they no longer allow direct access to the seal. Also the lid proposed in the aforementioned publication shapes and seals have this crucial disadvantage. The consequence of this is that the container can no longer be opened without damage because the sealants adhere too strongly to the glass and the closure.
  • Another phenomenon of any reversibly deformable plastic is that it tends to either creep, that is, to adapt plastically in a new form, or at least to weaken in its elasticity, that is, in the reversible deformability. Also high quality
  • Rubber compounds and synthetic elastomers tend - albeit to a small extent - to lose elasticity. Elastomers also tend to stick, adhere, or stick to the sealing surface of the container over the years.
  • the present invention is based on the object of creating a modern closure system for containers with a cylindrical opening of the type mentioned at the outset, which is provided by a mechanical device, regardless of the tolerances of the container and lid and regardless of the aging of the sealing compound, the force is applied to press the seal around the entire circumference onto the container opening. It should also be made visible whether the lid on the container is open or closed. In use, the positions "Open” and “Closed” must be clearly displayed to the user.
  • the invention further relates to preparation containers and sealing materials for common use with a sealant.
  • Locking system according to claim 1 namely a preparation container according to claim 5 or 8, a sealing material according to claim 12 and interior furnishing for preparation container according to claim 16.
  • the filling opening of the container according to the invention can be closed with a metal lid which is stable with respect to mechanical deformations.
  • This cover for example made of aluminum or sheet steel, must be sealed in this way compress strongly so that it fits snugly and absolutely tightly against the edge of the vessel and the lid and regains its original shape when the container is opened, i.e. it remains reversibly compressible.
  • the lid must be so stable that it cannot be deformed by the internal pressure that forms in the interior of the vessel, which could render the plastic seal ineffective.
  • the invention is now essentially characterized in that it has a novel, high-density and reclosable, essentially two-part closure system. Preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in detail in the drawing.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a first closure system according to the invention in the tensioned state
  • FIG. 3 shows a systematic section of the closure system according to FIG. 1 in the open state
  • FIG. 4 shows a systematic section of the closure system in the closed state
  • FIG. 7 shows a section of the closed cover from the front
  • 8 shows a section of the closed lid from the side
  • FIG. 9 shows the upper part of a second closure system with a closure lid and closure tab
  • FIG. 10 shows the lower part of the closure system according to FIG. 9 with a metallic closure plate and a sealing ring which is fastened thereon and is intended to lie on the container wall,
  • Figure 11 shows the cam track of the sleeve inserted in the cover
  • FIG. 12 to 13 show a third closure system in a perspective view
  • FIG. 12 the closure cover with mechanical closure part
  • FIG. 13 the closure flap
  • FIG. 14 the seal of the closure system according to FIG. 12.
  • Figures 1 to 9 represent a first preferred embodiment.
  • a standardized and uniform vessel 1 according to FIG. 2 is required for the systematic and economical storage of wet preparations.
  • This standardized row of vessels is always the same in diameter D, but offers different volumes by varying the length L.
  • the vessel 1 only has to be cylindrical in the area of the opening 10.
  • Four, six or octagonal containers are also possible.
  • the production of • Diameter D of the cylindrical opening with larger and smaller diameters than 100 mm is with the same technique and also taking into account the same design features.
  • the container 1 is characterized by a precisely defined cylindrical opening with a diameter D and comprising an area B.
  • the diameter D of the sealing surface 2 is manufactured with high precision in compliance with specified tolerances.
  • the surface of the sealing surface 2 does not have to be machined, but a precise cylindrical shape in the range of the tolerances is aimed for.
  • the sealing surface 2 is formed in the circumference of the diameter D over a height H, the formula:
  • the height of the sealing surface 2 must be at least 10 mm.
  • the closure system containing a seal 10 is pressed onto this sealing surface 2, as shown in FIG.
  • the seal 10 has a cylindrical shape. It is flush and firmly connected to a metallic base plate 11.
  • the base plate 11 has a diameter D 1 that is at most 2% smaller than the inside diameter D of the container 1, so that the seal 10 is exposed to the medium in the interior of the container 1 with the smallest possible area.
  • the main surface is provided by the base plate 11, which is preferably made of stainless steel.
  • the firm connection between base plate 11 and seal 10 can also be achieved by gluing or by mechanical clamping. In the latter case, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the specially designed seal 10 is pressed onto the base plate 11 by means of an auxiliary disk 13.
  • the closure system also includes a closure lid designed as a cup disk 21.
  • the cylindrical shape of the seal 10 has the effect that, when the distance between the base plate 11 and the cup wheel 21 is reduced, the seal 10 is deformed by expanding the diameter D1 to a diameter D2. This deformation causes the seal 10 to come to rest in the cylindrical region 2 of the container 1 and the container 1 is sealed. Depending on the force F, which is applied in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical seal 10 with the cup washer 21, the seal 10 is in the cylindrical region 2 with more or less portion of the height H on the glass 1. The seal 10 will always deform in a round shape and in this way touch the sealing surface 2 in area B of the glass 1 and ensure the seal with it.
  • the decisive factor here is that the vessel is neither leaking nor is the cylindrical region 2 of the glass container 1 being subjected to excessive stress.
  • the seal 10 is preferably made of a plastic or elastomer according to the document EP-A 0 857 66 AI.
  • the sealing material must above all be elastic and resistant to aging and all media used for preservation. If possible, the sealing material should not adhere or stick to the sealing surface 2 if it is pressed under pressure over a long period of time.
  • the distance x from the pivot point p is chosen so that the entire system is without force, that is, the seal 10 is not under tension.
  • the lid can be inserted into the region B of the cylindrical opening of the glass 1.
  • the handle 20 protrudes over the edge of the seal 10. A brief glance over the vessel shows the viewer, "Handle is up - lid is not closed”.
  • the user will now move the handle 20 in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 6. It must be at a distance x from the fulcrum Move the handle 20 to the cup wheel 11 over the distance y until it has reached the end position of the handle 20. Now the distance x between pivot point p and cup wheel 21 is much smaller. If the lid is not in the container, the seal 10 assumes a barrel-like, round shape, as shown in FIGS. 1, 7 and 8. However, if the lid is in the container 1, the spring clip 22, base plate 11, cup wheel 21 and seal 10 are under tension and the seal is pressed onto the sealing surface 2 under spring pressure.
  • the seal 10 lies against the container wall at least over a height H of 10 mm.
  • the resilient mechanical elements 11, 21, 22 are matched to one another and designed.
  • the distance y from the pivot point p is greater than the distance z from the pivot point p.
  • the outermost diameter of the cup disk 21 must always be smaller than the selected diameter D of the cylindrical opening of the glass 1. This ensures that the seal 10 is always directly accessible in the area of the sealing surface 2. This is important if the seal 10 should stick to the sealing surface 2 after years, contrary to expectations. In this way, if the seal 10 is mechanically damaged, it is possible to open the glass 1 again even after years without the damage to the preparation. In the closed state, the cup wheel 21 and the handle 20 will always come to rest under the uppermost point 15 of the seal 10, so that several glasses 1 can be stacked on top of one another in the closed state.
  • Figures 9 to 11 show a second embodiment of the invention.
  • the two-part closure system hereinafter also referred to as the closure, also consists here essentially of two parts that can be detached from one another, namely a first lower part 101 and a second upper part 102.
  • the first is composed of a metallic closure plate 103 and an elastomer fastened to it. Sealing ring 104 formed.
  • the upper part 102 consists of a preferably metallic closure cover 105 with a closure tab 106 and a rotatable sleeve 107 inserted in the closure cover 105 with an external thread.
  • the latter has in its wall a circumferential, inclinedly leading upward and, in FIG.
  • This second locking system has the following properties:
  • the container is easily resealable.
  • tab 106 Another problem is solved with the tab 106: it inherently makes the closure secure; i.e. it shows clearly whether the container is closed or not.
  • Sealing material is arranged in such a way that a loss due to an only partially closed cover is largely excluded.
  • the contact pressure is evenly distributed over a large, wide area (tunnel seal).
  • the elastomer ring 104 is pressed against the inside wall of the container, a clearly noticeable resistance having to be overcome when opening and closing. This pressure is evenly distributed over the entire elastomer outer surface and on the
  • the elastomer therefore seals the inside wall of the container over a wide area like a cut of glass and can additionally be provided with a plurality of grooves 11 on its inside of the ring in order to optimize the contact pressure.
  • the closure is closed in that the metal plate 103, on which the elastomer ring 104 is vulcanized, is pulled upward by the rotation of the tab 106.
  • the sleeve 107 integrated in the upper closure part 102 of the closure lid 105 has an external thread, that is to say it is rotatable, and allows the closure to be fixed in the three positions “separation” (separation of cover and elastomer); “open” and “closed”.
  • the contact pressure acts resiliently on the edge of the container. This resilient pressing can be achieved by the deformation of molecules in the elastomer mass, but also by spring tension (eg by a pot spring).
  • the optimal contact pressure depends on the desired tightness, the elastomer mixture and the diameter of the Since this in the solution according to the invention depends on the steepness or the height of the thread and / or cam path 108 of the sleeve 107, it can be controlled relatively easily and set to a desired value between 0 and 2000 kp Time to "stick" to the glass. This sticking of the sealant to the preparation glass is very dangerous. Because these masses are not structurally accessible in all previous closure concepts, the closure must be destroyed to open them. The preparation glass is also often damaged. decision What is crucial for the new closure is that the closure compound remains accessible at all times. In the specific application example, this is done by easily removing the mechanism that presses the elastomer ring from the "elastomer base”. If a closure sticks anyway, the mechanism can be removed and the elastomer pulled away from the glass edge by hand - an "emergency exit”.
  • FIGS. 12 to 14 A third embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGS. 12 to 14.
  • This closure system is very similar to the cover shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 and, like this, has two parts which can be detached from one another, namely a first lower part 201 and a second upper part 202.
  • the former is shown in FIG. It is formed from a metallic closure plate 203 and an elastomer sealing ring 204 fastened thereon.
  • the upper part 202 shown in FIG. 12 consists of a preferably metallic closure cover 205 and a closure flap 206 with a clamping bolt 207. The latter is in the assembled state with its foot-side latching groove 208 in engagement with the engagement cams 209 of the sealing ring 204.
  • the semicircular closure tab 206 rests with its edge 206a on a circumferential path 210 of the closure cover 205 rotated about the cylindrical axis of the cover.
  • closure plate 203 When this closure system is attached to a preparation glass of the type mentioned at the outset, the closure plate 203 is rotated in the direction of the closure plate by rotating the closure tab 206 on the upwardly twisted path 210. Lid 205 pulled, which has the consequence that - as explained above - the seal 205 is pressed against the glass wall.
  • This third closure system has the same advantages as the system described above with reference to FIGS. 9 to 11, but with the additional advantage that the force to be applied for closing is even lower.
  • the closure flap 206 also has an annular recess 211, which serves to hold a chip that can be read with a suitable device and, if necessary, can be written with all possible information about the contents of the container, which is used in museums and others Collection sites for the systematic cataloging and monitoring of existing preparations.
  • the sealing material is an important component of the closure system.
  • the selection of the sealing material is a compromise between the different material properties. For the application according to the invention, however, this must necessarily fulfill the following points: non-toxic, food-approved and sterilizable, very good resistance to both steam and dry heat
  • the following rubbers are suitable in principle as sealing materials.
  • CR Choroprene rubber
  • SBR Styrene-butadiene rubber
  • NBR nitrile-butadiene rubber
  • NCR nitrile-chloroprene rubber
  • IIR butyl rubber [CHR, BIIR]
  • CSM chlorosulfonated PE rubber
  • CM chlorinated PE rubber [CM]
  • FPM and FFKM] fluoro rubber
  • connection classes mentioned above can be used individually or in combination with one another to produce a seal of the type described, a combination of plastics from all six connection classes is of course also possible here.
  • a preferred embodiment of a sealing material for the use according to the invention in preparation containers is an elastomer made of bromobutyl rubber (BIIR), that is to say a linear, gel-free, crosslinked copolymer made from isobutylene and relatively small amounts of isoprene.
  • BIIR bromobutyl rubber
  • Halogenization significantly increases the reactivity in the vulcanization process.
  • the low permeability 'of the elastomer for air (oxygen, nitrogen and carbonic acid) or moisture' improves as well as the good resistance to heat, ozone and chemically aggressive materials.
  • the heteroatoms are introduced into the polymer via halogenated isoprene units.
  • the elastomer is crosslinked without free sulfur using so-called sulfur donors. This means that the cross-linked elastomer has no possibility of attacking oxygen and is therefore extremely resistant to aging.
  • the elastomer can be considered to be fully saturated. A lifespan of 30 years can thus be achieved without additional stabilizers.
  • one or the other surface finish must therefore be provided, for example: - Coating with fluorine-based plastics (e.g. teflonizing),
  • the sealing material based on an IIR (butyl rubber (CHR, BIIR)) mixture is also suitable for other applications, such as watch seals.
  • IIR butyl rubber
  • the problem is not the penetrating water, but also the alcohol and various natural substances and chemicals from perfumes, which diffuse into the watch case and attack the mechanics and lubricants there.
  • the invention is also distinguished in the choice of the vessel.
  • Glass is almost ideal as a container for storing liquid preparations. Glass is translucent, odorless, dense, physically and chemically stable and has a high chemical resistance. Nevertheless: If glass is stored for a long time in musty, damp rooms, signs of weathering must be expected. A slow surface decomposition takes place. The moisture creates a water film on the glass that creates a homogeneous swelling layer; Alkali diffuses out of the glass into this layer and is then excreted. Jars with a semolina value below 1000 cannot be stored.
  • the new preparation container is therefore made of resistant borosilicate glass without a rim and has a wide and flat base so that the container does not tip over.
  • the container sizes are also standardized.
  • the container according to the invention has the following additional properties: - Thanks to a control mark, the liquid level can be checked quickly and precisely. - A replaceable foot prevents high specimen glasses from tipping over.
  • the glass can be stacked, which makes storage easier.
  • the invention further relates to the interior design of preparation containers and the provision of accessories for placing and stacking such.
  • Specimen containers have an interior that must be “furnished” depending on the type of use, for example by means of specimen tubes or inner wall linings for individual small animals or the like.
  • rustproof metals or alloys e.g. rustproof steel
  • cotton or cellulose mixtures paper or cardboard
  • the metal alloys must not contain copper (destruction of the elastomer mixtures). - Any glue that is present must be absolutely aging-resistant and waterproof.
  • the sizing must not release any formalin into the preservation liquids, and therefore preferably contain no formalin.
  • preparation containers tend to tip from a certain height. This can be prevented with a simple foot or "shoe”.
  • These accessories must withstand high loads throughout the entire storage period. In musty and damp rooms, it is particularly at risk of fungal decay and insect pests.
  • a container base made from natural wood is proposed according to the invention, for example from robinia wood (Robinia ps ' eudoacacia L.). The latter is particularly suitable in the present application
  • a method for the production of non-rotting wooden feet, because robinia wood has the following properties:
  • Natural durability against termites permanent Natural durability against wood pests in seawater: permanent - Impregnation: very difficult to impregnate - good processability (e.g. dripping ability)

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)

Abstract

La technique de conservation de préparations liquides biologiques n'a pratiquement pas changé depuis des siècles. On utilise des verres, plus récemment des récipients en Plexiglas ou en plastique, dotés de différents systèmes de fermeture. Ces prélèvements sont exposés à différents dangers. L'objectif de la présente invention est de développer, à partir de l'état actuel de la technique, un nouveau verre à préparations refermable, étanche à long terme et productible industriellement. Le développement des systèmes de fermeture existants n'ayant pas rencontré de succès, un système de fermeture complètement nouveau était à développer, de sorte qu'un nouveau système de fermeture en deux parties a été élaboré. Ce verre à préparations est composé d'un verre au borosilicate, modelé de façon optimale et pourvu d'une fermeture en acier spécial. La masse d'étanchéité, un élastomère nouvellement développé, obture ledit récipient de façon étanche pour des dizaines d'années, la préparation conservée restant néanmoins facile d'accès. Ce récipient est disponible en différentes dimensions de fermeture et hauteurs normalisées et chaque composant est interchangeable. Les faibles exigences d'entretien dudit récipient permettent des grandes économies à long terme.
EP02701146A 2001-03-11 2002-03-11 Couvercle pour recipient a ouverture cylindrique et recipient pour la conservation de produits et preparations biologiques Withdrawn EP1412256A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH437012001 2001-03-11
CH4372001 2001-03-11
CH101201 2001-06-01
CH10122001 2001-06-01
PCT/CH2002/000146 WO2002072443A2 (fr) 2001-03-11 2002-03-11 Couvercle pour recipient a ouverture cylindrique et recipient pour la conservation de produits et preparations biologiques

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1412256A2 true EP1412256A2 (fr) 2004-04-28

Family

ID=25737409

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02701146A Withdrawn EP1412256A2 (fr) 2001-03-11 2002-03-11 Couvercle pour recipient a ouverture cylindrique et recipient pour la conservation de produits et preparations biologiques

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1412256A2 (fr)
AU (1) AU2002234477A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2002072443A2 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3190060A1 (fr) * 2016-01-06 2017-07-12 Free- Free Industrial Corp. Bouchon etanche

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITUA20164056A1 (it) * 2016-06-01 2017-12-01 Holostem Terapie Avanzate S R L Contenitore
CN107697476B (zh) * 2017-09-28 2019-06-14 南京宝丽晶电子科技有限公司 一种防止靶材运输碰撞的包装装置
CN111006456B (zh) * 2019-11-20 2021-11-23 浙江省海洋水产研究所 一种水样悬浮物烘干盒
TWM641040U (zh) * 2023-01-07 2023-05-11 瀛麗企業股份有限公司 密封蓋

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE861060C (de) * 1949-11-24 1952-12-29 Johann Michel Expansionsstopfen fuer Flaschen und sonstige Gefaesse aller Art
CH276995A (de) * 1950-01-31 1951-08-15 Interpa Corp Reg Trust Lösbarer Behälterverschluss.
DE910392C (de) * 1951-09-21 1954-05-03 Georg Fetscher Flaschenverschl Expansionsstopfen
CH626301A5 (en) * 1979-01-19 1981-11-13 Bossert Prod Hom F & J Hermetically sealed container
EP0857663A1 (fr) * 1997-02-11 1998-08-12 Christoph Oberer Récipient pour le stockage d'un liquide ou d'une préparation biologique incorporée dans un liquide

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO02072443A3 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3190060A1 (fr) * 2016-01-06 2017-07-12 Free- Free Industrial Corp. Bouchon etanche

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2002072443A2 (fr) 2002-09-19
WO2002072443A3 (fr) 2003-11-27
AU2002234477A1 (en) 2002-09-24

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