EP1436627A2 - Kit zur vorhersage der bindung eines spezifischen antikörpers an ein potentielles immunogen und screening-verfahren - Google Patents

Kit zur vorhersage der bindung eines spezifischen antikörpers an ein potentielles immunogen und screening-verfahren

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Publication number
EP1436627A2
EP1436627A2 EP02800546A EP02800546A EP1436627A2 EP 1436627 A2 EP1436627 A2 EP 1436627A2 EP 02800546 A EP02800546 A EP 02800546A EP 02800546 A EP02800546 A EP 02800546A EP 1436627 A2 EP1436627 A2 EP 1436627A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
kit according
sequence
antigenic peptide
immunogen
epitope
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP02800546A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Erwin Ludo Roggen
Nina Teeres Nilsson
Steffen Ernst
Shamkant Anant Patkar
Esben Peter Friis
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Novozymes AS
Original Assignee
Novozymes AS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Novozymes AS filed Critical Novozymes AS
Publication of EP1436627A2 publication Critical patent/EP1436627A2/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6854—Immunoglobulins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2299/00—Coordinates from 3D structures of peptides, e.g. proteins or enzymes

Definitions

  • TITLE KIT FOR PREDICTING BINDING OF A SPECIFIC ANTIBODY TO A POTENTIAL IMMUNOGEN AND METHOD OF SCREENING
  • the present invention relates to a kit for predicting binding of a specific antibody to at least one potential immunogen, as well as a high throughput screening method for testing the presence of antibodies specific for at least one structural epitope comprised in at least one potential immunogen.
  • the invention relates to a use of the kit and/or the high throughput screening 10 method for predicting binding of specific antibodies, in one or more samples, to at least one or more potential immunogen(s).
  • the invention relates to a vaccine comprising an antigenic peptide sequence corresponding to a structural epitope comprised in a potential immunogen.
  • the invention relates to a use of at least one antigenic peptide sequence corre- i5 sponding to a specific structural epitope in at least one potential immunogen for the preparation of a vaccine, a method for preparing such a vaccine and use of such a vaccine.
  • proteins including enzymes
  • the sensitisation phase involves a first exposure of a human or animal to an allergen. This 3o event activates specific T- and B-lymphocytes, and leads to the production of allergen specific IgE antibodies (in the present context the antibodies are denoted as usual, i.e. immunoglobulin E is IgE etc.). These IgE antibodies eventually facilitate allergen capturing and presentation to T-lymphocytes at the onset of the symptomatic phase.
  • This phase is initiated by a second exposure to the same or a resembling antigen.
  • the specific IgE antibodies bind to the specific IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils, among others, and capture at the same time the allergen.
  • the polyclonal nature of this process results in bridging and clustering of the IgE receptors, and subsequently in the activation of mast cells and basophils. This activation triggers the release of various chemical mediators involved in early as well as late phase reactions of the symptomatic phase of allergy.
  • a therapy exists, which comprises repeated administration of allergen preparations called 'allergen vaccines' (Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1999, vol. 119, pp1-5). This leads to reduction of the allergic symptoms, possibly due to a redirection of the immune response away from the allergic (Th2) pathway and towards the immunoprotective (Th1) pathway (Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1999, vol. 119, pp1-5).
  • Th2 allergic
  • Th1 immunoprotective pathway
  • DBPCFC double blind placebo controlled food challenge
  • a pure system can be obtained by immunochemical assays detecting IgE-allergen binding, directly or indirectly, by inhibition designs. These assays should preferentially include single allergen specific IgE epitopes in order to allow direct risk assessment.
  • immunochemical assays detecting IgE-allergen binding, directly or indirectly, by inhibition designs. These assays should preferentially include single allergen specific IgE epitopes in order to allow direct risk assessment.
  • Several similar techniques for localization of B-cell epitopes are disclosed by Walshet et al, J. Immunol. Methods, vol. 121, 1275-280, (1989), and by Schoofs et al. J. Immunol, vol. 140, 611-616, (1987). All of these documents, relate to identification of linear epitopes.
  • Slootstra et al; Molecular Diversity, 2, pp. 156-164, 1996 discloses the screening of a semi-random library of synthetic peptides for their binding properties to three monoclonal antibodies.
  • WO 99/47680 discloses the identification and modification of B-cell epitopes by protein engineering.
  • WO 00/26230 (Novozymes A S) describes the use of phage-display libraries for iden- tifying linear as well as conformational epitope sequences and patterns on proteins. This information is stored in a database, and provides a rational approach for identifying antigenic and allergenic areas on proteins.
  • Conformational/structural epitopes are less likely to be present on different immunogens and the use of such epitopes in diagnosis or characterization og immunoglubulins from a human or animal will therefore give a more precise answer without the problems of cross reactivity.
  • Identification of such conformational/structural epitopes can be used in the context of the present invention in order to precisely identify interactions between such conformational epitopes and specific antibodies and provides a fast method of screening a large number of different allergenic epitopes at the same time.
  • the present invention relates to a kit for predicting binding of a specific antibody to at least one potential immunogen, comprising
  • At least one antigenic peptide sequence comprising less than 26 amino acids wherein said antigenic peptide sequence corresponds to a structural epitope comprised in the at least one potential immunogen and the antigenic peptide sequence is capable of binding at least one antibody specific for the structural epitope comprised in the said potential immu- nogen, and
  • a , second aspect of the present invention relates to a high throughput screening method for testing the presence of antibodies specific for a structural epitope comprised in at least one potential immunogen of interest, comprising
  • a third aspect of the present invention relates to a use of the kit for predicting binding of a specific antibody in a sample to at least one potential immunogen, wherein binding of antibody to at least one antigenic peptide sequence corresponding to at least one structural epitope on the at least one potential immunogen is tested.
  • a forth aspect of the present invention relates to a use of the high throughput screening method for screening antibodies from at least one sample.
  • a fifth aspect of the invention relates to a vaccine comprising at least one antigenic peptide corresponding to a structural epitope comprised in at least one potential immunogen and said antigenic peptide sequence being capable of binding at least one antibody specific for the structural epitope comprised in the potential immunogen.
  • a sixth aspect of the invention relates to a method of preparing a vaccine comprising adding to a liquid medium at least one antigenic peptide sequence, corresponding to a structural epitope comprised in at least one potential immunogen and said antigenic peptide sequence being capable of binding at least one antibody specific for the structural epitope comprised in the potential immunogen.
  • a seventh aspect of the invention relates to a use of at least one antigenic peptide sequence, corresponding to a structural epitope comprised in at least one potential immunogen and said antigenic peptide sequence being capable of binding at least one antibody specific for the structural epitope comprised in the potential immunogen, for the preparation of a vaccine.
  • An eigth aspect of the invention relate to a use of the vaccine of the invention for the treatment of a human or an animal.
  • Figure 1 shows the antibody binding capacity of selected peptides.
  • the sequences were tested for binding to antibodies in sera raised against different proteins. The different proteins are marked by capital letters A through H.
  • A Alcalase®
  • B Savi- nase®
  • C Subtilisin Novo®
  • D Carezyme® (cellulase)
  • E Laccase
  • F Natalase® (amy- lase)
  • G SP722 (amylase)
  • H Lipolase® (lipase).
  • epitope is defined as an antigenic determinant and is a set of amino acids on a protein that are involved in an immunological response, such as antibody binding or T-cell activation. It is the simplest form or smallest structural area on a complex antigen molecule that can combine with an antibody or T lymphocyte receptor.
  • An epitope must be at least 1 kD (about 10 amino acids) in order to be immunogenic. Epitopes can be linear or conformational/structural.
  • linear epitope is defined as an epitope composed of amino acid residues that are contiguous on the linear sequence of amino acids (primary structure).
  • epitope sequence is defined as the amino acid residues which makes up the epitope.
  • the term "conformational or structural epitope” is defined as an epitope composed of amino acid residues that are not all contiguous. The epitope is thus composed of separated parts of one or more linear sequences of amino acids that are brought into proximity to one another by folding of the molecule (secondary, tertiary and/or quaternary structures). A con- formational epitope is dependent on the 3-dimensional structure. The term 'conformational' is therefore often used interchangeably with 'structural'.
  • antibody binding peptide is defined as a peptide that binds with sufficiently high affinity to antibodies. In particular the antibody binding peptide is linear, but it may also be circular.
  • epitope pattern is meant a consensus sequence of antibody binding peptides.
  • An example is the epitope pattern A R R > R.
  • the sign ">” or “ ⁇ ” in this notation indicates that the aligned antibody binding peptides may or may not include one or more non- consensus amino acids between the second and the third arginine.
  • anchor amino acids is meant the individual amino acids of an epitope pattern.
  • immunogen is a substance that is able to induce a humoral antibody and/or cell-mediated immune response rather than immunological tolerance.
  • the term 'immunogen' is sometimes used interchangeably with 'antigen', yet the term specifies the ability to stimulate an immune response as well as to react with the products of it, e.g. antibody.
  • 'antigen' is reserved by some to mean a substance that reacts with antibody.
  • the principal immunogens are proteins and polysaccharides, free or attached to microorganisms.
  • immunogenic/immunogenicity means the capacity to induce humoral antibody and/or cell-mediated immune responsiveness.
  • donor protein means the protein that was used to raise antibodies for iden- tification of antibody binding sequences, hence the donor protein provides the information that leads to the epitope patterns.
  • the donor protein may e.g. be the parent protein or a part of it.
  • acceptor protein is the protein, whose 3D-structure is used to fit the identified epitope patterns and/or to fit the antibody binding sequences. Hence, the acceptor protein may e.g. be the parent protein or a part of it.
  • “Monospecific polyclonal antibodies” are polyclonal antibodies that are specifically binding to a certain epitope, and hence are monospecific. The polyclonal nature of these antibodies is explained by the fact that a number of antibody-producing B-cell clones may produce antibodies to similar epitopes (but with the same epitope pattern as the epitope of interest), that bind to the epitope of interest, though with lower affinity.
  • immunogenic response including allergic response
  • An "epitope area” is defined as the amino acids situated close to the epitope sequence amino acids. Particularly, the amino acids of an epitope area are located ⁇ 5A from the epitope sequence. Hence, an epitope area also includes the corresponding epitope sequence itself. Modifications of amino acids of the 'epitope area' can possibly affect the immunogenic function of the corresponding epitope.
  • Environmental allergens are protein allergens that are present naturally. They include pollen, dust mite allergens, pet allergens, food allergens, venoms, etc.
  • “Commercial allergens” are protein allergens that are being brought to the market commercially. They include enzymes, pharmaceutical proteins, antimicrobial peptides, as well as allergens of transgenic plants.
  • polyclonal antibodies polyclonal antibodies isolated according to their specificity for a certain antigen, e.g. the protein backbone.
  • a first step required to carry out the present invention is to identify peptide sequences, which bind specifically to antibodies.
  • Antibody binding peptide sequences can be found by testing a set of known peptide sequences for binding to antibodies raised against the donor protein. These sequences are typically selected, such that each represents a segment of the donor protein sequence (Mol. Immunol., 1992, vol. 29, pp.1383-1389; Am. J. Resp. Cell. Mol. Biol. 2000, vol. 22, pp. 344- 351). Also, randomized synthetic peptide libraries can be used to find antibody binding sequences (Slootstra et al; Molecular Diversity, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 156-164). In a particular method, the identification of antibody binding sequences may be achieved by screening a display package library, particularly a phage display library.
  • phage display The principle behind phage display is that a heterologous DNA sequence can be inserted in the gene coding for a coat protein of the phage (WO 92/15679).
  • the phage will make and display the hybrid protein on its surface where it can interact with specific target agents.
  • target agent may be antigen-specific antibodies.
  • the displayed peptides can be of predetermined lengths, for example 9 amino acids long, with randomized sequences, resulting in a random peptide display package library. Thus, by screening for antibody binding, one can isolate the peptide sequences that have sufficiently high affinity for the particular antibody used.
  • the pep- tides of the hybrid proteins of the specific phages which bind protein-specific antibodies characterize epitopes that are recognized by the immune system.
  • the antibodies used for reacting with the display package are particularly IgE antibodies to ensure that the epitopes identified are IgE epitopes, i.e. epitopes inducing and binding IgE.
  • the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies, optionally monospecific antibodies.
  • polyclonal antibodies are used in order to obtain a broader knowledge about the epitopes of a protein.
  • the amino acid sequence of the peptides presented by the display packages is long enough to represent a significant part of the epitope to be identified.
  • the peptides of the peptide display package library are oligopeptides having from 5 to 25 amino acids, particularly at least 8-12 amino acids, such as 9 amino acids.
  • the theoretical number of different possible sequences can be calculated as 20 n .
  • the diversity of the package li- brary used must be large enough to provide a suitable representation of the theoretical number of different sequences.
  • each phage has one specific sequence of a determined length.
  • antigenic peptides for use in the kit of the invention are obtained by screening a random peptide library with antibodies raised against any immunogen of interest and sequencing the amino acid sequence of antibody binding peptides or the DNA sequence encoding the peptides. Once such sequences have been established the peptides may be prepared/produced. The antibody binding peptide sequences can be further analysed by consensus alignment e.g. by the methods described by Feng and Doolittle, Meth. Enzymol., 1996, vol. 266, pp. 368-382; Feng and Doolittle, J. Mol. Evol., 1987, vol. 25, pp. 351-360; and Taylor,. Meth. Enzymol., 1996, vol. 266, pp. 343-367.
  • Typical actions required for the construction of a model structure are: alignment of homologous sequences for which 3- dimensional structures exist, definition of Structurally conserveed Regions (SCRs), assignment of coordinates to SCRs, search for structural fragments/loops in structure databases to replace Variable Regions, assignment of coordinates to these regions, and structural refinement by energy minimization. Regions containing large inserts (>3 residues) relative to the known 3- dimensional structures are known to be quite difficult to model, and structural predictions must be considered with care.
  • SCRs Structurally conserveed Regions
  • one can define a geometric body e.g. an ellipsoid, a sphere, or a box
  • a geometric body e.g. an ellipsoid, a sphere, or a box
  • a geometric body e.g. an ellipsoid, a sphere, or a box
  • epitope patterns can be used to facilitate identification of epitope sequences. This can be done, by first matching the anchor amino acids on the 3-D structure and subsequently looking for other elements of the antibody binding peptide sequences, which provide additional matches. If there are many residues to be matched, it is only necessary that a suitable number can be found on the 3-D structure. For example if an epitope pattern comprises 4, 5, 6, or 7 amino acids, it is only necessary that 3 matches surface elements of the acceptor protein.
  • the information about epitope patterns and sequences can be utilized to assist in the selection of structural epitopes that are specific for the immuno- gen of interest.
  • these structural epitopes that will react with specific antibodies from a sample, which e.g. can be obtained from a human or an animal, these structural epitopes in the form of peptide sequences can be applied in a kit for testing binding of specific antibodies, particularly IgE antibodies, from the human or an animal, to the peptide sequences. This way it will be possible to predict binding of specific antibodies in a human or animal to structural epitopes comprised on potential immunogens.
  • the antigenic peptide to be employed in the kit of the invention is obtained by
  • an antigenic peptide representing a structural epitope is a combination of one part of one antibody binding peptide combined with one or more parts from one or more different antibody binding peptides.
  • the specificity or the affinity of antigenic peptides corresponding to structural epitopes on the immunogen may be increased by adding, deleting or mutating one or more amino acids in the sequence of the antigenic peptides or a combination thereof. Addition, deletion and mutation of amino acids in a sequence is known to the skilled person and may be achieved by conventional biochemical and/or genetic engineering methods.
  • the peptides may be produced in any convenient way, e.g. by artificially synthesizing the peptides or expressing nucleic acid sequences encoding the peptides in a host. Diagnostic kit.
  • a patient suffering from an imunnogenic disease such as allergy
  • kits comprising reagents for such specificity characterization, e.g. the antibody binding peptides of desired specificity. It is particularly useful to use antibody binding sequences in the kit, which correspond to defined epitope sequences known to be specific for the immunogen under investigation (i.e. not identified on other immunogens and/or not cross-reacting with sera raised against other allergens).
  • This kit would be useful to specifying which immunogenic decease, such as allergy, the patient is suffering from. This kit will lead to a more specific answer than those kits used today, and hence to a better selection of immunogen vaccine therapy for the individual patient.
  • the present invention relates to a kit for predicting binding of a specific antibody to at least one potential immunogen, comprising
  • At least one antigenic peptide sequence comprising less than 26 amino acids wherein said antigenic peptide sequence corresponds to a structural epitope comprised in the at least one potential immunogen and the antigenic peptide sequence is capable of binding at least one antibody specific for the structural epitope comprised in the said potential immunogen, and b) solid support suitable for immobilising the at least one antigenic peptide sequence.
  • kit of the invention would also be useful for other screening purposes where it is desirable to test for antibody binding to peptide sequences, e.g. for the development of epi- tope variants as mentioned previously.
  • Suitable solid support could in the present invention be any chemical support, including micro titer plates, beads, capillary tubing or membranes. Each of these supports could be activated, supporting covalent, ionic or hydrophobic binding, chelation or affinity binding, or inactivated, promoting ionic or hydrophobic binding. lmmobillisation could take place by attachment through covalent binding, ionic or hydrophobic binding, chelation, affinity binding, or through van derWaal bonds.
  • a solid support could also be biological in nature, such as phages, bacteria, red blood cells or any related system allowing display of heterologous proteins or peptides.
  • the above desribed kit can also be used for screening different antigenic peptide sequences corresponding to structural epitopes at the same time.
  • kits can be produced containing for each of these proteins a specific peptide corresponding to a structural epitope sequence comprised in the protein and immobilised on a solid support.
  • a specific peptide corresponding to a structural epitope sequence comprised in the protein is immobilised on a solid support.
  • 3 specific peptides are immobilised on beads, each peptide having its specific coloured bead.
  • specific antisera is mixed with this mixture of peptide coated beads, the colour of the agglutinate will identify the specificity of the antibodies present in the patients serum.
  • the diagnostic kit comprises ten different antigenic peptide se- quences and in a further embodiment the diagnostic kit comprises at least 100 different antigenic peptide sequences.
  • the kit above can also be used in a high throughput screening method for screening many samples, obtained e.g. from humans or animals, at the same time and thereby predicting which humans or animals will display an immunogenic response towards particular immuno- gens. Any practical combination of the number of antigenic peptide sequences and the number of humans or animals would be possible.
  • a second aspect of the invention therefore relates to a high throughput screening method for testing the presence of antibodies specific for a structural epitope comprised in at least one potential immunogen of interest, comprising a) providing at least one antigenic peptide sequence comprising less than 26 amino acids wherein said antigenic peptide sequence(s) correspond(s) to one or more structural epitopes comprised in the at least one potential immunogen, and wherein the antigenic pep- tide sequence(s) is/are capable of binding at least one antibody specific for the structural epitope comprised in the said at least one potential immunogen,
  • antibodies from at least ten samples are screened and in another embodiment antibodies from at least 100 samples are screened.
  • One such format is the ELISA format in for example 96, 384 or 1536 well plates.
  • An- other format is the agglutination format, where the relevant peptides are immobilised on (coloured) beads or are presented by displaying organism, such as phages or bacteria.
  • a third format is the blotting format, which uses membranes, such as nitrocellulose or polyvinyl-based membranes, as support. This format includes for example dot blot assays, and line immunoas- says.
  • a fourth assay format is the dipstick or pin based assays, were the peptide is immobi- lized on for example polystyrene or polyethylene pins.
  • the solid supports can be activated chemically or biochemically in order to optimize binding of the target peptide to the support. This optimation might involve introduction of groups promoting covalent linkage, chelation, affinity binding, ionic or hydrophobic binding.
  • a chemical activation might for example lead to reactive NH 2 groups, or reactive Ni 2+ complexes.
  • Biochemical activation might include coating with avidin or streptavidin for cathing biotin-peptide complexes, short fatty acids for binding hydrophobic peptides, antibodies for binding biotin-labelled peptides.
  • a third aspect of the present invention relates to a use of the kit according to the invention for predicting binding of specific antibodies in a sample, e.g. obtained from a human or animal, to at least one potential immunogen, wherein binding to at least one antigenic peptide sequence corresponding to a structural epitope is tested. Particularly at least ten antigenic peptide sequences are tested, and in a further particular embodiment at least 100 antigenic peptide sequences are tested.
  • a fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a use of the high throughput screening method for screening antibodies from at least one sample, e.g. obtained from at least one human or animal, particularly from at least ten humans or animals, and in a further particular embodiment from at least 100 humans or animals.
  • Conformational/structural epitopes are as discussed previously composed of amino acid residues that are not all contained on the same contiguous amino acid sequence, but are brought into the right position to one another by folding of the protein. It is therefore possible for the distance between amino acids comprised on a structural epitope, but located on separated parts on the primary structure, to vary due to the dynamic nature of the conformation of the folded protein.
  • a structural epitope comprised in the potential immunogen, comprises at least a first contiguous linear amino acid sequence consisting of at least one amino acid and a second contiguous linear amino acid sequence consisting of at least one amino acid, and wherein a distance between any two amino acids comprised in the structural epitope, which amino acids are not part of the same contiguous linear amino acid sequence, and which two amino acids are most proximal to each other, does not exceed 5A. In one embodiment the said distance should not exceed 3 A.
  • Swissprot-PDBViewer known by the skilled person in the art
  • first contiguous linear sequence and the second contiguous linear sequence are part of the same primary sequence of the immunogen.
  • first and second part of the epitope are both part of the same rimary sequence
  • first contiguous linear sequence and the second contiguous linear sequence are interrupted by at least one amino acid, particularly at least one amino acid which is located more than 10 A away from at least one amino acid of the first or second contiguous linear sequence.
  • first contiguous linear sequence and the second contiguous linear sequence are interrupted by at least 10 amino acids.
  • the immunogen contains two or more subunits of primary sequences and the first contiguous linear sequence and the second contiguous linear se- quence comprised in the epitope are part of two or more different primary sequences of the immunogen.
  • the epitope may contain more than two separated parts, such as three or four separated parts. However, in one embodiment the first contiguous linear sequence and the second contiguous linear sequence constitutes the structural epitope.
  • the antigenic peptide sequence, representing a structural epitopes on an immunogen which is selected for the kit should display a minimal, e.g little or no cross-reactivity between the antibodies raised against an immu- nogen of interest and antibodies raised against any other 'commercial' and 'environmental' immunogen.
  • cross-reactivity typically an antibody that will bind to one epitope (or antigenic peptide sequence representing the epitope) will also be able to bind to other epitopes, e.g. on other immunogens.
  • Cross-reactivity is a common problem when using linear epitopes or antigenic peptide sequences representing a linear epitope in diagnostics. However when using antigenic peptide sequences representing a structural epitope in diagnostics, cross-reactivity is minimized.
  • the kit of the invention employs at least one antigenic peptide sequence, which corresponds to a structural epitope on at least one potential immunogen, wherein the at least one specific antibody, when present in excess with respect to the potential immunogen, will not bind to another antigen unless this antigen is present at a concentration which is 1000 fold higher than the potential immunogen.
  • the kit of the invention employs at least one antigenic peptide sequence, which corresponds to a structural epitope on at least one potential immunogen, wherein the at least one antigenic peptide sequence has at least a 10 fold stronger affinity per microgram antigenic peptide towards at least one specific antibody in full blood or serum from an animal or human immunized with the full immunogen, than towards a non-specific antibody provided that the concentration of the specific antibody and the non-specific antibody is the same.
  • the serum may be purified so as to mainly or completely contain antibodies of a selected class.
  • the kit of the invention employs at least one antigenic peptide sequence, which corresponds to a structural epitope on at least one potential immunogen, wherein the antigenic peptide sequence has at least a 10 fold stronger affinity per micro- gram antigenic peptide towards at least one specific antibody in purified serum from an animal or human immunized with the full immunogen than towards a non-specific antibody provided that the concentration of the specific antibody and the non-specific antibody is the same, and wherein at least 50% of the specific antibodies present in the purified serum belongs to the same class of antibodies.
  • Particular classes of antibodies includes IgE, IgG, IgA, IgM or IgD.
  • the serum may be purified so that at least 75% of the antibodies in the purified serum, such as at least 90%, e.g. at least 98%, particularly at least 99% or even 100% belongs to the same class.
  • the serum may be purified so as to mainly or completely contain antibodies which will bind to the employed antigenic peptides.
  • the kit of the invention employs at least one antigenic peptide sequence, which corresponds to a structural epitope on at least one potential immunogen, wherein the at least one antigenic peptide sequence has at least a 10 fold stronger affinity per microgram antigenic peptide towards at least one specific antibody in purified serum from an animal or human immunized with the full immunogen, than towards a non-specific antibody provided that the concentration of the specific antibody and the non-specific antibody is the same, and wherein at least 90% of the specific antibodies present in the purified serum binds to the at least one antigenic peptide sequence.
  • the serum may be purified so that at least 95% of the antibodies in the purified serum binds to the antigenic peptide sequence, in particular at least 98%, at least 99% or even 100%.
  • the affinity of the antigenic peptide sequence may in particular be at least 20 fold stronger, more particularly at least 50 fold stronger affinity, more particularly at least 100 fold stronger.
  • the at least one specific antibody towards which the antigenic peptide sequence has affinity is in particular a collection of 1-10 different antibodies, more particularly 1-5 different antibodies, more particularly 1-3 dif- ferent antibodies.
  • the at least one specific antibody is one specific antibody.
  • the immunogen is an antigen, and particularly an allergen.
  • Immunogenic protein or immunogen can in principle be any protein molecule of biological origin, non-limiting examples of which are peptides, polypeptides, proteins, enzymes, post-translationally modified polypeptides such as lipopeptides or glycosylated peptides, antimicrobial peptides or molecules, toxins, marker proteins of bacterial, viral or mammalian origin which indicate a specific disease, such as e.g. cancer or a specific infection, and proteins hav- 5 ing pharmaceutical properties etc.
  • the "immunogen” is chosen from the group consisting of polypeptides, small peptides, lipopeptides, antimicrobials, toxins, marker proteins, pharmaceutical polypeptides, enzymes, industrial proteins and environmental allergens.
  • the allergen is an enzymes or an environmental allergen or a pharmaceutical peptide.
  • pharmaceutical polypeptides is defined as polypeptides, including peptides, such as peptide hormones, proteins and/or enzymes, being physiologically active when introduced into the circulatory system of the body of humans and/or animals.
  • compositions are potentially immunogenic as they are introduced into the circulatory system.
  • pharmaceutical polypeptides contemplated according to the invention include insulin, ACTH, glucagon, somatostatin, somatotropin, thymosin, parathyroid hormone, pigmentary hormones, somatomedin, erythropoietin, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, hypothalmic releasing factors, antidiuretic hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone, relaxin, inter- feron, thrombopoietin (TPO) and prolactin.
  • TPO thrombopoietin
  • proteins are particularly to be used in industry, housekeeping and/or medicine, such as proteins used in personal care products (for example shampoo; soap; skin, hand and face lotions; skin, hand and face cremes; hair dyes; toothpaste), food (for example in the baking industry), detergents and pharmaceuticals.
  • personal care products for example shampoo; soap; skin, hand and face lotions; skin, hand and face cremes; hair dyes; toothpaste
  • food for example in the baking industry
  • detergents and pharmaceuticals for example in the baking industry, detergents and pharmaceuticals.
  • the antimicrobial peptide may be, e.g., a membrane-active antimicrobial peptide, or an antimicrobial peptide affecting/interacting with intracellular targets, e.g. binding to cell DNA.
  • the AMP is generally a relatively short peptide, consisting of less than 100 amino acid residues, typically 20-80 residues.
  • the antimicrobial peptide has bactericidal and/or fungi- cidal effect, and it may also have antiviral or antitumour effects. It generally has low cytotoxicity against normal mammalian cells.
  • the antimicrobial peptide is generally highly cationic and hydrophobic. It typically con- tains several arginine and lysine residues, and it may not contain a single glutamate or aspa- ratate. It usually contains a large proportion of hydrophobic residues.
  • the peptide generally has an amphiphilic structure, with one surface being highly positive and the other hydrophobic.
  • the antimicrobial peptide may act on cell membranes of target microorganisms, e.g. through nonspecific binding to the membrane, usually in a membrane-parallel orientation, in- teracting only with one face of the bilayer.
  • the antimicrobial peptide typically has a structure belonging to one of five major classes: a helical, cystine-rich (defensin-like), ⁇ -sheet, peptides with an unusual composition of regular amino acids, and peptides containing uncommon modified amino acids.
  • the protein is an enzyme or enzyme variant.
  • enzyme variants produced, for example, by recombinant techniques are included within the meaning of the term "enzyme”. Examples of such enzyme variants are disclosed, e.g., in EP 251 ,446 (Genencor), WO 91/00345 (Novo Nordisk), EP 525,610 (Solvay) and WO 94/02618 (Gist-Brocades NV).
  • the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of of glycosyl hydrolases, carbohydrases, peroxidases, proteases, lipolytic enzymes, phytases, polysaccharide lyases, oxidoreductases, transglutaminases and glucoseisomerases.
  • oxidoreductases EC 1.-.-.-
  • transferases EC 2.-.-.-
  • hydrolases EC 3.-.-.-
  • lyases EC 4.-.-.-
  • isomerases EC 5.-.-.-
  • ligases EC 6.-.-.-
  • oxidoreductases in the context of the invention are peroxidases (EC 1.11.1 ), laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) and glucose oxidases (EC 1.1.3.4)].
  • transferases are transferases in any of the following sub-classes: a) Transferases transferring one-carbon groups (EC 2.1 ); 5 b) transferases transferring aldehyde or ketone residues (EC 2.2); acyltransf erases (EC 2.3); c) glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4); d) transferases transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other that methyl groups (EC 2.5); and e) transferases transferring nitrogeneous groups (EC 2.6).
  • transglutaminase protein- o glutamine ⁇ -glutamyltransferase; EC 2.3.2.13.
  • suitable transglutaminases are described in WO 96/06931 (Novo Nordisk A/S).
  • hydrolases in the context of the invention are: Carboxylic ester hydrolases (EC 3.1.1.-) such as lipases (EC 3.1.1.3); phytases (EC 3.1.3.-), e.g. 3-phytases (EC 3.1.3.8) and 6-phytases (EC 3.1.3.26); glycosidases (EC 3.2, which fall within a group s denoted herein as "carbohydrases”), such as ⁇ -amylases (EC 3.2.1.1); peptidases (EC 3.4, also known as proteases); and other carbonyl hydrolases].
  • Carboxylic ester hydrolases EC 3.1.1.-
  • lipases EC 3.1.1.3
  • phytases EC 3.1.3.-
  • 3-phytases e.g. 3-phytases
  • 6-phytases EC 3.1.3.26
  • glycosidases EC 3.2, which fall within a group s denoted herein as
  • carbohydrase is used to denote not only enzymes capable of breaking down carbohydrate chains (e.g. starches or cellulose) of especially five- and six-membered ring structures (i.e. glycosidases, EC 3.2), but also enzymes capable of o isomerizing carbohydrates, e.g. six-membered ring structures such as D-glucose to five- membered ring structures such as D-fructose.
  • Carbohydrases of relevance include the following (EC numbers in parentheses): ⁇ -amylases (EC 3.2.1.1), ⁇ -amylases (EC 3.2.1.2), glucan 1 ,4- ⁇ -glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.3), endo-1 ,4-beta-glucanase (cellulases, EC 3.2.1.4), endo-1 ,3(4)- ⁇ -glucanases (EC 3.2.1.6), endo-1 ,4- ⁇ -xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8), dextranases (EC 5 3.2.1.11), chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14), polygalacturonases (EC 3.2.1.15), lysozymes (EC 3.2.1.17), ⁇ -glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21), ⁇ -galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.22), ⁇ -galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23), amylo-1
  • isomerases in the context of the invention are glycoseisomerases
  • lyases in the context of the invention are polysaccharide lyases.
  • the environmental immunogens that are of interest include allergens from pollen, dust mites, mammals, venoms, fungi, food items, and other plants.
  • allergens include but are not limited to those of the order Fagales, Oleales, Pi- nales, Poales, Asterales, and Urticales; including those from Betula, Alnus, Corylus, Carpinus, Olea, Phleum pratense and Artemisia vulgaris, such as Aln g1 , Cor a1 , Car b1 , Cry j1 , Amb a1 and a2, Art v1 , Par j1 , Ole e1 , Ave v1 , and Bet v1 (WO 99/47680).
  • Mite allergens include but are not limited to those from Derm, farinae and Derm, pteronys., such as Der fl and f2, and Der p1 and p2.
  • relevant environmental allergens include but are not limited to those from cat, dog, and horse as well as from dandruff from the hair of those animals, such as Fel d1 ; Can f1; Equ d ; Equ c2; Equ c3.
  • Venum allergens include but are not limited to PLA2 from bee venom as well as Apis ml and m2, Ves g1 , g2 and g5, Ves v5 and te Pol and Sol allergens.
  • Fungal allergens include those from Alternaria alt. and Cladospo. herb, such as Alt a1 and Cla hi .
  • Food allergens include but are not limited to those from milk (lactoglobulin), egg (ovalbumin), peanuts, hazelnuts, wheat (alfa-amylase inhibitor), Other plant allergens include latex (hevea brasiliensis).
  • kit and high throughput screening method will be of great importance in order to more specifically identify the exact cause of an observed immunogenic response in a human or animal since the use of a antigenic peptide sequence corresponding to a structural epitope on an immunogen will give a much more specific answer than if a linear epitope was used. Also the identification of antigenic peptide sequences corresponding to structural epitopes on potential immunogens will facilitate the use of such antigenic peptide sequences in order to get more specific vaccines.
  • the present invention relates to a vaccine comprising at least one antigenic peptide sequence corresponding to a structural epitope comprised in at least one potential immunogen and said antigenic peptide sequence being capable of binding at least one antibody specific for a structural epitope comprised in a potential immunogen, and also in a sixth aspect to a method of preparing a vaccine comprising adding at least one antigenic peptide sequence corresponding to a structural epitope comprised in at least one potential immunogen and said antigenic peptide sequence being capable of binding at least one antibody specific for a structural epitope comprised in a potential immunogen to a liquid medium.
  • the invention relates to the use of at least one antigenic peptide sequence, corresponding to a structural epitope comprised in at least one potential immunogen and said antigenic peptide sequence being capable of binding at least one antibody specific for a structural epitope comprised in a potential immunogen, for the preparation of a vaccine.
  • Use of the vaccine of the invention for the treatment of a human or an animal also falls withing the scope of the present invention.
  • Horse Radish Peroxidase labelled pig anti-rabbit-lg (Dako, DK, P217, dilution 1 :1000).
  • Rat anti-mouse IgE (Serotec MCA419; dilution 1:100).
  • Mouse anti-rat IgE (Serotec MCA193; dilution 1:200).
  • Biotin-labelled mouse anti-rat lgG1 monoclonal antibody Zymed 03-9140; dilution 1 :1000
  • Biotin-labelled rat anti-mouse lgG1 monoclonal antibody (Serotec MCA336B; dilution 1 :2000) Streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase (Kirkegard & Perry 14-30-00; dilution 1:1000).
  • OPD o-phenylene-diamine
  • the implementation consists of 3 pieces of code:
  • the wrapper receives the input and calls the core program and several other utilities. Apart from the standard Unix utility programs (mv, rm , awk, etc..) the following must be installed:
  • a web server capable of running cgi-scripts eg. Apache
  • the core program :
  • the shortest acceptable epitope (as a fraction of the length of the epitope consensus 5 sequence).
  • matching epitopes KAAKD, KLASD, KLYSD, KLY-D, R-M-D.
  • the "core” of the program is the algorithm that scans the protein surface for the epitope patterns.
  • the principle is that several “trees” are built, where each of their branches describes one epitope:
  • step 30 above a) Does the residue type match the second residue of the epitope consensus sequence, b) Is the surface accessibility greater than or equal to the given threshold. If yes, the protein residue is considered as a "child" of the root. The spatial position of a residue is defined as the coordinates of its C-alpha atom. 2. The procedure from step 2 is repeated for the next residue in the epitope consensus sequence, where each of the "childs” found in step 2 are now "roots" of new childs. If a gap is defined in the epitope consensus sequence, a "missing" residue is allowed, and the coordinates of the root (also called “parent”) is used. 3. This procedure is repeated for all residues in the epitope consensus sequence.
  • n is an integer smaller than the length of the epitope consensus sequence. If n is smaller than the length of the epitope consensus sequence multiplied by the fraction value defining the shortest acceptable epitope length, no epitopes are written to the output, and steps 7, 8 and 9 are skipped. 6.
  • the epitopes are extracted from the trees by traversing down from each of the "childs" in the last level. The algorithm also finds epitopes which have the same protein residue present more than once. This is, of course, an artifact and such epitopes are discarded. Every epitope is then checked for its size, that is, the maximum distance between any two residues which are members of the epitope. If this exceeds the threshold, the epi- tope is discarded.
  • Epitopes containing one or more gaps are redundant if they are subsets of other epitopes without or with fewer gaps. For example: A82-gap-F45-G44-K43 is a subset of A82-L46-F45-G44-K43, and is therefore discarded.
  • the total solvent accessible surface area is calculated (by adding the contributions from each residue as found by the DSSP program). The epitopes are sorted according to this area in descending order. If a maximum number of n non- redundant epitopes has been specified, the n epitopes with largest solvent accessible surface area are selected. 9.
  • the output consists of a list of the found epitopes, along with information of the epitope consensus sequence used and other internal parameters.
  • a separate file containing the number of epitopes that each of the protein residues is a member of is also written.
  • the wrapper :
  • the ZIP file must not contain subfolders.
  • An epitope consensus sequence or which part of the current epitope library to use (full library or IgE part or IgG part).
  • the core program accepts only one structure and one epitope consensus sequence. It is usually desirable to use a library of epitope consensus sequences and sometimes several protein structures.
  • the wrapper reads the user input and calls the utility programs and the core program the necessary number of times. The output is collected and presented on the web page returned to the user.
  • the epitope library consists of a number of text files, each containing one epitope consensus sequence as specified above.
  • the layout of the wrapper is like this:
  • the input type is a ZIP file
  • a sum file containing the total number of epitopes each residue is a member of. (Such a file is generated by the core program for each epitope consensus sequence - here a sum of these files is calculated). If input type is a ZIP file, a sum file is generated for each structure and put in the appropriate directory.
  • the epitope library a file containing the total number of epitopes found from each entry in the epitope library. If the input type is a PDB file, the file contains only one line (with a number of data corresponding to the library size). If the input type is a ZIP file, there is one line for each structure.
  • ZIP file + typed in epitope Graphs (one for each structure) of numbers of epitopes that each residue is a member of.
  • Single PDB + epitope library Graph of numbers of epitopes that each residue is a member of (total for the complete library).
  • ZIP file + epitope library Graphs (one for each structure) of numbers of epitopes that each residue is a member of (total for the complete library). Data flow sheets for the four different are shown in the figure
  • IgG and IgE levels were determined using the ELISA specific for human, mouse or rat IgG or IgE. Differences between data sets were analysed by using appropriate statistical methods. The assays were performed as known to the expert.
  • a fresh stock solution of cyanuric chloride in acetone (10 mg/ml) is diluted into PBS, while stirring, to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml and immediately aliquoted into CovaLink NH2 plates (100 microliter per well) and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. After three washes with PBS, the plates are dryed at 50°C for 30 minutes, sealed with sealing tape, and stored in plastic bags at room temperature for up to 3 weeks.
  • the degree of homology may be suitably determined by means of computer programs known in the art, such as GAP provided in the GCG program package (Program Manual for the Wisconsin Package, Version 8, August 1994, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53711) (Needleman, S.B. and Wunsch, CD., (1970), Journal of Molecular Biology, 48, 443-45).
  • GAP provided in the GCG program package (Program Manual for the Wisconsin Package, Version 8, August 1994, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53711) (Needleman, S.B. and Wunsch, CD., (1970), Journal of Molecular Biology, 48, 443-45).
  • Savinase® can be found in Betzel et al., J.Mol. Biol., vol. 223, p. 427, 1992 (Isvn.pdb).
  • 3-dimentional structure coordinates of an acceptor protein to find the epitope sequences on its surface. These coordinates if not already in a database can be deduced from the coordinates of a homologous protein.
  • Typical actions required for the construction of a model structure are: alignment of homologous sequences for which 3- dimensional structures exist, definition of Structurally conserveed Regions (SCRs), assignment of coordinates to SCRs, search for structural fragments/loops in structure databases to replace Variable Regions, assignment of coordinates to these regions, and structural refinement by energy minimization.
  • SCRs Structurally conserveed Regions
  • 3D-structural models are described in WO 01/83559, where three dimensional structural models of the subtilisins properase, relase, ProteaseC, ProteaseD, Prote- aseE, and PROTEASE B were constructed based on three dimensional structure of Savinase® (Protein Data Bank entry 1SVN; Betzel, O, Klupsch, S., Papendorf, G., Hastrup, S., Branner, S., Wilson, K. S.: Crystal structure of the alkaline proteinase Savinase® from Bacillus lentus at 1.4 A resolution. J Mol Biol 223 pp. 427 (1992)) using the Modeller 5o (Sali, A.; T.L.
  • amylase used in the examples of WO 01/83559 is the alpha-amylase of Bacillus halma- palus (WO96/23873), which is called amylase SP722 (the wild-type). Its sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO 2 (WO 01/83559) and the corresponding protein structure was built from the BA2 structure, as described in WO96/23874.
  • the first four amino acids of the structural model are not defined, hence the sequence used for numeration of amino acid residues in the examples of this invention is four amino acids shorter than the one of the full length protein SP722.
  • amylase AA560 This alkaline ⁇ -amylase may be derived from a strain of Bacillus sp. DSM 12649.
  • the potential epitope sequence was identified by incorporation of the non-anchor amino acids identified by the phage display (settings: 100% homology, and > 20 A 2 accessibility for each amino acid). This identified the potential epitope sequence: Q206 V81 Y214 G80 D41 T208. Detailed description of how to map epitopes and identify potential epitope sequences is also disclosed in WO 00/26230 and WO 01/83559 the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Epitope mapping was also used to identify epitope patterns specific for Alcalase®, Savinas®, and Subtilisin Novo®. These proteases crossreact significantly in ELISA using specific rabbit antibody.
  • the specific epitope patterns are shown in Table 1 below and epitope patterns, which are specific for each of these proteases, are underlined.
  • epitope#10 appears to be specific only for Savinase®, and this epitope can be translated into the following structural epitope sequences on the 3D-structure of the protease:
  • these sequences were cloned into the P8 membrane protein of phage lambda.
  • the biotin-complex was immobilized in ELISA well plates, pre-coated with strepta- vidin. If phages were used, these were directly coated into the ELISA plate wells.
  • ELISA was performed as described elsewhere, on sera from rabbits, rats, and mice raised against Alcalase®, Savinase®, and Subtilisin Novo® as well as a number of less relevant proteins.
  • Fig. 1 the reactivity of the selected peptides in terms of antibody binding capacity is shown (ELISA assay).
  • A Alcalase®
  • B Savinase®
  • C Subtilisin Novo®
  • D Carezyme® (cellulase)
  • E Laccase
  • F Natalase® (amylase)
  • G SP722 (amylase)
  • H Lipolase® (lipase).
  • the light gray bar represents the sequence R R F A N D H T R
  • the dark gray bar represents the sequence R R F S N A T R A. Reactivity was observed with anti-Savinase® antibody only, demonstrating the specificity of both linear antigenic peptide sequences corresponding to the two structural epitope sequences: RRFANDHTR, and RRFSNATRA.
  • ⁇ res[i].sasa atoi(buffer+35); i++; ⁇ else printfC'lnconsistency between pdb and dssp file at residue %c%d ⁇ n",res[i].ltr, res[i]. number); ⁇ ⁇
  • longestepitope epires[numofepires-1].level+1 ;
  • struct epitope *aa (struct epitope *)a
  • struct epitope *bb (struct epitope *)b
  • fprintf(stderr,”USAGE: epitope ⁇ epitope template> ⁇ filename_template> dist ace maxsize number minlengthW); fprintf(stderr,” ⁇ n”); fprintf(stderr, "filenames ⁇ filename_template>.pdb and ⁇ filename_template>.dssp ⁇ n”); fprintf(stderr,” must be present ⁇ n”); fprintf(stderr,”dist is the maximum distance between adjacent residues in epitope ⁇ n”); fprintf(stderr,”acc is minimum surface accessible area in square angstroms ⁇ n”); fprintf(stderr,”maxsize is the maximum distance between any two residues in the epitope ⁇ n”); fprintf(stderr,”number is the maximum number of non-redundant epitopes to consider (0 ail) ⁇ n”); fprintf(stderr,”minlength is the
  • strcpy (dsspfile,arg[2]); strcat(dsspfile,”.dssp");
  • sqmindist mindisfrnindist
  • sqmaxsize maxsize*maxsize
  • minlength_residues (float) ceil(minlength*consensuslength);
  • printf ("Parameters and internal numbers ⁇ n”); printf (" ⁇ n”); printf ("Program revision date : %s ⁇ n”, REVISIONDATE); printf ("Consensus sequence length : %d ⁇ n", consensuslength); printf ("Minimum epitope seq length threshold : %.2f (%d residues) ⁇ n", minlength, minlengthj-esidues); printf ("Longest epitope sequence found : %d ⁇ n", longestepitope); printf (“Number of residues in PDB file : %d ⁇ n", numofres); printf ("Distance threshold value (angstroms) : %.1f ⁇ n", mindist); printf ("Minimum surface accessible area of each res : %d ⁇ n", minsasa); printf ("Maximum epitope size : %.1f ⁇ n", maxsize); printf ("Number of nodes in epitope tree : %
  • print 'Sorry - lock file exists. This means that automatic epitope mapping is already in use,' print Or that an error has occured.
  • ⁇ BR>' print "If you are absolutely sure that no one are using automatic epitope mapping, you can” print "press the button below.
  • namebase form["pdbfile”].
  • namelist string.split(namebase[namebasenum+1 :],'.')
  • dirname i[O:-4] commands.getoutput("rm -rf "+dimame) os.mkdir(dirname) os.rename(i,dirname+7"+i)
  • timestamp str(int(time.time()))
  • timestamp str(int(time.time()))
  • append(O) tmp commands.getoutputC'grep 'Total number of epitopes' "+filename+”
  • awk ' ⁇ print $8 ⁇ "')) else: numofepitopesp * len(pdbfiles)+idx] 0 f.write(string.rjust(str(numofepitopesp*len(pdbfiles)+idx]),6))
  • the ZlP-archive must not contain subdirectories. ⁇ TD> ⁇ /TR>

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