EP1459347A2 - Tube a vide et son procede de fabrication - Google Patents
Tube a vide et son procede de fabricationInfo
- Publication number
- EP1459347A2 EP1459347A2 EP02796902A EP02796902A EP1459347A2 EP 1459347 A2 EP1459347 A2 EP 1459347A2 EP 02796902 A EP02796902 A EP 02796902A EP 02796902 A EP02796902 A EP 02796902A EP 1459347 A2 EP1459347 A2 EP 1459347A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ceramic
- conductive
- electrode
- tube
- electrodes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 145
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);methylsulfanylmethane;bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu].CSC PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017083 AlN Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- PIGFYZPCRLYGLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aluminum nitride Chemical compound [Al]#N PIGFYZPCRLYGLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 29
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 14
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 3
- LTPBRCUWZOMYOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium oxide Inorganic materials O=[Be] LTPBRCUWZOMYOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 2
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001033 granulometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FRWYFWZENXDZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-iodoquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC(I)=CC=C21 FRWYFWZENXDZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010735 electrical insulating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003465 moissanite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940105963 yttrium fluoride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RBORBHYCVONNJH-UHFFFAOYSA-K yttrium(iii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Y](F)F RBORBHYCVONNJH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of manufacturing electrodes, designed mainly for producing electronic vacuum tubes, and in particular tubes using an electron collector; the collector collects the electrons after using a fraction of the energy which has been communicated to them by an electric acceleration field created in the vacuum tube.
- This manufacturing process can be used for making other electrodes than electronic tube collectors. More generally it is applicable to the production of electrodes of all kinds of total or partial vacuum devices involving in this vacuum a physical transport of charged elementary particles (electrons but also ions) which can be accelerated, or slowed down or collected by device electrodes.
- the method will however be described with regard to the most interesting application which is the production of the collector of an electronic vacuum tube with linear beam.
- linear beam tubes are: single or multibeam lystrons, traveling wave tubes, carcinotrons, inductive output tubes (IOTs). These tubes generally operate by making an electromagnetic wave and a linear electron beam interact in an area known as the interaction area, the beam communicating part of its kinetic energy to the electromagnetic wave to amplify it. Generally, the beam still retains part of its kinetic energy after it has passed through the interaction zone and it is necessary to collect the residual electrons in a collector placed at the outlet of the interaction zone. Sometimes, the kinetic energy remaining downstream of the interaction zone can reach 50% to 80% of the energy initially communicated to the beam upstream of this zone.
- the collector consisted of a simple metal electrode, most often made of copper, brought to an appropriate potential (most often that of the anode which served to accelerate the electrons).
- the collector in order to increase the efficiency of the tubes, it has been necessary to produce more sophisticated collectors, called single or multi-stage depressed collectors, constituted by several successive electrodes brought to different potentials and therefore electrically isolated from each other.
- the problems are particularly delicate for the production of a multi-stage collector, but it will be understood that they can also exist for insulated electrodes for which it is also necessary to provide on the one hand electrical insulation with respect to the rest of the tube, on the other apart from a voltage or current supply, and finally an evacuation of the heat produced.
- the object of the present invention is in particular to produce a tube of improved construction in terms of the ratio between the performances obtained and the manufacturing cost.
- the invention proposes on the one hand an electronic tube having electrodes of original construction and on the other hand a method of manufacturing such a tube.
- the electronic vacuum tube according to the invention comprises at least one electrode (preferably a collector electrode) which is characterized in that it comprises a block composed mainly of ceramic with high thermal conductivity, this ceramic block being at least superficially electrically conductive (at least in certain areas).
- the block could be made of electrically conductive ceramic in its mass. In this case, it would be cofritte (or at least brazed) with other blocks of electrically insulating ceramic to ensure electrical insulation between the electrode and other parts of the tube. But preferably, to avoid problems of resistance of the connection between two different ceramic blocks, one insulating, the other conductive, it is preferable to produce the electrode in the form of an electrically insulating ceramic block of which only the surface is made locally electrically conductive.
- Ceramics are refractory mineral compounds such as metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, treated by sintering, that is to say by agglomeration under high temperature (and optionally under pressure) of a powder of the compound or a paste of the compound (the paste being a powder mixed with an organic binder, the latter disappearing during the agglomeration operation).
- Some ceramics are electrically insulating, others are conductive, depending on the nature of the mineral compounds that compose it. In a mixture of insulating compounds and electrically conductive compounds, ceramics can moreover have intermediate conductivities.
- the electrode is produced in the form of a block of electrically insulating ceramic, with high thermal conductivity, locally covered with a thin layer of electrically conductive ceramic; the electrode is produced by co-sintering of the two ceramics. Consequently, in this case, electrically conductive zones are somehow drawn, in a relatively thin layer (the order of magnitude is for example of the order of 100 micrometers thick), on the surface of a block of insulating ceramic; the electrode (or even a group of several separate electrodes) is formed by the block thus locally made conductive in area.
- the electrode is therefore produced in this case in the form of a composite ceramic block (with two different compositions, one conductive the other insulating but both made of ceramic) and not in the form of soldering an electrode metallic (copper) on an insulating ceramic (alumina) as could be done in the prior art.
- the electrically conductive surface part of the ceramic electrode could be made of refractory metal such as tungsten or molybdenum cofritte in a thin layer on an insulating ceramic block.
- the ceramic and in particular that which composes the insulating block
- ceramic with high thermal conductivity is meant a ceramic whose coefficient of thermal conductivity is at least 100 watts / m. ° K at 20 ° C, which represents about a quarter of the conductivity of copper, but about three times at least the conductivity of alumina.
- the electrode thus produced in ceramic can participate directly in the vacuum tightness of the tube if it directly forms part of the wall of the envelope of the tube. However, it can also be co-sintered with another insulating ceramic constituting (partially or totally) the sealed envelope of the tube.
- the electrodes are ceramic blocks (at least superficially electrically conductive) inserted in an insulating ceramic sheath and co-sintered with this sheath. The sheath then constitutes the vacuum-tight envelope of the tube.
- a conductive ceramic pin is preferably also used; this pin is in contact on one side with a conductive ceramic part of the electrode, inside the tube; and it passes through an insulating ceramic forming part of the electrode and / or of the envelope of the tube, and co-sintered with this insulating ceramic.
- the vacuum tightness of these conductive bushings is excellent because on the one hand the bond obtained by high temperature heat treatment is strong and on the other hand the alloyed materials exhibit similar thermomechanical behaviors. This is particularly true when the crossing is made by co-sintering of ceramics.
- the bushings can, however, also be made of refractory metal cofritte with the ceramic during the sintering of the latter.
- an electrode in the form of a block of ceramic that is highly conductive of heat it is possible to adopt particularly effective tube arrangements from the point of view of heat dissipation, insulation between electrodes, the compactness of the tube, its weight, arrangements which could not be adopted with conventional metal electrodes or with conventionally brazed ceramic / metal assemblies.
- the conductive ceramic produced in a solid block or in a thin layer may in particular be made of silicon carbide, or of titanium carbide, or of tungsten carbide, or of titanium nitride, or of a mixture of two or more of these materials. It can also include additions of compounds facilitating sintering, such as for example yttrium oxide, the presence of additions being conventional in the sintering of ceramics.
- the ceramic used to make an insulating ceramic block forming part of the electrode or the envelope of the tube is preferably essentially based on aluminum nitride, which has very good thermal conduction properties (about 180 watts / m . ° K at 20 ° C) and very good dielectric strength (resistance to electric fields of at least 20 kV / mm). It can be made of almost pure aluminum nitride or a composite ceramic comprising aluminum nitride cofritte with carbide of silicon or titanium nitride in small proportion in the aluminum nitride. Sintering additions may also be present there.
- the present invention provides not only a new construction tube, but also an original manufacturing process which is particularly suitable for the production of electronic tubes and especially of electron collector tubes or more generally of all systems of 'electrode.
- This method consists in producing at least one electrode of the tube by co-sintering an electrically conductive ceramic on an electrically insulating ceramic with high thermal conductivity.
- the conductive ceramic preferably consists of a relatively thin layer deposited on a part of the surface of the insulating ceramic, but it can also be produced in massive form and in the latter case, the conductive ceramic preferably also has a high conductivity. thermal. In both cases, the insulating ceramic serves as a support for the electrically conductive ceramic layer, with very good thermal and mechanical properties of the assembly thus formed, due to the homogeneity of nature (ceramic) of the materials used.
- a conductive rod (preferably also made of conductive ceramic but which may possibly be made of refractory metal) is introduced into the bore by bringing it into contact on one side with the conductive ceramic.
- the sintering operation is carried out subsequently. This operation seals the rod in the insulating block it crosses at very high temperature and constitutes a crossing which can be vacuum-tight and very resistant to thermomechanical constraints.
- the invention is applicable to vacuum tubes (total or partial vacuum).
- the main application is the application to electronic tubes, that is to say tubes in which the charged particles which are transported are electrons (and in this case the vacuum is generally very high).
- Another possible application is a device (which will also be designated by the term "tube” for simplicity) in which the particles transported are not electrons but ions.
- the invention can be applied to the production of acceleration electrodes for an ion propellant; an ion propellant is a motor intended to act to move an object in a vacuum (for a satellite or a spacecraft); when it is operating, it continuously produces a plasma of charged ions which are accelerated under partial vacuum by an electric field (thanks to electrodes) and ejected through a nozzle.
- the ejection acts like a conventional reaction propellant, with the difference that the ejected material is ionic (charged) and that it is ejected under the effect of an acceleration by an electric field acting directly on the ions due to their charge.
- the term "tube” includes all the electrode devices using the transport of charged particles in a total vacuum (that is to say very high ) or partial (less pushed), whether the tube is closed or whether it is partially open (as in the case of a thruster).
- FIG. 3 shows in section a tube collector according to the invention
- FIG. 8 shows the ceramic sheath for enclosing the different electrodes
- - Figure 9 shows a partially cut perspective view of the mounted collector.
- the invention will be described with regard to the production of the collector of a traveling wave electronic tube with a multi-stage depressed collector, but it is applicable in many other cases: other electronic vacuum tubes than a TOP, non-depressed collector at a single electrode, other electrodes than collector electrodes. But it is particularly advantageous in the case of a depressed multi-stage collector and this is why this example was chosen to be described in detail. Similarly, with regard to the manufacturing method according to the invention, which will be described with regard to the same traveling wave tube, it will be understood that it is applicable to the production of a TOP collector as to the production of other tube electrodes, with the overall meaning given above for the word tube.
- a traveling wave tube (TOP in French abbreviation, TWT in English abbreviation) is a vacuum tube comprising a cathode emitting a linear electron beam (focused by permanent magnets), and, successively from upstream downstream in the direction of travel of the electrons: an anode of acceleration of these electrons; a radiofrequency signal input receiving a radiofrequency signal to be amplified, this input being connected to the input of a deceleration structure which is for example a helix surrounding the electron beam; an output of the deceleration structure, constituting the output of the TOP, providing a radio frequency signal; and a collector for collecting the beam electrons downstream of the deceleration structure.
- the collector is typically a depressed collector with several stages, that is to say with several electrodes carried by different potentials and isolated from each other by electrically insulating parts.
- the potentials are chosen so that the electrons with a certain energy if possible reach the electrode which is at a potential corresponding substantially to this energy. In this way a good yield of the tube is obtained, but this requires providing for a connection of several electrodes to the outside of the tube. All of the elements which have just been described are enclosed within a sealed envelope in which a high vacuum is created.
- the envelope has insulating parts and possibly also conductive parts. Some of the elements described above, electrodes or insulators between electrodes may themselves be part of the sealed envelope and therefore themselves provide a vacuum seal.
- FIG. 1 represents an exemplary embodiment of a depressed multi-stage collector with internal isolation from the prior art, which will make it possible to better understand the differences made by the invention in the overall construction of the collector.
- the collector of generally cylindrical shape, comprises in this example three massive copper electrodes E1, E2, E3 having conical shapes whose apex, open for the first two electrodes and closed for the last, is turned towards the arrival side electrons (on the left in Figure 1).
- the electrodes E1 and E2 also comprise a cylindrical part enclosed by bars (or plates) 10 of insulating ceramic, themselves enclosed in an external metal envelope ENV constituting both an electromagnetic protective cover and a vacuum-tight envelope.
- the insulating ceramic is generally made of alumina for low powers to dissipate and of beryllium oxide BeO at higher powers.
- the collector is closed on the right by an assembly of insulating parts and conductive parts brazed with each other, also providing vacuum sealing.
- Conductive bushings are provided to connect the electrodes E1, E2, E3 to the outside. These crossings include a conductor 12, 13 or 14 surrounded by insulating ceramic 16, 17 or 18. In the example of FIG. 1, the ceramic bars 10 which surround the electrodes E1 and E2 also serve to pass a conductor from the electrode E1 towards the bottom of the collector, up to the conductive crossing 12, by isolating this conductor from the electrode E2 and from the outer envelope ENV.
- FIG. 2 represents another exemplary embodiment of a TOP collector in which the electrodes are less massive than in FIG. 1: these are coars of revolution in thin copper brazed over their entire cylindrical periphery inside a sheath of ceramic 20; the resistance of this structure to thermal stress is only possible if the thinness of the electrodes makes it possible to accommodate differential expansions without excessive stress.
- the ceramic sheath is surrounded by another metallic sheath 22 serving as an electromagnetic protective cover. Vacuum sealing is achieved both by metal parts and by insulating ceramic parts.
- conductive bushings 24 can be provided radially through the insulating sleeves for the connection of the electrode E1 with the exterior of the vacuum tube.
- a metallic conductor such as nickel brazed on the internal electrode E1 is used. Vacuum tightness is ensured by brazing on the ceramic sleeve.
- the electrode itself was brought out by the bottom of the tube to the outside, and this electrode E2 therefore participates itself directly in sealing the vacuum.
- a complex assembly of metal, insulating ceramic and conductive bushing must be provided to ensure the connection with the outside via the bottom of the tube.
- FIG. 3 represents the general principle of tube construction according to the invention with a collector, the particularity of which is that at least some of the electrodes (but preferably all) are made mainly of ceramic: they each consist of a ceramic block (similar to the copper blocks in Figure 1); this ceramic is at least superficially conductive (to perform the function of electrode collecting electrons); this ceramic has very good thermal conduction properties to dissipate the heat generated by the impacts of electrons.
- each electrode consists of a thin layer of conductive ceramic sintered on the surface of an insulating ceramic. In this case, it is the electrically insulating ceramic which must have very good thermal conduction properties.
- the preferred construction of the collector is as follows: the ceramic blocks constituting the different electrodes are placed in contact with the inner periphery of an insulating ceramic sheath.
- Conductive crossings are preferably provided in this sheath to ensure the electrical connection between the outside of the tube and the conductive part of at least some of the ceramic electrodes.
- the electrodes, the insulating sheath and the conductive bushings are preferably made integral in a single heat treatment operation (co-sintering) or else of several successive heat treatments which ensure a strong bond and therefore a seal inside the vacuum tube.
- FIG. 3 shows a collector with four electrodes which are respectively, following the direction of movement of the electrons, a first electrode 30, a second electrode 40, a third electrode 50, and a final electrode 60.
- the first three electrodes are pierced axially in their center to allow the electron beam to pass, with apertures (respectively 31, 41, 51) becoming wider to take account of the increasingly greater divergence of the beam downstream.
- the final electrode 60 is not pierced.
- the electrodes are made of electrically conductive ceramic in certain areas, on the surface, and electrically insulating in the mass.
- the ceramic can be conductive over its entire surface or only in areas drawn in a pattern which of course depends on the general design of the tube, the rest of the electrode being constituted by an insulating ceramic block.
- the four electrodes are preferably mounted in a cylindrical sheath 70 of electrically insulating and highly insulating ceramic conductive of heat.
- This cylindrical sheath 70 constitutes the outer envelope of the tube and it is preferably provided with radial fins 80 facilitating the evacuation of the heat generated in operation from inside the tube.
- This sheath 70 can, like the electrodes 30, 40, 50, 60, have a locally conductive surface, both inside and outside the tube. In practice, it will be seen that the sheath can constitute an electrode with the same potential (its internal surface only) as the electrode 50.
- the bottom of the tube on the right of FIG. 3, can be constituted completely by the mass of the final electrode 60, especially if the latter is conductive only in its surface part inside the tube.
- each electrode has not been detailed. However, to illustrate the principle of the invention, there is shown by a dashed line 90, along the inner wall of the sheath 70 and along a part of the electrode 50, a surface area which is conductive.
- the electrical connection of the different electrodes with the outside, to ensure the passage of currents or bias voltages, is carried out as follows: for the electrode 30, a radial conductive crossing is provided through the insulating cylindrical sheath 70.
- the bushing comprises a conductive rod 32 which passes through a bore in the electrode 30 and a corresponding bore in the sheath 70.
- the conductive rod 32 is preferably made of conductive ceramic, but it could also be made of refractory conductive metal such as tungsten. It comes into contact, inside the tube with a conductive area of the first electrode 30.
- the assembly is entirely similar, with a radial conductive bushing comprising a conductive rod 42.
- the inner surface of the sheath 70 is made conductive in the same way as the conductive surface of the electrodes, that is to say that is to say preferably by co-sintering of a conductive ceramic on an insulating ceramic.
- the conductive area is represented by the dashed line 90 already mentioned. Conductive electrical continuity can thus be established from the electrode 50 to the outside of the tube, as shown in the line dashed line 90 which starts from the electrode 50 and which goes beyond the electrode 60.
- the conductive part external to the tube can then constitute an external connection of the third electrode 50. For this reason, it can be considered that the sheath itself constitutes an electrode, at the same potential as the electrode 50.
- connection of the final electrode 60 with the outside can also be done by the bottom of the tube, either by direct contact with the ceramic if its external face is conductive and in electrical conduction contact with its internal face to the tube or if it is entirely made of conductive ceramic, either by a conductive passage, with a rod 62, from the inside face of the electrode to the outside of the tube if only the ceramic surface inside the tube is conductive.
- the bushing passes in this case through the insulating ceramic block constituting the electrode 60 and not through the sheath 70. It extends axially and not radially.
- the whole of the collector is then formed of ceramics, certain parts being of electrically insulating ceramic but of very good thermal conductivity, and other parts being of electrically conductive ceramic and connected to conductive rods passing through the insulating ceramic.
- a collector block is therefore obtained, the parts of which have homogeneous thermomechanical properties.
- the entire collector by co-sintering the ceramics, that is to say by mounting the electrodes and the sheath in place relative to each other while these parts are still in the state of raw ceramics. , and by performing the sintering for all the ceramics at the same time.
- FIG. 4 represents the first electrode 30 in isolation.
- the electrode is superficially conductive over almost its entire surface, but not at its periphery. It will also be in contact at its periphery with the sheath 70.
- the electrode is produced by machining a raw paste of insulating ceramic.
- the machined electrode is coated with a thin layer of raw conductive ceramic 35 represented by a dashed line.
- the delimitation of the conductive zone can be done either by masking the zones which must remain insulating, or by selective removal after uniform deposition on all surfaces.
- the electrode 30 can be sintered prior to its insertion into the sheath 70, or else inserted first into the sheath 70 and then co-sintered with the sheath.
- the conductive bushing enabling the electrode to be connected to the sheath is produced by providing a radial bore 36 into which the conductive rod 32 visible in FIG. 3 can be inserted; this rod will preferably be placed in the bore before common sintering of the electrode and of the sheath. It is in contact on one side with the layer of conductive ceramic 35. The sintering ensures the adhesion of the surface conductive ceramic 35 with the insulating ceramic which forms the body of the electrode 30.
- FIG. 5 represents the second electrode 40 taken in isolation. It is constituted in principle in the same way as the first, namely by sintering a body of green electrically insulating ceramic having the shape of the desired electrode, partially coated with a thin layer of green conductive ceramic 45. A drilling 46 is used to allow a rod 42 to pass to establish the conductive bushing.
- FIG. 6 shows the third electrode 50 taken in isolation, constituted like the others with a local surface layer 55 of conductive ceramic, but no drilling in the case where no conductive passage is provided for its connection to the outside.
- FIG. 7 represents the fourth electrode 60 with its layer of local surface conductive ceramic 65, and its bore 66 for a conductive passage.
- FIG. 8 represents the cylindrical sheath 70 taken in isolation, with its radial fins 80.
- the conductive rods in this case not only pass through the thickness of the blocks of insulating ceramic which constitute the electrodes 30 and 40, but also the thickness of the sheath 70.
- There are no fins at the location of the holes 72 and 73 so that the conductive rods which will be placed in the holes are accessible.
- the holes 72, 73, 36 and 46 serve at the same time to ensure the correct positioning of the ceramic electrodes in the sheath 70.
- the various constituent elements of the collector can be produced with the help of conventional ceramic techniques.
- the sheath 70 with its fins 80 is preferably produced, because it is cylindrical, by extrusion of a raw ceramic paste.
- the fins can have a grooved surface (grooves also made during extrusion) to improve heat dissipation.
- the shaping of the sheath can be completed by other machining and drilling operations of the raw ceramic paste.
- the electrodes are preferably produced by extrusion then machining of these blocks to give them the desired shape (conical with an opening at the top and recesses facilitating their positioning in the sheath).
- the blocks of raw electrically insulating ceramic are coated with a slip of raw electrically conductive ceramic. Alternatively, they could be coated with a conductive ink based on refractory metal (in particular tungsten).
- electrodes have been shown, the conductive parts of which are symmetrical in revolution.
- any pattern of conductive area can be provided without particular difficulty, while the machining of metal blocks in non-symmetrical shapes posed many more problems in the prior art.
- This arrangement makes it possible to limit the electrons reflected by creating an asymmetry of the electric field applied by the electrode thus formed while retaining an axisymmetric electrode which is simple to manufacture.
- the blocks of raw composite ceramic coated with an electrically conductive layer are inserted into the sheath, the rods of the conductive bushings are put in place, a conductive paste (ceramic or tungsten conductive ink) can be deposited, for example with a brush, on the ends of these rods to facilitate the electrical connection between these rods and the conductive surfaces of the electrodes.
- a conductive tungsten ink or a conductive ceramic paste can be deposited inside the sheath, with a brush and / or by dipping and / or by spraying or spraying, to produce the conductive surface represented by line 90 of Figure 3.
- a conductive film can also be deposited on the outside of the sleeve (without establishing an electrical connection with the surfaces inside the tube), to ensure the electromagnetic shielding of the collector.
- the last electrode 60 which forms the bottom of the tube, is put in place, with its conductive rod 62, after these operations. All of the electrodes, the sheath, and the conductive rods are cofritte to result in the desired collector structure.
- Figure 9 shows, in partially open view, the manifold block thus produced.
- all of the electrodes and the sheath are made of at least superficially conductive ceramic.
- the preferred ceramic for all the insulating parts is preferably based on aluminum nitride AIN (up to 100%).
- the thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride is approximately 180 watts / m. ° K.
- Aluminum nitride can be mixed in small proportions with silicon carbide SiC or titanium nitride TiN. Small sintering additions (less than 10%) can be included in the raw ceramic paste to facilitate sintering or co-sintering with other ceramics.
- the ceramic is preferably made of titanium nitride TiN, but may also be made of titanium carbide TiC, tungsten carbide WC, silicon carbide SiC. These materials can be mixed with aluminum nitride.
- the metal is preferably tungsten or molybdenum.
- sintering additions are advantageously provided, in particular to facilitate co-sintering with aluminum nitride.
- the granulometry of the powders used to make the ceramics makes it possible to play on the texture of the conductive surface of the electrode, a granulometry controlled on the order of the micrometer (0.5 to 2 micrometers) resulting in the formation of superficial microcavities tending to limit the secondary emission of electrons when the electrode is bombarded by electrons.
- the conductive rods constituting the crossings in the insulating ceramics may be made of titanium nitride, titanium carbide, or silicon carbide, or a mixture of these materials.
- sintering additions can be provided.
- the rods can also be made of tungsten or molybdenum.
- the sintering additions can typically be yttrium oxide Y203, calcium oxide CaO, yttrium fluoride YF3, calcium fluoride CaF2.
- Aluminum nitride (insulator) and titanium nitride (conductor) have similar characteristics, in particular in terms of densification kinetics during co-sintering, resulting in a strong inorganic bond, of iono-covalent type.
- the electrode assemblies thus produced can withstand very high operating temperatures without causing degassing phenomena as on metallic electrodes of the prior art.
- the invention can facilitate the cooling of the tube by fluid (and in particular a liquid such as an electrical insulating oil or deionized water) if the channels made in the sheath are mixed during the extrusion of the sheath.
- fluid and in particular a liquid such as an electrical insulating oil or deionized water
- the fluid had to have sufficient dielectric strength to accommodate the external faces of the electrodes and the external envelope subjected to different voltages between them.
- the structure of the external ceramic envelope can advantageously be traversed in the longitudinal direction by capillaries in which a cooling fluid can be circulated.
- a cooling fluid can be circulated.
- this arrangement makes it possible to use a standard fluid such as water since the fluid is no longer directly in contact with the electrodes.
- the fluid is in direct contact with the envelope over the entire length thereof.
- This new arrangement also makes it possible to avoid the appearance of galvanic torque,. Of chemical corrosion.
- Aluminum nitride being particularly chemically inert.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Microwave Tubes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0116562 | 2001-12-20 | ||
| FR0116562A FR2834122B1 (fr) | 2001-12-20 | 2001-12-20 | Procede de fabrication d'electrodes et tube electronique a vide utilisant ce procede |
| PCT/FR2002/004272 WO2003054900A2 (fr) | 2001-12-20 | 2002-12-10 | Tube a vide et son procede de fabrication |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1459347A2 true EP1459347A2 (fr) | 2004-09-22 |
| EP1459347B1 EP1459347B1 (fr) | 2011-06-15 |
Family
ID=8870759
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02796902A Expired - Lifetime EP1459347B1 (fr) | 2001-12-20 | 2002-12-10 | Tube a vide et son procede de fabrication |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7812540B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1459347B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2005513731A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2002361435A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2834122B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2003054900A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2411517A (en) * | 2004-02-27 | 2005-08-31 | E2V Tech Uk Ltd | Collector arrangement |
| JP2007258615A (ja) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-10-04 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 静電チャック |
| JP5129555B2 (ja) * | 2007-12-05 | 2013-01-30 | 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構 | ビーム終端方法及びビーム終端装置 |
| JP2009252444A (ja) * | 2008-04-03 | 2009-10-29 | Nec Microwave Inc | コレクタ電極及び電子管 |
| TW201137915A (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2011-11-01 | Tai Yiaeh Entpr Co Ltd | Vacuum electricity introducing device |
| CN102403177B (zh) * | 2011-11-24 | 2014-06-04 | 安徽华东光电技术研究所 | 一种行波管收集极针及其加工工艺 |
| CN107155255B (zh) * | 2017-06-26 | 2023-06-16 | 中国科学技术大学 | 一种真空高压大电流电极 |
| CN109742008B (zh) * | 2018-12-26 | 2024-03-05 | 重庆臻宝科技股份有限公司 | 高寿命电极棒 |
| CN110176317B (zh) * | 2019-04-04 | 2023-10-20 | 东华大学 | 一种氧化物梯度复相陶瓷核电用馈通线及其制备和应用 |
| CN113594005A (zh) * | 2021-07-15 | 2021-11-02 | 南京三乐集团有限公司 | 一种行波管热子组件用绝缘材料真空封灌装置及方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US248043A (en) * | 1881-10-11 | School-desk | ||
| US245720A (en) * | 1881-08-16 | hendry | ||
| NL7009601A (fr) * | 1970-06-30 | 1972-01-03 | ||
| US3662212A (en) * | 1970-07-15 | 1972-05-09 | Sperry Rand Corp | Depressed electron beam collector |
| US3806755A (en) * | 1972-05-31 | 1974-04-23 | Varian Associates | Electron collector having means for reducing secondary electron interference in a linear beam microwave tube |
| JPS5838904B2 (ja) * | 1974-04-20 | 1983-08-26 | 日本電気株式会社 | マイクロハカン |
| DE2526681C3 (de) * | 1975-06-14 | 1979-07-12 | Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt | Wanderfeldröhre |
| US4277721A (en) * | 1979-09-07 | 1981-07-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Multistage depressed collector for dual mode operation |
| US4504762A (en) * | 1982-06-25 | 1985-03-12 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Buffer for an electron beam collector |
| US4527092A (en) * | 1983-09-30 | 1985-07-02 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Multistage spent particle collector and a method for making same |
| JPS61214327A (ja) * | 1985-03-20 | 1986-09-24 | Toshiba Corp | マイクロ波管のコレクタ構体 |
| US4734915A (en) * | 1985-03-26 | 1988-03-29 | Coherent, Inc. | Conduction cooled laser bore structures formed from graphite and other materials |
| US4736379A (en) * | 1985-12-06 | 1988-04-05 | Coherent, Inc. | Conduction cooled ion laser |
| US5025193A (en) * | 1987-01-27 | 1991-06-18 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Beam collector with low electrical leakage |
| US5153901A (en) * | 1988-01-06 | 1992-10-06 | Jupiter Toy Company | Production and manipulation of charged particles |
| US5227694A (en) * | 1991-11-19 | 1993-07-13 | Itt Corporation | Collector apparatus for an electron beam |
| US5424605A (en) * | 1992-04-10 | 1995-06-13 | Silicon Video Corporation | Self supporting flat video display |
| US5436525A (en) * | 1992-12-03 | 1995-07-25 | Litton Systems, Inc. | Highly depressed, high thermal capacity, conduction cooled collector |
| KR0156032B1 (ko) * | 1993-05-28 | 1998-10-15 | 호소야 레이지 | 전자방출소자 및 그 전자방출소자를 이용한 화상표시장치, 화상표시 장치의 구동장치, 화상표시장치의 화상표시 구동회로 |
| US5668524A (en) * | 1994-02-09 | 1997-09-16 | Kyocera Corporation | Ceramic resistor and electrostatic chuck having an aluminum nitride crystal phase |
| EP0857702B1 (fr) * | 1994-11-09 | 2000-08-23 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Méthode de préparation d'un substrat céramique |
| US5729583A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1998-03-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce | Miniature x-ray source |
| GB2312323B (en) * | 1996-04-20 | 2000-06-14 | Eev Ltd | Collector for an electron beam tube |
| US5644131A (en) * | 1996-05-22 | 1997-07-01 | Hewlett-Packard Co. | Hyperbolic ion trap and associated methods of manufacture |
| FR2754384B1 (fr) | 1996-10-04 | 2004-07-16 | Thomson Tubes Electroniques | Dispositif d'accord en frequence rapide pour tube hyperfrequence et tube hyperfrequence equipe de ce dispositif |
| US6616767B2 (en) * | 1997-02-12 | 2003-09-09 | Applied Materials, Inc. | High temperature ceramic heater assembly with RF capability |
| US6208079B1 (en) * | 1997-10-06 | 2001-03-27 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Circumferentially-segmented collector usable with a TWT |
| US6044129A (en) * | 1997-11-21 | 2000-03-28 | Picker International, Inc. | Gas overload and metalization prevention for x-ray tubes |
| US6429589B2 (en) * | 1999-04-16 | 2002-08-06 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Oil-cooled multi-staged depressed collector having channels and dual sleeves |
| EP1256124A1 (fr) * | 2000-02-16 | 2002-11-13 | Fullerene International Corporation | Structures de nanotubes a revetement diamant/carbone pour emission de champ electronique efficace |
| WO2001067488A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-08 | 2001-09-13 | Japan Storage Battery Co., Ltd. | Lampe a decharge electrique |
-
2001
- 2001-12-20 FR FR0116562A patent/FR2834122B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-12-10 JP JP2003555530A patent/JP2005513731A/ja active Pending
- 2002-12-10 EP EP02796902A patent/EP1459347B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-10 AU AU2002361435A patent/AU2002361435A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-12-10 US US10/498,498 patent/US7812540B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-10 WO PCT/FR2002/004272 patent/WO2003054900A2/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO03054900A3 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2003054900A2 (fr) | 2003-07-03 |
| US7812540B2 (en) | 2010-10-12 |
| US20050130550A1 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
| AU2002361435A1 (en) | 2003-07-09 |
| AU2002361435A8 (en) | 2003-07-09 |
| FR2834122B1 (fr) | 2004-04-02 |
| JP2005513731A (ja) | 2005-05-12 |
| FR2834122A1 (fr) | 2003-06-27 |
| EP1459347B1 (fr) | 2011-06-15 |
| WO2003054900A3 (fr) | 2004-04-29 |
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