EP1460666B1 - Touche pour des procédés de commutation de sécurité - Google Patents

Touche pour des procédés de commutation de sécurité Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1460666B1
EP1460666B1 EP20040005185 EP04005185A EP1460666B1 EP 1460666 B1 EP1460666 B1 EP 1460666B1 EP 20040005185 EP20040005185 EP 20040005185 EP 04005185 A EP04005185 A EP 04005185A EP 1460666 B1 EP1460666 B1 EP 1460666B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
key
switching element
switching
spring
signal path
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP20040005185
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1460666A3 (fr
EP1460666A2 (fr
Inventor
Günter Schwesig
Eduard SCHÖNBERGER
Rudolf Zimmermann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP1460666A2 publication Critical patent/EP1460666A2/fr
Publication of EP1460666A3 publication Critical patent/EP1460666A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1460666B1 publication Critical patent/EP1460666B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING SYSTEMS, e.g. PERSONAL CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
    • G08B29/16—Security signalling or alarm systems, e.g. redundant systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H13/00—Switches having rectilinearly-movable operating part or parts adapted for pushing or pulling in one direction only, e.g. push-button switch
    • H01H13/50—Switches having rectilinearly-movable operating part or parts adapted for pushing or pulling in one direction only, e.g. push-button switch having a single operating member
    • H01H13/64—Switches having rectilinearly-movable operating part or parts adapted for pushing or pulling in one direction only, e.g. push-button switch having a single operating member wherein the switch has more than two electrically distinguishable positions, e.g. multi-position push-button switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/12—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage
    • H01H1/14—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting
    • H01H1/24—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting with resilient mounting
    • H01H1/242—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting with resilient mounting the contact forming a part of a coil spring
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H2009/0083—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00 using redundant components, e.g. two pressure tubes for pressure switch
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H2225/00—Switch site location
    • H01H2225/014—Switch site location normally closed combined with normally open
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H2239/00—Miscellaneous
    • H01H2239/03—Avoiding erroneous switching

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a key for performing safety-related switching processes with at least two, mechanically actuated by manual actuation of an actuator, mechanically decoupled switching elements.
  • button or pushbutton is understood here to mean an electrical switching device whose contact position changes from a rest state to an actuated state upon manual actuation, wherein the rest state is automatically resumed as soon as the manual operation ceases.
  • the manual operation of such a key is usually done by exercising a mechanical force, in particular pressure force.
  • two switching elements are designated when the function of a switching element is independent of the operating state of the other switching element.
  • two switching elements are referred to when a transfer of both switching elements in their respective actuated state is possible by means of a single manual actuation operation.
  • the switching of the individual switching elements can be done simultaneously or offset in time.
  • the jamming of a mechanical key can be caused by material defects, penetrating dirt particles and corrosion, but also by deliberate manipulation, e.g. to circumvent the perceived as cumbersome security measures caused.
  • the greatest possible manipulability is therefore of great importance in a key provided for safety-relevant applications.
  • a redundant signal generation is frequently required.
  • a secure, but technically complex method for redundant data generation is to provide several separate and simultaneously to be generated for signal generation keys.
  • a button designed to generate safety-related signals should be suitable for performing a so-called jog operation.
  • the jogging operation is particularly required when adjusting and adjusting systems during commissioning.
  • an operator puts his finger on the key top to prepare for the operation and pushes this possibly partially through, but overcomes the required to trigger the control signal actuating force only briefly or at intervals.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a structurally simple key as possible, which is suitable for generating safety-oriented switching processes and allows easy handling.
  • the key comprises two mechanically decoupled, via an actuator operable together switching elements, wherein a first switching element in the actuated state in the manner of a changeover switch interrupts a signal path closed in an idle state and open at rest Signal path unlocked.
  • a further switching element is arranged in the signal path which is open in the idle state and releases it in the actuated state.
  • NC normally closed
  • NO normally open
  • the interconnection of the two switching elements according to the invention enables the reliable generation of signals in a particularly simple manner.
  • the key is redundantly secured by a proper generation of a control signal is only possible if both switching elements work, and in the course of the actuation process in both the NC path and in the NO path, a signal change occurs.
  • it is easily possible to detect and locate defects quickly based on disturbances in the redundant switching pattern of the button.
  • At least a minimum function of the key can also be monitored in the idle state on the basis of the NC signal which always carries the signal in the idle state. A short circuit or open circuit in the button or the connected line system is detected, for example, by an irregular signal loss in the NC path.
  • the first switching element preferably has a snap switching behavior.
  • the switching of the first switching element occurs suddenly and forcibly within a short period of time independently of the time profile of the actuating pressure.
  • the two switching elements are expediently designed such that the actuating force to be applied for actuating the first switching element significantly exceeds the actuating force to be applied for actuating the second switching element. This improves in particular the tactile switching behavior of the key by a user to Actuation of the first switching element and thus the final triggering of the switching process must overcome a clearly noticeable pressure point. As a result, in particular the handling of the key in jog mode is facilitated.
  • the second switching element is a long-stroke load switch, i. designed as a key switch with a comparatively large actuation path in the order of several millimeters.
  • a long-stroke load switch as it is already used in many cases in control devices of machines as a command generator, distinguishes itself already due to its comparatively large dimensions by a high ease of use.
  • the first switching element comprises a preferably approximately cylindrical key head as an actuating member, which is displaceably guided against the restoring force of a spring device in a key holder.
  • the mechanical decoupling of the first relative to the second switching element is in this case realized in a particularly advantageous manner by the first switching element is integrated in the key top, so that the first switching element is still operable even when the key head is jammed in the key holder.
  • the first switching element is expediently designed as Kurzhubtastschalter.
  • Such Kurzhubschalttaster so a momentary contact switch, which is characterized by a comparatively small actuating travel of preferably less than 1 mm, in many embodiments, available and is often in a high-quality keypad, eg in a cash machine, used.
  • a conventional Kurzhubtastschalter is extremely compact and therefore is particularly suitable for installation in the key top of a long-stroke switch.
  • a high-quality Kurzhubtastschalter characterized by extremely high reliability, ie an extremely low susceptibility to failure.
  • the first switching element is designed as a foil-type switch.
  • a membrane switch as it is often used as part of a membrane keyboard already in controls of machines, the adjacent to a user interface, tactile area is covered by a flexible front sheet.
  • the operation of such a key switch is done by manual pressure on the front sheet.
  • the advantage of a membrane switch is, in particular, that it is encapsulated by the front foil against ingress of dirt and penetrating moisture.
  • a manipulation of the key switch is virtually eliminated, especially since no mutually movable parts of a switching mechanism are accessible from the outside.
  • the first switching element is held under the action of a magnetic force in its idle state. Upon actuation, in this case the switching contact is torn off from the holding magnet, whereby the restoring magnetic force is abruptly lowered, and the switching contact jumps into its operating position.
  • a key switch as it is already known, for example, from US 5,990,772
  • the first switching element for generating a snap-action behavior contains a snap element.
  • a snap element is designed for example as a metallic snap-action disc, as it is known in principle from a so-called "crackpot frog" ago.
  • the first switching element can also be realized in a so-called “switching bubble” technology known per se.
  • the switching element includes a provided in the tactile area with a bubble-like bulging embossed front sheet. This "switching bubble” is used to actuate the Depressed switching element and jumps when the actuation pressure decreases again in the pre-stamped shape.
  • the spring device effecting the return of the second switching element designed as a long-stroke-load switch preferably comprises at least two spring elements of different lengths, which are displaced in a time-displaced manner during displacement of the key head along its actuation path between the moved key top and a stationary stop.
  • a spring device is also referred to as a progressive spring system, especially since at the beginning of the actuation process only the comparatively long spring elements counteract the movement of the key head, and the restoring force is thus comparatively low. Only when reaching the so-called operating point or contact point of the second switching element at least one further, short spring element under bias, whereby the force exerted by the key head opposing force increases sharply and the user indicates the achievement of the operating point.
  • at least one spring element is provided at the same time as an electrical contactor and mediates an electrical contact between the key holder and the key top.
  • the progressive spring system described here is particularly advantageous to use as a switching contact.
  • the advantages achieved by the invention are in particular that the ease of use and handling safety a long-stroke key switch on the one hand and the low susceptibility to errors and the tamper resistance of a Kurzhubtastschalters other hand are combined.
  • the button according to the invention allows a structurally particularly simple manner required for security redundant signal generation and secure error detection, which is particularly easy to perform automated. Faulty switching due to jamming, sticking, sluggishness of the key head or due to improper operation to deliberate manipulation are largely excluded by design.
  • the button 1 shown in its idle state 1 comprises two interconnected switching elements 2 and 3.
  • the first switching element 2 is executed in a commercial Kurzhubtechnologie and shows the manner of a changeover switch a discrete, in particular erratic switching behavior between two switching states.
  • a suitable Kurzhubtastschalter is known for example under the brand name "PushGate" (Duraswitch Industries Inc.).
  • 1, the signal input 4 of the first switching element 2 is short-circuited to an NC (normally closed) output 5 of the switching element 2, while the connection between the signal input 4 and a NO (normally open) Output 6 of the switching element 2 is interrupted.
  • the second, actuated state of the signal input 4 with the NO output. 6 conductively connected while the connection between the signal input 4 and the NC output 5 is interrupted.
  • the state change from the idle state in the actuated state is triggered in a manner not shown by applying pressure to an only indicated actuation button 7 of the switching element 2.
  • the second switching element 3 is designed as a long-stroke switch, as it is already widely used in eg for control functions of industrial machine tools.
  • the second switching element 3 comprises a against the restoring force of a spring device 8 in an approximately hollow cylindrical key holder 9 slidably guided key head 10.
  • the spring device 8 comprises three spring elements formed as helical springs 11,12,13, wherein the two outer spring elements 11 and 13 in the idle state a clear
  • Each spring element 11,12,13 is fixed at the end of the key head 10 and in a, the spring element 11,12,13 flanking spring guide 14 out.
  • the spring guide 14 is formed for example in the form of tubes which are integrally formed in the interior of the key top 10 and in which the spring elements 11,12,13 eino.
  • a contact foot 15 As an abutment for the spring elements 11,12,13 is a contact foot 15, which closes the key holder 9 to an installation side 16 out.
  • the contact foot 15 comprises a contact carrier 17, which is inserted in the manner of a cover in the installation side 16 facing end face 18 of the key holder 9.
  • the contact carrier 17 In order to allow easy installation and easy replacement of the contact foot 15, the contact carrier 17 is thereby locked with engaging in the key holder 9 locking elements 19 on the key holder 9.
  • each contact pin 23,24,25 is fixed, which protrude into the interior 22 of the key 1 and each serve as an abutment for one of the spring elements 11,12,13.
  • Each contact pin 23,24,25 is in this case connected by the contact carrier 17 through with a 26 accessible from the installation side 16 from screw terminal 26,27 and 28 respectively.
  • Each contact pin 23,24,25 is further provided with a tapered trained head 29 which cooperates with a locking projection 30 of the spring guide 14 to form a surmountable by applying pressure locking of the key top 10 in its idle state.
  • Each contact pin 23,24,25 dives into the spring guide 14 and serves as an abutment for the therein, corresponding spring element 11,12,13.
  • the long spring elements 11 and 13 are biased between the respective pin 23,24,25 and the key top 10, so that the key top 10 is biased in the direction of the installation side 16 opposite operating side 31.
  • the key top 10 is held in this case by cooperating with the key holder 9 latching hooks 32 against the bias of the spring elements 11 and 13 in its idle state.
  • the spring element 12 is relaxed at rest in the spring guide 14, wherein between the spring element 12 and the corresponding contact pin 24, a distance is formed.
  • An on a shaft portion 33 from the operating side 31 forth with the key holder 9 connected front ring 34 is used to attach the button 1 on the front panel 35 of a control element or control panel, not shown.
  • the front plate 35 thus separates the operating side 31 from the installation side 16, which is not accessible to the operator.
  • the button 1 protrudes beyond the front plate 35 only with a head region 36 of the front ring 34 widened in relation to the shaft region 33.
  • the key holder 9, however, is located on the non-accessible installation page 16th
  • the head portion 36 of the front ring 34 is designed such that it fully absorbs the key top 10 in the idle state. In other words, the key top 10 does not extend beyond the head portion 36, so that the risk of accidental operation of the key top 10 is reduced.
  • a sealing ring 37 is inserted, which has a side open to the operating side 31, V-shaped profile.
  • the sealing ring 37 thus acts in the manner of a moisture scraper and prevents the penetration of both vaporous and condensed moisture from the operating side 31 in the interior 22.
  • An additional, arranged between the front ring 34 and the front panel 35 sealing ring 38 is an ingress of moisture at this Joint additionally prevented.
  • the first switching element 2 which is extremely compact due to its Kurzhubbauweise compared to the switching element 3, is now arranged within the key top 10 so that its operating knob 7 is applied directly to the adjacent to the operating side 31 printing surface 39 of the key top 10.
  • the first switching element 2 further adjoins directly to the spring device 8, so that the spring element 11 is electrically conductively contacted with the signal input 4, while the NO output 6 is contacted with the spring element 12 and the NC output 5 is connected to the spring element 13 is.
  • NC signal path 40 connection In the idle state there is thus a conductive, hereinafter referred to as NC signal path 40 connection, starting from the screw 26 via the contact pin 23, the spring element 11, the signal input 4, the NC output 5, the spring element 13 and the contact pin 25 to the screw 28 leads.
  • Another, hereinafter referred to as NO signal path 41 line connection which leads starting from the screw 26 via the contact pin 23, the spring element 11, the signal input 4, the NO output 6, the spring element 12 and the contact pin 24 to the screw 27 is at rest both within the switching element 2 and within the switching element 3, more precisely between the spring element 12 and the contact pin 24, interrupted.
  • the operation of the key 1 takes place with respect to both switching elements 2 and 3 by manual pressurization of the key top 10 in the region of its pressure surface 39.
  • the key top 10 thus serves as a common actuator for both switching elements 2 and 3, with which the switching elements 2 and 3 together, i. in a single operation, can be operated.
  • the actuation of the switching element 3 takes place here, as shown in FIG 2, by displacement of the key top 10 from the idle state in the direction of the installation side 16, wherein the switching process is achieved by the spring element 12 comes into contact with the contact pin 24 and thus a conductive connection between the NO output 6 and the screw 27 establishes.
  • the actuation of the switching element 2 takes place, as shown in FIG 3, by the actuating button 7 is pressurized by the pressure surface 39 therethrough.
  • the pressure surface 39 is formed as a flexible, consisting of a plastic or elastomeric material front sheet, which is elastically deformable under pressure.
  • the bending ability of the pressure surface 39 is additionally increased by a, provided as a predetermined bending point, on the inside introduced into the pressure surface 39 annular groove 42.
  • the switching elements 2 and 3 are designed such that for actuation of the switching element 3, a lower force is required than for the actuation of the switching element 2.
  • pressing the button 1 must first by the latching the latching projections 30 on the respective head 29 of the contact pins 23,24,25 caused pressure point to be overcome.
  • This pressure point which is provided to improve the tactile shift feel of an operator, is chosen so small that the force required to overcome it is not sufficient to actuate the switching element 2.
  • the key top 10 Upon further pressurization of the key top 10 with a comparatively low actuation force F1, the key top 10 is moved in the direction of the installation side 16 until the actuation path s1 of the switching element 3 is covered and the spring element 12 contacts the contact pin 24.
  • the actuation path s1 is preferably 3 - 6 mm.
  • the position of the button 1 shown in FIG 2, in which the switching element 2 is still in its idle state, but the switching element 3 is already operated, is referred to as a partially actuated state or operating point of the key 1.
  • the NO signal path 41 is enabled by the switching element 3, but the signal state which can be picked off at the screw terminals 27, 28 is unchanged from the idle state as a result of the unchanged position of the switching element 2.
  • the proper function of key 1 may be, e.g. be recognized by a control and monitoring unit, that in stationary operating states in the NC signal path 40 and the NO signal path 41 is always present in the binary sense inverse signal. In a proper switching process, the signal in both signal paths 40 and 41 changes abruptly and approximately simultaneously within a switching time which is of the order of a few milliseconds.
  • the proper patency of the NO signal path 41 can also be continually checked, even in the idle state, so that a faulty signal interruption, e.g. as a result of a short circuit in which key 1 or the incoming lines is immediately recognizable.
  • the implausible zero signal in both signal paths 40 and 41 is also obtained when the key top 10 is difficult or impossible to move during attempted operation, and the switching element 2 is thereby actuated in front of the switching element 3.
  • control system can initiate needs-based steps.
  • the key 1 also allows a simple way a jog operation.
  • the jogging operation is particularly required when adjusting and adjusting systems during commissioning.
  • an operator can place his finger on the key top 10 and push it to the operating point, but apply the required operating force F2 for actuating the switching element 2 only for a short time and at intervals.
  • the switching time is determined solely by the actuation time of the switching element 2, but not by how long the switching element 3 is already actuated at this time, such a jog operation does not lead to an irregular operating state.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Push-Button Switches (AREA)
  • Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Touche (1) comprenant au moins deux éléments de commutation (2, 3) découplés sur le plan mécanique et pouvant être actionnés en commun par actionnement manuel d'un organe d'actionnement (10), caractérisée en ce que le premier élément de commutation (2) dans l'état actionné, à la manière d'un commutateur inverseur, interrompt un circuit de signal (40) fermé dans un état de repos, et valide un circuit de signal (41) ouvert dans un état de repos, et en ce que le deuxième élément de commutation (3) monté dans le circuit de signal (41) ouvert dans l'état de repos, valide celui-ci dans l'état actionné.
  2. Touche (1) selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la force d'actionnement (F2) à mettre en oeuvre pour actionner le premier élément de commutation (2), est supérieure à la force d'actionnement (F1) à mettre en oeuvre pour actionner le deuxième élément de commutation (3).
  3. Touche (1) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que le premier élément de commutation (2) présente un comportement de commutation brusque par saut.
  4. Touche (1) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que le deuxième élément de commutation (3) est un poussoir à course longue comprenant une tête de touche (10) en guise d'organe d'actionnement, guidée de manière à pouvoir coulisser dans un support de touche (9), à l'encontre de la force de rappel d'un dispositif à ressort (8).
  5. Touche (1) selon la revendication 4, caractérisée en ce que le premier élément de commutation (2) est intégré dans la tête de touche (10).
  6. Touche (1) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que le premier élément de commutation (2) est un poussoir à course courte.
  7. Touche (1) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que le premier élément de commutation (2) est un poussoir à membrane d'effleurement.
  8. Touche (1) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée en ce que le premier élément de commutation (2) est un poussoir commutant à l'encontre d'une force magnétique de rappel interrompue brusquement en cas d'actionnement.
  9. Touche (1) selon l'une des revendications 3 à 8, caractérisée en ce que le premier élément de commutation (2) comprend un élément à déclic pour engendrer le comportement de commutation brusque par saut.
  10. Touche (1) selon l'une des revendications 4 à 9, caractérisée en ce que le dispositif à ressort (8) est réalisé en tant que système de ressort progressif comprenant au moins deux éléments de ressort (11, 12, 13) de longueur différente.
  11. Touche (1) selon la revendication 10, caractérisée en ce qu'au moins un élément de ressort (11, 12, 13) est prévu en tant que contacteur électrique.
  12. Touche (1) selon l'une des revendications 4 à 11, caractérisée par un anneau frontal (34) rigide, qui entoure de manière périphérique la tête de touche (10) et est d'une configuration telle, que la tête de touche (10), dans l'état de repos, ne dépasse pas de l'anneau frontal (34) en direction d'un côté de manoeuvre (31).
  13. Touche (1) selon l'une des revendications 4 à 12, caractérisée en ce que la course d'actionnement (s1) de la tête de touche (10) est d'au moins 3 mm.
EP20040005185 2003-03-19 2004-03-04 Touche pour des procédés de commutation de sécurité Expired - Lifetime EP1460666B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2003112226 DE10312226B4 (de) 2003-03-19 2003-03-19 Taste für sicherheitsgerichtete Schaltprozesse
DE10312226 2003-03-19

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1460666A2 EP1460666A2 (fr) 2004-09-22
EP1460666A3 EP1460666A3 (fr) 2005-09-28
EP1460666B1 true EP1460666B1 (fr) 2006-07-05

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP20040005185 Expired - Lifetime EP1460666B1 (fr) 2003-03-19 2004-03-04 Touche pour des procédés de commutation de sécurité

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1460666B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE10312226B4 (fr)
ES (1) ES2268512T3 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102006005182A1 (de) * 2006-02-06 2007-08-09 Robert Bosch Gmbh Manuell betätigbare Alarmmeldevorrichtung
DE102007039609A1 (de) 2007-08-22 2009-02-26 Siemens Ag Eingabeeinrichtung für sicherheitsgerichtete Eingaben, basierend auf Touchscreentechnologien
DE202008015142U1 (de) * 2008-11-14 2010-04-08 Bernstein Ag Schalter
CN108172435B (zh) * 2017-12-25 2019-08-20 深圳市巨烽显示科技有限公司 双保险双行程按键

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1351755A (en) * 1970-07-09 1974-05-01 Hoover Ltd Washing and wringing machines
DE3519661A1 (de) * 1985-06-01 1986-12-04 M A N Technologie GmbH, 8000 München Verfahren und vorrichtung zum trennen von co(pfeil abwaerts)2(pfeil abwaerts)-anteilen aus gasen
DE4312771C2 (de) * 1993-04-20 1996-07-04 Hbc Electronic Funktechnik Gmb Zweistufentaster
US5990772A (en) * 1995-06-02 1999-11-23 Duraswitch Industries, Inc. Pushbutton switch with magnetically coupled armature
DE19946471A1 (de) * 1999-09-28 2001-03-29 Siemens Ag Mehrkanaliges sicherheitsgerichtetes Schaltelement, Verfahren zur mehrkanaligen Generierung von sicherheitsgerichteten Signalen und Schaltungsanordnung zu deren Auswertung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE10312226A1 (de) 2004-11-25
EP1460666A3 (fr) 2005-09-28
DE10312226B4 (de) 2007-04-12
ES2268512T3 (es) 2007-03-16
DE502004000899D1 (de) 2006-08-17
EP1460666A2 (fr) 2004-09-22

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