EP1507603B1 - Alarme acoustique dotee d'un element piezo-electrique actionne a plusieurs frequences - Google Patents

Alarme acoustique dotee d'un element piezo-electrique actionne a plusieurs frequences Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1507603B1
EP1507603B1 EP03730331.0A EP03730331A EP1507603B1 EP 1507603 B1 EP1507603 B1 EP 1507603B1 EP 03730331 A EP03730331 A EP 03730331A EP 1507603 B1 EP1507603 B1 EP 1507603B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frequency
piezo
electric element
sounder
resonant frequency
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP03730331.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1507603A1 (fr
Inventor
Michael Barson
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Novar Systems Ltd
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Gent Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • B06B1/02—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
    • B06B1/0207—Driving circuits
    • B06B1/0223—Driving circuits for generating signals continuous in time
    • B06B1/0269—Driving circuits for generating signals continuous in time for generating multiple frequencies
    • B06B1/0276—Driving circuits for generating signals continuous in time for generating multiple frequencies with simultaneous generation, e.g. with modulation, harmonics

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to alarms having a piezo-electric element for emitting a sound.
  • Magnetic buzzers or loudspeakers are used for alarm sounders, as these meet the requirement for producing a high sound pressure level (SPL) with frequency components in the range 500Hz to 1000Hz, to comply with the British Standard BS 5839 : Part 1.
  • SPL sound pressure level
  • a problem with these known sounder designs is the high power consumption, typically > 0.5W is required to produce > 100dBA. Further, these sounders may also have a high minimum working voltage.
  • Piezoelectric elements may be used in alarm sounder designs to reduce the power requirements.
  • Figure 9 shows the ringing waveform on the piezoelectric element
  • Figure 10 shows the resulting frequency spectrum produced using a simple square wave drive at a third of the resonant frequency.
  • the ringing waveform in Figure 9 is shown in an ideal resonant condition when the piezo-electric element is driven by a 923Hz signal, which cannot occur in practice if different tones are to be produced.
  • the low tone would be produced by driving the piezo-electric element at 823Hz, and the high tone by driving at 1023Hz.
  • the detrimental effect on the amplitude of vibration of the piezo-electric element, as compared with the amplitude that would be obtained at the resonant frequency would be very significant, and an inadequate sound pressure level would be produced.
  • a piezoelectric buzzer has a pulse drive waveform set to the expected resonance frequency, which is then gated at a lower frequency to make the tone more pleasant sounding.
  • the following patent documents are identified for its disclosure of a piezoelectric buzzer: GB 2101452A , EP1174835 and US4724424 .
  • the low frequency and the resonant frequency cannot reinforce each other.
  • This harmonic reinforcement occurs in resonant audio transducers and especially with edge mounted piezoelectric transducers because only a number of discrete mechanical vibrations are possible at any significant amplitude on the transducers disc and all are harmonically related.
  • all the low frequency tones are comprised of simple gated pulses of the same duration (which may or may not be square waves), then the low frequency content cannot be maximised, even after accounting for it not being harmonically related to the resonant frequency.
  • an alarm sounder comprising a piezoelectric element and an electronic drive circuit, in which the electronic drive circuit is configured to apply complex drive waveforms to a single piezo-electric element characterised in that each complex drive waveform contains a dominant resonant frequency (Fr) of the piezo-electric element plus a sub-harmonic of the dominant resonant frequency of the piezo-electric element, the sub-harmonics of each complex drive waveform being different from each other, such that all the drive frequencies reinforce each other and are configured to produce the highest possible sound pressure level over a wide bandwidth, with the lowest possible power consumption.
  • Fr dominant resonant frequency
  • a benefit of the piezo-electric element being also excited at the dominant resonant frequency is that a high sound pressure level may be obtained.
  • the electronic drive circuit comprises an electrical output to drive the piezo-electric element to produce an audible sound perceived as a first tone, at a first tonal frequency, wherein the dominant resonant frequency is above the first tonal frequency, the electronic drive circuit being arranged to drive the piezo-element to produce the first tone sound, the piezo-electric element being also excited at the dominant resonant frequency while the first tone sound is produced, and wherein the electrical output is further arranged to produce a second tone, at a second tonal frequency, the first tone frequency being higher than that second tonal frequency, the piezo-electric element being also excited at the dominant resonant frequency while the second tone is produced.
  • a benefit of the piezo-electric element being arranged to also produce a sound at a second tonal frequency while the piezo-electric element is also being excited at its dominant resonant frequency is that the alarm sounder may be arranged to produce two alternating sounds of different perceived tonal frequencies, having similarly high sound pressure levels.
  • the complex drive waveform is alternatively changed between a waveform comprising a first sub-harmonic of the dominant resonant frequency plus the dominant resonant frequency (Fr) and a waveform comprising a second different sub-harmonic of the dominant resonant frequency plus the dominant resonant frequency, such that an alternating tone is produced at maximum efficiency with two widely separated low frequency tones in the range 500Hz to 1KHz.
  • the complex drive waveform is alternatively changed between a waveform containing at least Fr + Fr/3 and a waveform containing at least Fr + Fr/4.
  • the electronic drive circuit further comprises a digital signal generator and electrical output is a digital signal.
  • a benefit of the digital signal generator is that precise control may be obtained over the electrical output to the piezo-electric element.
  • the digital signal is controlled by a variable square wave control frequency, which is a multiple of the dominant resonant frequency.
  • a benefit of a variable square wave control frequency is that the control electronics may be simplified.
  • the electrical output comprises a digital waveform arranged to pulse drive the piezo-electric element in to a constantly reinforced multi-resonant condition.
  • a benefit of the digital waveform arranged to pulse drive the piezo-electric element in to a constantly reinforced multi-resonant condition or state is that the sounder is able to produce and maintain the sound at the first or second tonal frequency.
  • the electrical output comprises a waveform having a plurality of superimposed frequencies, at least one of the frequencies having a frequency arranged to stimulate resonance of the piezo-electric element at the dominant resonant frequency.
  • a benefit of the waveform having a plurality of superimposed frequencies is that different sounds may be produced, while the at least one frequency ensures that the dominant resonant frequency is stimulated, thus producing a high sound pressure level.
  • the electronic drive circuit is arranged so that the electrical output comprises a waveform having a plurality of superimposed frequencies, at least one of the frequencies having a frequency arranged to stimulate resonance of the piezo-electric element at the dominant resonant frequency, and at least another of the frequencies varying with time so as to produce a sound with a rising or falling tone.
  • a benefit of the at least another frequency varying with time while the at least one frequency stimulates resonance of the piezo-electric element at the dominant resonant frequency, is that a rising or a falling tone may be produced while substantially maintaining a high sound pressure level.
  • a further benefit is that, by using complex drive waveforms, a very low profile fire alarm sounder design may be produced.
  • Such a sounder can produce an output SPL of >100dBA, with a rich frequency spectrum, whilst using ⁇ 0.1W of input power.
  • the electronic drive circuit is arranged to monitor a dominant resonant response of the piezo-electric element to the electrical output and is further arranged to adjust the square wave control frequency to obtain a maximum dominant resonant response of the piezo-electric resonant element.
  • a benefit of the electronic drive circuit being arranged to monitor a dominant resonant response of the piezo-electric element to the electrical output and being further arranged to adjust the square wave control frequency to obtain a maximum resonant response of the piezo-electric resonant element is that any drift of the actual frequency of the dominant resonant frequency may be detected.
  • the electronic drive circuit is thus arranged to compensate for any change in the actual frequency at which the dominant resonance occurs.
  • a sound pressure level produced at the first tone and at the second tone are within 15dB of each other.
  • More preferably a sound pressure level produced at the first tone and at the second tone are within 3dB of each other.
  • a sound pressure level produced at either tone is within 21dB of a sound pressure level produced by the piezo-electric element when it is driven by the electrical output at a third harmonic of the dominant resonant frequency.
  • a sound pressure level produced at either tone is within 15dB of a sound pressure level produced by the piezo-electric element when it is driven by the electrical output at a third harmonic of the dominant resonant frequency.
  • a benefit of the tones having similar high sound pressure levels is that the tones will be audible above an ambient noise level.
  • an electronic drive circuit 100 for an alarm sounder is shown, the circuit being arranged to drive the piezo-electric element 10 to produce an audible sound.
  • the piezo-electric element has a dominant resonant frequency that is stimulated when the audible sound is produced.
  • the power consumed by the piezo-electric element for a given sound pressure level is at a minimum.
  • the electronic drive circuit is driving the piezo-electric element 10 to produce a particular sound, the overall sound pressure level may be significantly enhanced for a given power consumption, if the piezo-electric element is also excited at the dominant resonant frequency.
  • a suitable waveform for producing a first audible sound at a high perceived first tone, while also exciting the piezo-electric element at its dominant resonant frequency is described with reference to Figure 3 below, and a suitable waveform for producing a second audible sound at a low perceived second tone, while also exciting the piezo-electric element at its dominant resonant frequency is described with reference to Figure 2 below.
  • the perceived tone from Figure 3 would include a frequency of 923Hz, while that of Figure 2 would include a frequency of 693 Hz. Hence, a difference between the two perceived tones would be 230Hz, and the tones would sound distinctly different.
  • a measured sound pressure level output from the piezo-electric element when driven at resonance by the calibration waveform of Figure 4 was in excess of 100dB.
  • a measured output from the piezo-electric element when driven by the waveform of Figure 3 was less than 3dB lower.
  • the element was driven by the waveform of Figure 2 it was less than 1dB lower than the output level produced when driven by the Figure 3 waveform.
  • the first and second tones produced a sound pressure level in excess of 100dB, for an electrical power input of less than 100mW.
  • a desired electrical power input is less than 75mW.
  • the microcontroller 1 and the shift register 2 and the multiplexor 3 comprise a digital signal generator 120.
  • the output signal from the digital signal generator 120 is amplified by the output amplifier 130, which comprises switching transistors 8 and 9.
  • a feedback circuit 140 is provided so that the electronic circuit may be arranged to monitor the dominant frequency response of the piezo-electric element as an output frequency is varied over a calibration frequency range.
  • a peak hold detection circuit 150 is provided to enable a peak resonant response of the piezo-electric element to be detected.
  • the electronic drive circuit in the embodiment shown and described with reference to figure 1 uses a digital signal generator to produce a digital waveform arranged to stimulate the piezo-electric element to produce different sounds while also resonating at the dominant resonant frequency
  • an alternative embodiment not shown in the figures is arranged to provide a suitable waveform by superimposing a plurality of waveforms from an analogue signal generator, so that an output signal is produced that produces an audible sound perceived as a first tone, at a first tonal frequency, the piezo-electric element having a dominant resonant frequency, the dominant resonant frequency being above the first tonal frequency
  • electronic drive circuit being arranged to drive the piezo-element to produce the first tone sound, the piezo-electric element being also excited at the dominant resonant frequency while the first tone sound is produced.
  • a suitable feedback circuit may also be provided so that the electrical output frequency from the analogue drive circuit may be adjusted to ensure it will stimulate the piezo-electric element to resonate at the dominant resonant frequency.
  • An advantage of the embodiment using a digital signal generator is that the power supply to the piezo-electric element may be easily produced as a pulsed electrical output, while with an analogue signal generator the waveform would more easily be produced as a continuous electrical output signal. With a pulsed output, a further improvement in efficiency may be obtained, since the piezo-electric element may be allowed to ring after a pulse, rather than being driven again immediately, and hence electrical power consumed by the piezo-electric element and losses in the drive circuit is reduced.
  • An advantage of using the shift register and multiplexor to produce the digital signal is that a microprocessor having a low clock frequency may also be used for other tasks, such as communication with a remote control panel. Hence, savings may be made in the power consumption of the sounder, and in overall component costs.
  • the present invention uses complex drive waveforms to pulse drive a piezoelectric element in to a constantly reinforced multi-resonant condition.
  • the dominant resonant frequency is stimulated even when the sounder produces a warble tone with two clearly distinct tones below 1KHz.
  • a feedback control loop maintains the optimum drive conditions of the complex waveforms, enabling a small, efficient and more aesthetic sounder design to be produced.
  • a large piezoelectric element (50mm diameter) that is edge mounted in a Helmholtz chamber and coupled to a folded horn is a practical way of producing such a sounder, which has a frequency response below 1KHz.
  • Such a piezoelectric element will have a number of resonant peaks in this arrangement, however a dominant resonant peak will always exist.
  • SPL sound pressure level
  • the piezoelectric element needs to be driven at this dominant resonant frequency. This produces a number of fundamental problems, the first is a requirement that a fire alarm sounder must produce more than a single distinct tone.
  • a second problem is that a suitable piezoelectric element with a high SPL will have its dominant resonant frequency above 1KHz.
  • the resonant frequency is subject to initial manufacturing tolerances as well as a drift during its useful lifetime due to environmental conditions and ageing.
  • microcontroller 1 is able to adjust the square wave frequency it generates, hence the pulse width of the clocked data bits.
  • the multiplexor is arranged to circulate a 8 bit data output for the waveform of Figure 2 , and a 6 bit data output for the waveform of Figure 3 .
  • the loop of circulating data forms a complex waveform which we will see contains a fundamental frequency and a related harmonic frequency, which is ultimately used to drive the piezoelectric element 10.
  • the first waveform shown in Figure 2 is constructed from a data sequence as follows: P8 P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
  • the second waveform to consider shown in Figure 3 is constructed from a data sequence of: P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 0 0 0 1 0 1
  • the third waveform shown in Figure 4 is constructed from a data sequence as follows: P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
  • a peak hold detection circuit is used to produce a DC voltage level which is monitored by the microcontroller 1, on an analogue to digital port (AN1).
  • the sounder is initially calibrated during its manufacturing by the microcontroller 1 applying waveform 3, the simple square wave drive waveform, to the piezoelectric element 10 and then frequency sweeping, by adjusting the clock rate of the shift register 2 (CLK) in distinct frequency steps.
  • the square wave clock duration is increased by 2uS at each step, to lower its frequency and is maintained for 40mS, so that the DC level at AN1 is stable enough for analogue to digital readings to be taken.
  • a wide frequency capture range is used for this initial calibration, which is sufficient for the expected variance in any piezoelectric elements resonant frequency.
  • the frequency that corresponds to the highest DC level will be the dominant resonant frequency (Fr) of the piezoelectric element.
  • the DC level obtained during initial calibration is shown in Figure 5 .
  • Divider resistors 11 and 12 drop down the voltage level applied to the peak detection transistor 14. Resistor 15 and capacitor 16 filter and hold the peak voltage level applied to transistor 14, whilst resistor 17 provides a slow discharge for capacitor 16.
  • the blanking network consists of a clamp diode 13 and transistor 21.
  • the diode 13 conducts when the drive waveforms are at a logic low. This blanks out the voltage caused by transistor 8 turning on.
  • Transistor 21 is also pulsed on to blank the falling edge period of the piezoelectric voltage from being applied to transistor 14.
  • the corresponding clock rate of the shift register 2 is then stored by the microcontroller 1.
  • the microcontroller 1 from now on will use this same clock rate, however the complex waveforms of Figures 2 and 3 are now used to drive the piezoelectric element 10 into a multi-resonant condition.
  • the value of the DC level is now also stored by the microcontroller.
  • the piezoelectric element 10 is strongly driven at its dominant resonant frequency (Fr), which is the 4th harmonic and 3rd harmonic respectively of the complex drive waveforms basic frequencies.
  • the microcontroller 1 is able to switch between the two complex drive waveforms to produce a warble tone.
  • Figures 6 and 7 show the frequency spectrum produced in each case. What is clear, is that a very rich harmonic frequency spectrum is produced in both cases, whilst the same dominant resonant frequency (Fr) has been generated. This gives maximum efficiency with two widely separated low frequency tones in the range 500Hz to 1KHz.
  • Figure 8 shows the frequency spectrum produced due to the calibration drive waveform of Figure 4 . Note that the peak output is always at the same dominant resonant frequency (Fr) in all cases.
  • the invention is also suitable for use with alarm sounders for use with vehicle alarms, or sounders such as are used for warning devices for vehicles, for instance as reversing warning sounders, or emergency service vehicle sounders.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Transducers For Audible Bands (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Une alarme comprenant un élément piézoélectrique (10) et un circuit d'entraînement électronique (100), le circuit d'entraînement électronique étant configuré pour appliquer des formes d'onde d'entraînement complexes sur un seul élément piézoélectrique caractérisée en ce que chaque forme d'onde d'entraînement complexe contient une fréquence de résonance dominante (Fr) de l'élément piézoélectrique plus une sous-harmonique de la fréquence de résonance dominante de l'élément piézoélectrique, les sous-harmoniques de chaque forme d'onde d'entraînement complexe étant différentes les unes des autres, de telle sorte que toutes les fréquences d'entraînement se renforcent les unes les autres et sont configurées pour produire le niveau de pression sonore (SPL) le plus haut possible sur une large largeur de bande, avec la consommation d'énergie la plus basse possible.
  2. Une alarme telle que revendiquée dans la revendication 1 dans laquelle le circuit d'entraînement électronique (100) comprend une sortie électrique pour entraîner l'élément piézoélectrique (10) de façon à produire un son audible perçu comme première tonalité, à une première fréquence tonale, dans laquelle la fréquence de résonance dominante (Fr) est au-dessus de la première fréquence tonale, le circuit d'entraînement électronique (100) étant arrangé pour entraîner l'élément piézoélectrique (10) de façon à produire le son de première tonalité, l'élément piézoélectrique (10) étant aussi excité à la fréquence de résonance dominante tandis que le son de première tonalité est produit, et dans laquelle la sortie électrique est arrangée de surcroît pour produire une deuxième tonalité, à une deuxième fréquence tonale, la fréquence de première tonalité étant plus élevée que la deuxième fréquence tonale, l'élément piézoélectrique (10) étant aussi excité à la fréquence de résonance dominante tandis que la deuxième tonalité est produite.
  3. Une alarme telle que revendiquée dans la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans laquelle la forme d'onde d'entraînement complexe est changée de manière alternative d'une forme d'onde comprenant une première sous-harmonique de la fréquence de résonance dominante plus une fréquence de résonance dominante (Fr) à une forme d'onde comprenant une deuxième sous-harmonique différente de la fréquence de résonance dominante plus la fréquence de résonance dominante, de telle sorte qu'une tonalité alternante est produite à une efficacité maximum avec deux tonalités à basse fréquence largement séparées dans la gamme allant de 500 Hz à 1 Khz.
  4. Une alarme telle que revendiquée dans la revendication 3 dans laquelle la forme d'onde d'entraînement complexe est changée de manière alternative d'une forme d'onde contenant au moins Fr + Fr/3 à une forme d'onde contenant au moins Fr + Fr/4.
  5. Une alarme telle que revendiquée dans l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle le circuit d'entraînement électronique (100) comprend de surcroît un générateur de signal numérique (120) et la sortie électrique est un signal numérique.
  6. Une alarme telle que revendiquée dans la revendication 5, dans laquelle le signal numérique est commandé par une fréquence de commande d'onde carrée variable, laquelle est un multiple de la fréquence de résonance dominante (Fr).
  7. Une alarme telle que revendiquée dans la revendication 6, dans laquelle le circuit d'entraînement électronique (100) est arrangé pour surveiller une réponse résonante dominante de l'élément piézoélectrique (10) à la sortie électrique et est arrangé de surcroît pour ajuster la fréquence de commande d'onde carrée de façon à obtenir une réponse résonante dominante maximum de l'élément résonant piézoélectrique (10).
  8. Une alarme telle que revendiquée dans n'importe lesquelles des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle la fréquence de résonance dominante (Fr) est supérieure à 1 kHz.
  9. Une alarme telle que revendiquée dans n'importe lesquelles des revendications 7 à 8 lorsqu'elles dépendent de la revendication 7, dans laquelle le circuit d'entraînement électronique (100) est arrangé pour ajuster la fréquence de commande d'onde carrée au sein d'une gamme étroite tandis que la première ou la deuxième tonalité est amenée à sonner de façon à découvrir la fréquence de la réponse résonante dominante.
  10. Une alarme telle que revendiquée dans la revendication 9, dans laquelle le circuit d'entraînement électronique (100) est arrangé de surcroît pour surveiller un niveau de tension en retour provenant de l'élément piézoélectrique (10) tandis que l'élément piézoélectrique (10) est amené à sonner, et pour comparer le niveau de tension en retour avec un niveau de tension seuil fixe.
EP03730331.0A 2002-05-23 2003-05-23 Alarme acoustique dotee d'un element piezo-electrique actionne a plusieurs frequences Expired - Lifetime EP1507603B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0211987 2002-05-23
GB0211987A GB2388995B (en) 2002-05-23 2002-05-23 Improvements in and relating to alarms
PCT/GB2003/002268 WO2003099468A1 (fr) 2002-05-23 2003-05-23 Alarme acoustique dotee d'un element piezo-electrique actionne a plusieurs frequences

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1507603A1 EP1507603A1 (fr) 2005-02-23
EP1507603B1 true EP1507603B1 (fr) 2014-12-03

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EP (1) EP1507603B1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2003241013A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2527050T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB2388995B (fr)
WO (1) WO2003099468A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080239876A1 (en) * 2006-09-18 2008-10-02 American Technology Corporation High intensity vehicle proximity acoustics
US9900705B2 (en) 2014-01-23 2018-02-20 Federal Signal Corporation Tone generation
JP6775201B2 (ja) * 2017-05-22 2020-10-28 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 警報音の音響装置及び音響システム
US10522008B1 (en) 2018-09-24 2019-12-31 Challenge/Surge Inc. Alarm with piezoelectric element driven repetitively over pseudorandom frequencies
CN109003597B (zh) * 2018-09-25 2023-11-03 华润微集成电路(无锡)有限公司 蜂鸣器驱动电路及相应的蜂鸣器驱动方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2101452A (en) * 1981-06-19 1983-01-12 Ricoh Kk Buzzer
US4724424A (en) * 1985-01-07 1988-02-09 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Warning chord sound producing apparatus including an integrated circuit
EP1174835A2 (fr) * 2000-07-18 2002-01-23 Rafiki Protection Limited Systèmes d'avertissement audible

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3890612A (en) * 1973-09-28 1975-06-17 Mallory & Co Inc P R High output audible alarm device utilizing a piezoelectric transducer
US3975650A (en) * 1975-01-30 1976-08-17 Payne Stephen C Ultrasonic generator drive circuit
DE3138068A1 (de) * 1980-11-10 1982-07-08 Marukokeihouki Co. Ltd., Nagano Piezoelektrische mehrfrequenz-schallerzeugungsvorrichtung
JPS57119397A (en) * 1981-01-16 1982-07-24 Canon Kk Sound pressure selector for sound emitting body
JPS6113800A (ja) * 1984-06-28 1986-01-22 Murata Mfg Co Ltd 圧電ブザ−
JPH0832111B2 (ja) * 1986-10-28 1996-03-27 松下電器産業株式会社 発音体
FR2619947B1 (fr) * 1987-09-02 1989-11-17 Roger Jean Michel Corne de brume pour signaux phoniques automatique
JP3310279B2 (ja) * 1990-03-27 2002-08-05 ヤマハ発動機株式会社 警音装置

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2101452A (en) * 1981-06-19 1983-01-12 Ricoh Kk Buzzer
US4724424A (en) * 1985-01-07 1988-02-09 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Warning chord sound producing apparatus including an integrated circuit
EP1174835A2 (fr) * 2000-07-18 2002-01-23 Rafiki Protection Limited Systèmes d'avertissement audible

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Publication number Publication date
ES2527050T3 (es) 2015-01-20
AU2003241013A1 (en) 2003-12-12
GB0211987D0 (en) 2002-07-03
GB2388995B (en) 2004-06-30
GB2388995A (en) 2003-11-26
WO2003099468A1 (fr) 2003-12-04
EP1507603A1 (fr) 2005-02-23

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