EP1518112A1 - Procede et dispositif pour determiner la taille d'une fissure dans une piece par controle par impulsions ultrasonores - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif pour determiner la taille d'une fissure dans une piece par controle par impulsions ultrasonores

Info

Publication number
EP1518112A1
EP1518112A1 EP03769224A EP03769224A EP1518112A1 EP 1518112 A1 EP1518112 A1 EP 1518112A1 EP 03769224 A EP03769224 A EP 03769224A EP 03769224 A EP03769224 A EP 03769224A EP 1518112 A1 EP1518112 A1 EP 1518112A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
crack
workpiece
envelope
test head
fracture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03769224A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Michael Berke
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Agfa NDT GmbH
Original Assignee
Agfa NDT GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Agfa NDT GmbH filed Critical Agfa NDT GmbH
Publication of EP1518112A1 publication Critical patent/EP1518112A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/48—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by amplitude comparison
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/06—Visualisation of the interior, e.g. acoustic microscopy
    • G01N29/0609—Display arrangements, e.g. colour displays
    • G01N29/0645—Display representation or displayed parameters, e.g. A-, B- or C-Scan
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/225—Supports, positioning or alignment in moving situation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/36—Detecting the response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/40—Detecting the response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by amplitude filtering, e.g. by applying a threshold or by gain control
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/4454—Signal recognition, e.g. specific values or portions, signal events, signatures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/4472—Mathematical theories or simulation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/01—Indexing codes associated with the measuring variable
    • G01N2291/015—Attenuation, scattering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028—Material parameters
    • G01N2291/0289—Internal structure, e.g. defects, grain size, texture
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/044—Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
    • G01N2291/101—Number of transducers one transducer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
    • G01N2291/263—Surfaces
    • G01N2291/2632—Surfaces flat

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for determining the size of a crack in a workpiece by means of the ultrasonic pulse method and to an apparatus for performing this method.
  • the pulse echo technique is a generally known method, reference is made to the DE book Krautkrämer and Krautkrämer, material testing with ultrasound.
  • a test head sends out ultrasonic pulses. These are at least partially reflected by an imperfection, for example an internal separating surface, a crack or another material defect, and received again by the same test head. They are evaluated with regard to their echo amplitude and, if necessary, taking into account their transit time.
  • the envelope obtained is now evaluated by means of a gate or an evaluation panel.
  • the evaluation aperture is set to 50% of the maximum amplitude of the envelope, its time start is the intersection with the rising edge of the envelope, the time end is the intersection with the falling edge of the envelope.
  • the value of the speed of sound is changed so much until the evaluation diaphragm matches the envelope curve sufficiently. This process is generally described as lengthy and is only recommended for cracks whose dimensions, in particular depth, cannot be determined otherwise.
  • the error size is calculated from a formula that takes into account the product of the maximum amplitude and the time interval between the two 50% amplitudes.
  • the echo sound signals are digitized and stored in a memory as pairs of values over the term. If the angle test head is completely moved over the cracks, a large number of value pairs are obtained, which are limited by an envelope.
  • only the maximum amplitude values for the individual transit times are stored, that is, only the envelope is stored.
  • the size of the error can now be determined directly from the envelope curve, this can be done by means of a computer module which is provided in the ultrasound device.
  • the size of the error is proportional to the product of the maximum amplitude times the half-width of the envelope.
  • the proportionality factor k is determined by measurements on cracks with a known error depth. In this way, the size of a crack in the workpiece can be determined without large manual adjustments and regardless of the skill of the respective ultrasonic tester.
  • the method is suitable for extensive and preferably complete automation.
  • Amax A'maxX 10 ⁇ / 2 0
  • Amax is the amplitude before the gain change
  • A is the amplitude after the gain change
  • Angle probes with a flat inson angle have proven to be cheap. They require a greater displacement of the angle probe than with angle probes with smaller insonification angles.
  • a crack is then found, it is checked whether the envelope curve on both sides drops so far that it goes down to the value of the zero line. If this is not the case, a outputting speaking signal to the inspector, which causes the inspector to move the angle test head further away from the found crack to an area where the found crack is no longer noticeable at all in the amount of the echo signal.
  • an array of a larger number of individual test heads is used instead of an angle test head. These are controlled so that either the same effect is achieved as when moving an angle probe over the surface, i.e. a parallel displacement of the main beam, or the angle of the beam is changed. In both cases, mechanical movement relative to the surface is no longer necessary. In other words, the arrangement of several individual probes in the array one after the other replaces the displacement required for a single probe.
  • Test head placed on a workpiece that has a crack the course of the main beam of this test head is also shown,
  • Fig. 2 a representation like Fig. 1, but in a different position of the
  • Echo amplitude A (in volts or%) over the respective transit time t (in ms), the determination of the full width at half maximum and the maximum amplitude is shown.
  • a workpiece 20 can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, which has a front surface 22 and a rear surface 24.
  • Typical examples of such workpieces are pipes, for example pipes with larger diameters, e.g. in the range 20 - 80 cm diameter.
  • pipes for fluid lines (pipelines), but also sheets and objects of any application are well field pipes, pipes for fluid lines (pipelines), but also sheets and objects of any application.
  • An angle test head 28 is placed on the front surface 22. It sends ultrasound pulses at an angle alpha into the volume of the workpiece 20 along a main beam 30, which is located in the center of a radiation lobe of the test head 28.
  • the test head 28 is a so-called transmit / receive test head, also called S / E test head, it therefore serves both to send out and to receive ultrasonic pulses.
  • the angle test head 28 is connected on the one hand to a transmitter module 32, also called TX, and on the other hand to a receiver module 34, also called RX.
  • An analog-to-digital converter 36 also called an A / D converter, is connected to the output of the receiver module.
  • a memory 40 also called a MEM, is connected to this output.
  • a computer module 42 is provided, it is also referred to as a microcomputer or ⁇ C. It is connected to all electronic components of the ultrasonic testing device, this is shown by dashed lines.
  • the parts 32-42 form the ultrasonic testing device. Its structure is actually known, so that there is no need to go into detail about the ultrasonic testing device.
  • a typical example of an ultrasonic testing device that can be used for the method is the device USM 25 from the applicant.
  • the reference numeral 29 is shown in dashed lines a second position of the test head 28.
  • the test head 28 is moved along the arrows 44. The movement must be sufficiently large that the crack 26 is run over.
  • a radiation lobe 46 is indicated in addition to the main beam 30.
  • the test head is moved so far that it travels over the crack 26 and again reaches a position in which it is located outside the crack 26, i.e. on the other side is as far away as that Dashed position of the angle test head 28.
  • angles of incidence alpha are around 45 °, typically in the range 45-60 °. However, this does not exclude other angles alpha.
  • the probe frequencies are in the MHz range, for example 1-5 MHz.
  • the ultrasound pulses are scanned with a repetition frequency of 50 - 100 Hz. Much higher frequencies are possible, the same applies to smaller frequencies.
  • a test procedure is as follows:
  • the test head 28 emits ultrasound pulses along the main beam 30. These ultrasonic pulses either hit the crack 26 directly or the back surface 24. In both cases they are reflected towards the back surface 24 or the crack 26 and run back into the test head 28 after the angle mirror effect.
  • the main beam 30 runs initially towards the rear surface 24, from there, after reflection, runs in a short distance towards the crack 26 and from there back into the test head.
  • Each position of the test head 28 leads to an echo sound signal with a certain runtime. Each new position has a different transit time and a different value for the echo signals.
  • the echo sound signals picked up by the receiver module 34 are amplified there and then digitized in the A / D converter 36. Only the maximum amplitudes for a probe position and thus for a running time are stored in the memory 40. At the same time, the A-image of the current transmission pulse and / or the maximum values of all measurements carried out so far are displayed on the monitor as part of the movement along the arrows 44.
  • the maximum amplitudes for all occurring transit times form an envelope curve 48, as shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 2 shows the relative position between test head 28 and crack 26, at which the main beam 30 just hits the tip of the crack 26, whereas in FIG. 1 the test head 28 is in a position in which it is relatively close to the Root of the crack is 26.
  • approximately half of the radiation lobe 46 passes the crack 26, provided that the crack has a corresponding geometry, approximately half of the radiation lobe is reflected in the test head 28.
  • the maximum amplitude is typically reached, for example, in the position of the test head 28 according to FIG. 1. It can be seen that the position in FIG. 2 is a position with which the half-width t2-tl of the error can be detected.
  • a 180 ° offset test head 29 is shown in dashed lines, including its main beam 30. This is intended to clarify that the crack 26 can also be detected from the other side. Both measurements, as indicated in FIG. 2, can be combined, for example the mean value of the depth of the error obtained for both insonification directions can be output as the error depth T.
  • test error 50 is also shown in FIG. 2, it is a saw cut with a known depth and a known width. It is used to adjust the ultrasound device. This works as follows:
  • the depth of error T50 is known for the test error.
  • the test error 50 is now checked by means of the test method, an envelope curve is created which is similar to the envelope curve for the error 26 according to FIG. 3.
  • a half-value width at 50% of the maximum amplitude is drawn into the envelope curve 48 there. It begins at the total term tl and ends at the total term t2. This is also done for the envelope of the test error 50.
  • a proportionality factor k is now calculated from the quotient depth of the test error to the half-value width of this test error.
  • the half-value width determined from the envelope curve according to FIG. 3 is multiplied by the proportionality factor k, the result is the crack depth T.
  • the crack depth T is displayed directly on the monitor 38, in FIG. 3 the value is 5.2 mm as an example specified.
  • the maximum amplitude of the envelope 48 is 80%, so the half value is 40%.
  • the computer module 42 calculates the associated half-value amplitude.
  • the gain can be changed according to the formula shown above.
  • FIG. 3 also shows a current echo 52, as it usually appears on the A-picture. It does not quite reach the level of an amplitude value measured earlier for the same transit time t3, and would therefore be disregarded when stored in memory 40.
  • the half-width t2 minus tl is automatically calculated in the computer module 42. Common arithmetic operations, which belong to the state of the art, are necessary for this, they do not have to be discussed in detail.
  • the envelope is also called echodynamics.
  • the product of the full width at half maximum and the maximum amplitude is multiplied by the proportionality factor k, the result is the crack depth.
  • the method has the advantage that the stored envelopes etc. can also be transmitted with a test report on the ultrasound test carried out. So there will be better documentation on enables. It is also possible to evaluate the envelopes later from different points of view.
  • FIG. 3 shows two evaluation thresholds 54 and 56 at the base points of the envelope 48. They are placed so that they are just above the zero line. They are intersected by the envelope, so the envelope is both above and below them. This ensures that the envelope has been completely captured, that is, the test head has been moved sufficiently far from the crack 26. This is advantageous for automatically working measurement processes. However, it is to be understood that it is generally sufficient to record the envelope 48 to just below the half-value, this is sufficient for the measurement according to the invention.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Algebra (AREA)
  • Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
  • Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour déterminer la taille d'une fissure (26) dans une pièce (20), notamment la profondeur d'une fissure (26) dans cette pièce (20), par contrôle par impulsions ultrasonores. Ce procédé comprend les étapes suivantes: prendre une pièce (20) pourvue d'une face avant (22) et d'une face arrière (24), présentant une fissure (26) qui part de la face arrière (24); appliquer sur la face avant (22) une tête de contrôle à faisceau angulaire (28) qui envoie dans la pièce (20) des impulsions ultrasonores selon un angle alpha et qui reçoit des signaux d'écho de ces impulsions; déplacer la tête de contrôle à faisceau angulaire (28) au moins une fois au-dessus de la fissure (26) de sorte que le lobe de rayonnement (46) de la tête de contrôle à faisceau angulaire (28) balaye totalement la fissure (26); numériser les signaux d'écho reçus et les stocker dans une mémoire (40) en tant que paires de variables signal d'écho/temps de propagation, les paires de variables mémorisées formant une valeur limitée vers le haut par une enveloppante (48); déterminer les dimensions de la fissure (26) à partir de la largeur de l'enveloppante (48) à une amplitude partielle prédéterminée et à partir de l'amplitude maximale de l'enveloppante (48).
EP03769224A 2002-12-17 2003-09-29 Procede et dispositif pour determiner la taille d'une fissure dans une piece par controle par impulsions ultrasonores Withdrawn EP1518112A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10259218A DE10259218A1 (de) 2002-12-17 2002-12-17 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Größenbestimmung eines Risses in einem Werkstück mittels der Ultraschall-Impuls-Methode
DE10259218 2002-12-17
PCT/DE2003/003238 WO2004055508A1 (fr) 2002-12-17 2003-09-29 Procede et dispositif pour determiner la taille d'une fissure dans une piece par controle par impulsions ultrasonores

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1518112A1 true EP1518112A1 (fr) 2005-03-30

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03769224A Withdrawn EP1518112A1 (fr) 2002-12-17 2003-09-29 Procede et dispositif pour determiner la taille d'une fissure dans une piece par controle par impulsions ultrasonores

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US7240554B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1518112A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE10259218A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004055508A1 (fr)

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US20060230831A1 (en) 2006-10-19
WO2004055508A1 (fr) 2004-07-01
DE10259218A1 (de) 2004-07-01
US7240554B2 (en) 2007-07-10

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